Jehovah's Witnesses practices

2870:, January 1976, page 5-6,"Since at times a request is made by officials for some evidence of “ordination” on the part of those serving in such capacities, a “Certificate for Ordained Minister” has been prepared and will be supplied on request to those elders or ministerial servants needing it. It will show the date, not of their baptism, but when they were appointed to serve in such capacities… But what of those who are engaged in full-time service as pioneers or members of Bethel families? ...Such appointment, however, does not fit the meaning of “ordination” as that term is generally understood . …Since the Bible itself sets out only the two congregational positions of responsibility, that of elders and of ministerial servants, we limit our 3006:, September 1, 1980, "Keep in mind that to be disfellowshipped, an apostate does not have to be a promoter of apostate views. … if a baptized Christian abandons the teachings of Jehovah, as presented by the faithful and discreet slave, and persists in believing other doctrine despite Scriptural reproof, then he is apostatizing. … he continues to believe the apostate ideas and rejects what he has been provided through the 'slave class,' then appropriate judicial action should be taken. … something reasonably substantial comes to the attention of the elders along this line, it would be appropriate to make a kindly, discreet inquiry so as to protect the flock." Letter reproduced in 1391:

individual. Exceptions include necessary commercial dealings or a shunned person living with baptized family members. In these cases, the Witness is not permitted to speak about religious matters, except in the case of parents conducting a Bible study with a minor. The extent to which shunned relatives living in the same household are included in family life is left to the discretion of the family. Relatives of shunned individuals who are not in the same household have minimal contact. As of March 2024, members are permitted to invite shunned individuals to congregation meetings or offer brief greetings at meetings, unless the individual is deemed to be an apostate.

975: 1030: 850: 2858:, November 1, 1951, page 671-672, "The authorities of the land generally call for some ceremony in connection with ordination for the ministry… The legal is recognizing the two classifications made concerning ministers, namely, ordained ministers and regular unordained ministers. …n unbaptized one…may still point out to the court that he has not as yet undergone the ordination ceremony of water immersion, and for that reason may be classed by the law of the land as a regular minister rather than an ordained minister." 869: 1081: 3926:, Winter 1995, "The urgency of the Witness's apocalyptic has changed very little over time. The intellectual isolation of the Witness leaders has allowed them to retain their traditional position, and it is they who continue to be the chief purveyors of the radical eschatology ....This commitment (to principle) was bolstered by their organizational isolation, intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline, and considerable persecution." 3063:"Thus, it would be left to members of the family to decide on the extent to which the disfellowshipped family member would be included when eating or engaging in other household activities. And yet, they would not want to give brothers with whom they associate the impression that everything is the same as it was before the disfellowshipping occurred." Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped, p 4. Scan available at 1554:

of danger and moral contamination. Witnesses manifest their world-renouncing beliefs in many ways. They avoid involvement in social controversies, remain politically neutral, and do not seek public office. The Watch Tower Society has stated that voting in political elections is a personal conscience decision, though a Witness who takes any action considered to be a "violation of Christian neutrality" may face religious sanctions.

1066: 1107:" first in their lives and that other secular and recreational pursuits should remain secondary to spiritual matters. Witnesses are frequently instructed through Watch Tower Society publications, and at meetings and conventions, to increase the quality and quantity of their preaching efforts. Watch Tower Society publications suggest that endurance in public preaching is a requirement for Witnesses to attain salvation. 1126:

activity. For many years, these reports included the number of hours spent preaching, along with the amount of literature placed and the number of Bible studies conducted. As of November 2023, most members are only required to report that they engaged in any preaching activity for the month as well as the number of Bible studies conducted; members who have agreed to a specific hour requirement—for example,

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Halls and other meeting facilities. Generally there are contribution boxes for local operating expenses, a Kingdom Hall fund for helping Witnesses around the world to build Kingdom Halls, and a general fund for the "Worldwide Work", which includes the printing of literature, organization of conventions, supporting missionaries and disaster relief, and other operating expenses of the organization.

1379:. Before taking this step, a committee of elders decides whether the individual has committed a "serious sin" and that there is no evidence of true repentance. To judge that repentance is genuine, members of the judicial committee ask questions and review the actions of the accused member. Baptized members who spread teachings contrary to the doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses can be expelled for 1217:

is illustrated extensively, with sociologist Andrew Holden observing utopian, post-Armageddon images of happy Witnesses in bright sunshine and pristine environments, often playing with formerly wild animals such as lions and tigers, in contrast to dark-colored images of unfavorable activities such as murders, burglaries and promiscuity that highlight the moral dangers outside the organization.

1130:—still report the number of hours. The reports are used to help measure the spirituality of individuals. and to establish the eligibility of men as congregation elders and ministerial servants. A Witness who fails to report for a month is termed an "irregular publisher". One who has not turned in a field service report for six months consecutively is termed an "inactive publisher". 671: 2926:, March 15, 1981, page 19, "Several courts in the United States have recognized female Jehovah’s Witnesses, in carrying on the door-to-door evangelistic work, as ministers. For example, the Supreme Court of Vermont, in Vermont v. Greaves (1941), stated that Elva Greaves “is an ordained minister of a sect or class known and designated as ‘Jehovah’s Witnesses’.”" 47: 1257:." Beckford noted that those he interviewed regarded sudden, emotional upheavals in religious consciousness as suspect: "Experiences which smack of sudden or idiosyncratic illumination/revelation cannot be reconcilable with either the tenor of God's historical practice or the nature of his special covenant with the Watchtower Society." 1100:

the public ministry. In addition to taking part in organized door-to-door preaching, Witnesses are taught that they should seek opportunities to "witness informally" by starting conversations with people they meet during routine activities such as shopping or on public transport, and directing the conversation towards their beliefs.

1638:, and that both were associated with executions, and neither celebrant was a servant of God. Though some churches interpret Job 1:4 to indicate birthday feasts of Job's sons, Jehovah's Witnesses interpret them as a circuit of feasts from one house to the next. The Bible does not show Jesus or his apostles celebrating birthdays and 1720:'bad associations spoil useful habits,' we avoid intimacy with those who do not live by Christian standards. (1 Corinthians 15:33) To be no part of the world is to remain 'without spot from the world.' (James 1:27) Hence, being separate from the world does not mean that we physically withdraw from all contact with other people. 3901:, March 15, 2006, page 30, "Should we hold ourselves completely aloof from those who do not share our faith? The answer is no. The second of the two greatest commandments states: 'You must love your neighbor as yourself.' We certainly display love for our neighbors when we share with them the good news of the Kingdom." 1398:

generally by the entire congregation or the community, an announcement is made informing the congregation that the person has been reproved. Later, without disclosing names or private details, one of the elders gives a separate talk ensuring that the congregation understands the sin, its dangers, and how to avoid it.

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ministry. Before baptism they will have discussions with the elders based on questions provided by the Watch Tower Society to determine that they understand and accept the beliefs of the Witnesses, and that they accept Jesus' ransom sacrifice and repent of sins and have made a personal dedication to God.

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1/15/69 p. 58 Christian Weddings Should Reflect Reasonableness "Of course, some customs are unscriptural and so they are objectionable to Christians. ... Other customs are plainly acts of false worship. So one planning a wedding does well to examine practices common in his area and analyze how people

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Association with those outside the organization, commonly termed by Witnesses as "worldly" and "not in the Truth", is acceptable only when it is viewed as an opportunity to preach. Witnesses are under considerable pressure from the Society to show outsiders they are people of high moral fiber. Holden

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is practiced if a member's course of action is regarded as a violation of Bible principles, reflecting badly on the congregation, but is not considered a serious sin for which the individual may be formally shunned. Congregation members who become aware of another member's errant behaviour may 'mark'

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Witnesses are urged to prepare for congregation meetings by studying the assigned Watch Tower literature, One analysis noted that each year Witnesses are expected to read more than 3,000 pages of the Society's publications, according to its suggested program for personal study. Much of the literature

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Jehovah's Witnesses believe they are under obligation to God to "give witness" by participating in organized and spontaneous evangelizing and proselytizing work. Prospective members are told they have a moral obligation to serve as "publishers" by "regular and zealous" participation in the Witnesses'

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In addition to the two weekly scheduled meetings, the Watch Tower Society recommends that Witnesses maintain a weekly "Family Worship evening"—using the time previously allocated for a third weekly meeting—for family and personal study. No specific format for the Family Worship evening is

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Kingdom Halls are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Each year, Witnesses from several congregations, which form a "circuit", gather for two one-day assemblies. Several circuits meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention". Every few years the Governing

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The form and content of the meetings is established by the denomination's New York headquarters, generally involving a consideration of the same subject matter worldwide each week. Two meetings each week are divided into five distinct sections, lasting a total of about four hours. Meetings are opened

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are 'no part of the world.' (John 15:19) The term 'world' here refers to human society alienated from God. (Ephesians 4:17–19; 1 John 5:19) We are separate from the world in that we shun attitudes, speech, and conduct that offend Jehovah. (1 John 2:15–17) Moreover, in harmony with the principle that

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Married couples are encouraged to speak with local elders if they are having problems. Married couples can separate in the case of physical abuse and neglect, or if one partner attempts to hinder the other from being a Jehovah's Witness. Remarriage after divorce is permissible only on the grounds of

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Watch Tower publications describe house-to-house visitations as the primary work of Jehovah's Witnesses in obedience to a "divine command" to preach "the Kingdom good news in all the earth and (make) disciples of people of all the nations". Children usually accompany their parents and participate in

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Each year, Jehovah's Witnesses hold two one-day "Circuit Assemblies", held in each circuit worldwide. Each circuit comprises several congregations in a geographical area. These are held either in Assembly Halls owned by Jehovah's Witnesses, or in rented facilities, such as public auditoriums. Once a

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Jehovah's Witnesses are told they should remain "separate from the world" in harmony with Jesus' description of his followers at John 17:14–16. Watch Tower publications define the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah’s approved servants" and teach that it is ruled by Satan and a place

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6:10–20, they believe their "spiritual war" is fought with truth, righteousness, the "good news of peace", faith, the hope of salvation, God's word and prayer. They have advocated the use of "theocratic war strategy" to protect the interests of God's cause, which would include hiding the truth from

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such as long hair or earrings for men, or other styles of dress or grooming might "stumble" the consciences of others. In 2024, the dressing standards were relaxed for congregation-sponsored events; men were allowed to have beards and attend meetings without a suit or tie, and women were allowed to

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the person who acted as the intermediary with the Watchtower movement and who supervised the initial process of learning and reforming". Beckford cited an interview "representative of many" in which a convert recalled initially resisting the Watch Tower Society's teachings until he was "talked into

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The Memorial, held after sunset, includes a talk on the meaning of the celebration and the circulation among the audience of unadulterated red wine and unleavened bread. Jehovah's Witnesses believe the bread symbolizes Jesus' body which he gave on behalf of mankind, and that the wine symbolizes his

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or collection, but on exceptional occasions, members are reminded to donate to the organization; Witnesses typically provide an opportunity for members of the public to make donations as they encounter them in their preaching work. Donation boxes labeled for several purposes are located in Kingdom

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Dutch anthropologist Richard Singelenberg has suggested the Watch Tower Society's prohibition on blood transfusions—as well as its edict against fellowship with outsiders—are rooted in the religious desire to maintain a communal state of purity worthy of divine favor. He noted: "Rules of pollution

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Husbands are instructed to treat their wives as Jesus treated his followers. He should not hurt or mistreat his family in any way. The father should be hard-working in providing necessities to his family. He must provide for them in a spiritual capacity. This includes religious instruction for the

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Reproved individuals have some congregation privileges restricted, until the elders decide that the member has regained "spiritual strength." Restrictions may include not sharing in meeting parts, not commenting at meeting parts, and not praying for a group. The duration of restrictions depends on

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Someone desiring to be baptized who has already undergone a mutilating operation of this sort (a transsexual) would be expected to take his or her place in life in accord with what the individual biologically is, not in accord with what the person has been mutilated to appear to be. This may even

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The midweek meeting, typically held in the evening, includes a question-and-answer session based on Watch Tower Society publications, Bible reading, sample presentations about how to use Watch Tower Society literature for Bible studies and public preaching, and a "Congregation Bible Study" in the

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Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested that it is the group's intellectual and organizational isolation—coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution—that has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic

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Witnesses are urged to minimize their social contact with non-members, even if they possess "decent qualities", because of perceived dangers of worldly association. Sociologist Andrew Holden indicated they are highly selective in choosing with whom they spend leisure time, generally choosing the

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The accounts (including donations) and the financial operation of the local congregation are reviewed monthly and posted on a congregation notice board. Donations are also accepted via mail, and the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society can be named as a beneficiary to an estate, and also accepts

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They refuse participation in ecumenical and interfaith activities. They abstain from celebrating religious holidays, and reject many customs they claim have pagan origins. They do not work in industries associated with the military, nor serve in the armed services. They refuse national military

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reported two significant distinguishing features of the conversion process when related by Jehovah's Witnesses. He said they typically spoke of their conversion experience as a steady progression of mental states in which Witnesses "'work for' their conversion by a methodical confrontation with

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Sociologist Andrew Holden claims meetings create an atmosphere of uniformity for Witnesses, intensify their sense of belonging to a religious community, and reinforce the plausibility of the organization's belief system. Holden states that they are also important in helping new converts adopt a

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involves sins that could lead to shunning, but for which the individual is deemed repentant. Reproof is given "before all onlookers", based on their interpretation of 1 Timothy 5:20. If the sin is private in nature, the reproof would involve just the individual(s) involved. If the sin is known

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Specialized "territory" maps of residential and commercial areas are prepared within the boundaries of each congregation's territory and distributed to publishers who are responsible for preaching within that area. Witnesses are instructed to fill out monthly report slips about their preaching

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Of those who attend the Memorial, a small minority worldwide partake of the unleavened bread and wine. This is because Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the majority of the faithful have an earthly hope. Only those who believe they have a heavenly hope, the "remnant" (those still living) of the

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International and regional building teams frequently undertake constructions of Kingdom Halls over the course of one or two weekends, termed "quick-builds". Larger construction projects, including building regional Assembly Halls and Bethel offices, factories, residences, warehouses, and farm

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Individuals seeking to be baptised as Jehovah's Witnesses are required to follow a systematic, catechistical Bible study course, usually in their home, for several months. They will be expected to attend meetings at the Kingdom Hall and must demonstrate a willingness to carry out the doorstep

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Body of Jehovah's Witnesses hold "international conventions" in selected cities around the world. These larger gatherings are usually held at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the celebration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death".

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Conventions feature a baptism talk followed by the baptism of new members. Every few years, "International Conventions" are held in selected cities, with visiting delegates from other countries. Attendance at some of these international conventions has exceeded one hundred thousand. The 1958

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Jehovah's Witnesses make extensive use of Watch Tower Society literature, including books, magazines, booklets and handbills, to spread their beliefs and to use as textbooks at their religious meetings. The publications are produced in many languages, with a small selection available in 500

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Once the decision of expulsion has been made, a person has seven days to appeal, after which, if the person has not appealed, an announcement is made to the congregation that the individual is "no longer one of Jehovah's Witnesses". Members of the congregation are then expected to shun the

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is made concerning a baptized member, the elders will talk to the accused individual. If it is determined that a serious sin has been committed, a tribunal or "judicial committee", usually composed of three elders, is formed to determine guilt, administer help and possibly apply sanctions.

1421:. The husband is considered the final authority of family decisions, as the head of his family. Marriages must be monogamous. Wives should be submissive to their husbands and husbands are to have deep respect and love for their wives, and are instructed to listen to them on all matters. 1045:

year, Jehovah's Witnesses gather at larger assemblies called "Regional Conventions" which are usually three days long, Friday to Sunday. These conventions consist primarily of Bible-based talks, dramatizations, and videos, including demonstrations and experiences of their preaching work.

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company of other Witnesses. Many Witnesses interviewed by Holden reported tensions and ostracism at work because of their religious beliefs. He reported that many Jehovah's Witness converts required some social adjustment as they gradually reduced contact with non-Witness friends.

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Publications were sold to the public until the early 1990s, from which time they were offered free of charge, with a request for donations. The change in policy was first announced in the United States in February 1990, following the loss of a case before the US Supreme Court by

1337:. Female headcovering is not required for other forms of teaching, or when participating in congregation meetings being led by another. According to the Watch Tower Society, some courts in the United States have recognized that full-time Jehovah's Witness appointees, such as " 1145:, from New York. Since 2011, the Witnesses have engaged in "public witnessing" in metropolitan districts and fairs using tables, carts, and literature displays. The Watch Tower Society operates a website, JW.org, which provides access to Watch Tower Society literature and 2481:

Even if you feel that you are unable to auxiliary pioneer during this coming service year, you can still maintain the pioneer spirit. Continue to do all that you can in the ministry, confident that Jehovah is pleased with your whole-souled effort to give him your best.

1897:, April 1, 1972, page 206, "They do much private Bible study, attend five weekly congregation meetings and spend much time each month in preaching the good news of God's kingdom and making disciples of people, besides providing support for themselves and their families. 1544:

told Witnesses: "It is proper to cover over our arrangements for the work that God commands us to do. If the wolfish foes draw wrong conclusions from our maneuvers to outwit them, no harm has been done to them by the harmless sheep, innocent in their motives as doves."

1122:. These individuals dedicate, on average, more than 120 hours per month to their work. Members who are not able to 'pioneer' are told they may maintain the "pioneer spirit", by spending as much time as they can in preaching and by supporting the efforts of pioneers. 3356:

The footnote reads: "Smoking here refers to inhaling tobacco smoke directly from cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or water pipes. However, the principles discussed apply equally to the use of chewing tobacco, snuff, electronic cigarettes that contain nicotine, and other

3678:, November 1, 1999, p. 28, "As to whether they will personally vote for someone running in an election, each one of Jehovah’s Witnesses makes a decision based on his Bible-trained conscience and an understanding of his responsibility to God and to the State. 4026:, page 199, "Jehovah’s Witnesses have good times with their families and friends. But they do not participate in holidays and celebrations that are linked with pagan gods (as is true of such holidays as Easter, New Year’s Day, May Day, and Mother’s Day)." 1462:, abuse of drugs, and drunkenness are prohibited. Alcohol is permitted in moderation. Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently stressed. Entertainment promoting immoral, "demonic", or violent themes is considered inappropriate. Members are warned that 941:

magazine, with questions prepared by the Watch Tower Society and the answers provided in the magazine. Members may use their own words to express the ideas in the printed material, though personal ideas derived from independent study are discouraged.

1884:, February 1, 1950, page 38, "By setting and meeting the goal never to miss any of the meetings that the Lord provides for His people, the Christian is protected against becoming involved in the affairs of this world. He doesn't have time for it!" 1454:

person "who has already undergone a mutilating operation of this sort" wishes to become a member of the denomination, the person is expected to live according to their biological sex, and to leave their spouse if biologically the same sex.

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Jehovah's Witnesses demand high standards of morality within their ranks. Their view of sexual behavior reflects conservative Christian views. Abortion is considered murder. Homosexuality, premarital sex, and extramarital sex are considered

1506:, based on their understanding of scriptures such as Leviticus 17:10, 11: "I will certainly set my face against the one who is eating the blood" and Acts 15:29: "abstain from … blood." This standpoint is applied even in emergencies. 819:. Witnesses refuse to participate in any political and military activity and are told to limit social contact with non-Witnesses. The denomination requires adherence to a strict moral code, which forbids premarital sex, homosexuality, 1196:

have been produced explaining the group's beliefs, practices, organization and history. Since 1942 all Watch Tower literature has been published anonymously. Many Watch Tower Society publications from 1950 onward are available on the

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has stated that the use of wedding rings by Witnesses is acceptable, even though wedding rings may have first been used by pagans, based on its conclusion that there is no definite evidence wedding rings were used "as part of false

1001:. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that this is the only celebration the Bible commands Christians to observe. In the days leading up to the Memorial, Bible reading is assigned from chapters about the days leading up to Jesus' death. 4000:

7/8/04 p. 30 "Christians refrain from any celebrations or customs that continue to involve false religious beliefs or activities that violate Bible principles. For example, the Bible definitely puts birthday celebrations in a bad

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organised preaching work, disseminating Watch Tower doctrines as evangelists of "the Truth". Qualifying as an "unbaptized publisher" is a requirement for baptism, and baptism is regarded as an automatic ordination as a minister.

904:, and brief prayers delivered from the platform. Witnesses are urged to prepare for all meetings by studying Watch Tower Society literature from which the content is drawn and looking up the scriptures cited in the articles. 1229:

Baptisms are normally performed in pools at assemblies and conventions. At these baptisms, candidates make "public declaration" of their prior dedication to God. The speaker asks the candidates the following two questions:

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and purity are instrumental in creating structural boundaries around group members. And the more distinctive when formulated into divine precepts, the clearer the dividing lines between the faithful and those excluded."

892:, one role of the frequency and length of meetings is to protect Witnesses from becoming "involved in the affairs of the world". Witnesses are told they "should never miss a meeting unless there is a serious reason". 1629:

Their opposition to birthdays is said to be based on how the Bible presents them. Watch Tower Society publications note that the only birthday celebrations explicitly mentioned in the Bible are those of an unnamed

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1/15/72 p. 63 "It is thus seen that the precise origin of the wedding ring is uncertain. Even if it were a fact that pagans first used wedding rings, would that rule such out for Christians? Not necessarily."

1514:. This service also maintains Hospital Liaison Committees, which support adherents facing surgery and provide information to the medical community on bloodless surgery techniques and alternatives to blood. 880:, and are open to the public. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in which "territory" they reside. They are expected to attend weekly meetings as scheduled by the Watch Tower Society and congregation 3827:, July 15, 2010, page 19, "Do you avoid unnecessary fellowship with schoolmates and fellow workers who do not share your beliefs? ... Your faithful compliance in such matters will bring excellent results." 3080:, September 15, 1981, p. 26., "It might be possible to have almost no contact at all with the relative. Even if there were some family matters requiring contact, this certainly would be kept to a minimum." 2083:

Each family was encouraged to move its family study to the night formerly used for the book study, if practical, and to use this time for unhurried Bible discussion and study tailored to the needs of the

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Jehovah's Witnesses provide relief assistance in disaster-stricken areas for their members and others in the vicinity. Medicine and clothing were provided to both Hutu and Tutsi Witnesses during the 1994

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are considered "ordained ministers". Witnesses recognize that many government and administrative precedents for ministers are not intended to include all active adherents. For example, only elders assert

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6:4) Be supportive, and encourage those who are able to auxiliary pioneer. Perhaps you can adjust your schedule to share in the ministry an additional day of the week with those who are pioneering.

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practices" (emphasis from original). Witnesses typically observe wedding anniversaries, with the Watch Tower Society noting that wedding anniversaries apparently do not stem from pagan origins.

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7/15/98 p. 24 A Christian View of Funeral Customs "Funeral customs do not always conflict with Bible principles. When they do, Christians are determined to act in harmony with the Scriptures."

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introduced this view in 1945, and it has developed since then. Accordingly, the organization has established Hospital Information Services (HIS), which provides education and facilitation of

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We will no longer refer to such ones as being disfellowshipped. In harmony with Paul's words recorded at 1 Corinthians 5:13, we will now refer to them as being removed from the congregation.

884:. The meetings are largely devoted to study of the Bible and Witness doctrines. During meetings and in other formal circumstances, Witnesses refer to one another as "Brother" and "Sister". 2079:

What Is the Purpose of the Family Worship Evening? In January 2009, the Congregation Book Study began to be held on the same evening as the Theocratic Ministry School and Service Meeting.

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service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to national flags or sing national anthems or other patriotic songs.

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I had plenty of objections and was sure the Witnesses were wrong, but (the Witness leading the personal Bible study sessions) showed me how the facts of the Bible could not be faulted".

3736: 1213:, or "friend of the court". The court ruling would have resulted in the Watch Tower Society having to pay millions of dollars in sales tax if sales of their literature had continued. 3487:

Lee Elder, The Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood, "Why some Jehovah's Witnesses accept blood and conscientiously reject official Watchtower Society blood policy",

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donations in the form of life insurance policies, pension plans, bank accounts, certificates of deposit, retirement accounts, stocks and bonds, real estate, annuities and trusts.

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Job 1:4 reads "And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day; and sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink with them." (King James version)

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are not celebrated because they believe that these continue to involve "false religious beliefs or activities." Watch Tower Society publications rule out the celebration of

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Gambling by making money through the losses of others is viewed as a "form of greed", and is prohibited. The trading of stocks, shares and bonds is viewed as acceptable.

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Today, if we notice a fellow Christian who shows such a disobedient spirit, we will make a personal decision not to associate with him for social occasions or recreation.

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family, and taking the lead in preaching activities. Parental discipline for children should not be in a harsh, cruel way. Children are instructed to obey their parents.

1668:, they helped rebuild houses of Witnesses and others. The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses uses "Regional Building Committees" to oversee relief efforts worldwide. 2825: 652: 245: 1333:

while doing so. Outside the congregation, a female minister wears a head covering when she leads spiritual teaching in the presence of her husband, according to the

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After candidates agree to both questions, they line up to undergo water immersion, usually in quick succession, often with hundreds baptised at large conventions.

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Jehovah's Witnesses fund their activities, such as publishing, constructing and operating facilities, evangelism, and disaster relief via donations. There is no

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claims the absence of any record of the date of the birth of Jesus or his apostles indicates that "God does not want us to celebrate any of these birthdays".

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the individual, and are advised to limit social contact with that person. "Marked" individuals are not shunned completely, but social contact is minimized.

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require that the person leave a "mate" to whom the person is "married," since the mutilated one is actually (biologically) of the same sex as the "mate."

1118:, which they may do for consecutive months. Some Witnesses volunteer for missionary service, and may be invited to receive specialized training at the 1156:, Jehovah's Witnesses focused on alternative methods of evangelism such as online web applications, telephone, email, SMS texting, and postal mail. 799: 72: 2221: 1973:

On the weekend, each congregation meets to hear a 30-minute Bible discourse on how the Scriptures relate to our lives and to the times we live in.

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Singelenberg, Richard (1990). "The blood transufion taboo of Jehovah's Witnesses: origin, development and function of a controversial doctrine".

1942: 1387:—directed that a member who "persists in believing other doctrine", even without promoting such beliefs, may be subject to disfellowshipping. 1307: 1181:, are published in hundreds of languages and in various electronic formats. Issues of both magazines are compiled annually into bound volumes. 815:

Jehovah's Witnesses endeavor to remain "separate from the world", which they regard as a place of moral contamination and under the control of

487: 342: 133: 114: 86: 735: 4258: 4215: 3743: 1141:), and syndicated newspaper columns and radio segments devoted to sermons. Between 1924 and 1957, the organization operated a radio station, 603: 207: 707: 645: 202: 1533:" against false teachings and wicked spirit forces they say try to impede them in their preaching work. Based on their interpretation of 830:

maintains discipline within congregations, exercising the power to expel members who breach the denomination's rules and to demand their

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Weddings, anniversaries, and funerals are observed, though they avoid incorporating certain traditions they see to have pagan origins.

1009:"anointed", partake of the bread and wine. In 2023, approximately 20.5 million people attended, and about 22,300 members partook. 714: 1260:

He also found a striking contrast with other churches in the common attribution of responsibility for conversion to "a spiritual guide

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Witnesses have, in the past, used a wide variety of methods to spread their faith, including information marches, where members wore

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Ronald Lawson, "Sect-state relations: Accounting for the differing trajectories of Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses",

2444: 2029: 1865: 1119: 754: 322: 983: 692: 685: 142: 95: 2808: 1021:. Because many congregations have no members who claim to be anointed, it is common for no one to partake of the bread and wine. 721: 982:

Jehovah's Witnesses commemorate Christ's death as a ransom or "propitiatory sacrifice" by observing the Lord's Evening Meal, or

974: 638: 30: 4097: 1538:

God's "enemies" by being evasive or withholding truthful or incriminating information from those not entitled by law to know.

1237:"Do you understand that your baptism identifies you as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with Jehovah's organization?" 1303: 703: 162: 20: 1029: 2289:

The fundamental obligation of each member of the sect is to give witness to Jehovah by announcing His approaching Kingdom.

3780:

Weddle, David L. (April 2000). "A new "generation" of Jehovah's Witnesses: Revised interpretation, ritual and identity".

1610:

because of a claimed link with pagan gods and concerns that giving "special honor and worship" to mothers is a form of "

1234:"Have you repented of your sins, dedicated yourself to Jehovah, and accepted his way of salvation through Jesus Christ?" 1249:

intellectual obstacles, and by a deliberate programme of self-reform. Conversion is not represented as something which

1209:

Ministries on the issue of sales tax exemption for religious groups. The Watch Tower Society had joined the case as an

4303: 1566:

claims that as a result, Witnesses working with "worldly" colleagues tend to closely adhere to Watch Tower teachings.

217: 19:

This article is about the activities and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses. For Jehovah's Witnesses' core beliefs, see

841:

and to attend congregation meetings and conventions that present material based on Watch Tower Society publications.

227: 849: 798:(from 1942 to 1977). Since 1976, practices have also been based on decisions made at closed meetings of the group's 791: 379: 681: 1901:

Being busy serves as a protection from many of the temptations and snares of the world, the flesh and the Devil."

1281:" all adherents who have been approved to engage in formal evangelizing. Witnesses consider their baptisms to be 1110:

Members who commit themselves to evangelize for 600 hours per year, an average of 50 hours per month, are called

438: 1447: 1371:

Shunning is the most severe form of discipline administered; for many years, the procedure was referred to as

960:

provided, but the Society recommends that members consider Watch Tower Society publications during this time.

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Though accepted by most members, some within the Jehovah's Witness community do not endorse the doctrine.

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Watch Tower brief, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries vs California Board of Equalization, US Supreme Court, 1988.

2513: 2209:

Jesus instituted the only annual religious observance commanded for Christians—the Memorial of his death.

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the elders. One cannot "pioneer" or "auxiliary pioneer" for at least one year after reproof is given.

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Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that the Bible prohibits the consumption, storage and transfusion of

1744: 1326: 1080: 3797: 2837: 2638: 2158: 1334: 1014: 998: 927:

The weekend meeting, usually held on Sunday, comprises a 30-minute public talk by a congregation

834:

by other Witnesses. The threat of shunning also serves to deter members from dissident behavior.

795: 384: 2436: 2021: 1623: 1857: 4307: 4281: 4254: 4235: 4211: 4199: 3518: 2803: 2440: 2025: 1861: 1665: 1619: 1530: 1511: 1463: 1360: 1245: 1153: 1018: 912: 523: 475: 470: 3789: 3510: 3239: 2829: 2656:

Swaggart Ministries v. California Board of Equalization case summary, US Supreme Court Media

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may only lead congregational prayer and teaching in unusual circumstances, and must wear a

802:. The group disseminates instructions regarding activities and acceptable behavior through 2821: 2655: 1342: 1146: 1006: 995: 411: 189: 1607: 1429:

adultery, based on their understanding of Jesus' words at Matthew 5:32 and Matthew 19:9.

915:, Jehovah's Witnesses' conventions and meetings in many areas were held virtually, using 1184:

New books, brochures, and other items are released at their annual conventions. Various

1065: 3801: 2607:"Jehovah's Witnesses' adoption of digitally-mediated services during Covid-19 pandemic" 2429: 2191: 2014: 1850: 1206: 1134: 1050: 937: 916: 804: 454: 416: 275: 4336: 4270: 4225: 3514: 2994:

p. 34 Apostasy "Others claim to believe the Bible but reject Jehovah’s organization."

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format of a question-and-answer session based on a Watch Tower Society publication.

4295: 2556:"The Worldwide Brotherhood Uses Innovative Preaching Methods as Pandemic Continues" 1845: 1614:" that could turn people away from God. The Society also directs Witnesses to shun 1490: 1363:

is administered by congregation elders. In the event that an accusation of serious

1054: 901: 877: 854: 533: 317: 250: 2623: 2606: 1383:. A 1981 letter to overseers—reproduced in a book by former Governing Body member 1114:. Those who commit themselves to evangelize for 30 hours for one month are called 2776: 3283: 1451: 969: 670: 4039:, J. F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1931, pages 158–159. 3443: 3298: 1313:

Only males may be appointed as elders and ministerial servants (their term for

4173:, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, September 1983, p. 4-5. 3814:"Train With Godly Devotion as Your Aim", Watchtower, August 15, 1985, page 19. 2817: 2186: 1495: 1418: 1282: 1138: 838: 443: 3428: 3349: 3268: 4277: 3793: 3064: 1603: 1595: 1534: 1375:; however, the term was discontinued in 2024, and is instead referred to as 2777:"Concluding Discussion With Baptism Candidates — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY" 1034: 4160:, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, December 2003, p. 7 3522: 2874:

of the term “ordained minister” to those in this Scriptural arrangement."

823:, adultery, smoking, drunkenness and drug abuse, and blood transfusions. 4182:"Ways in Which Some Choose to Give Contributions to the Worldwide Work", 1591: 1380: 1074: 987: 831: 538: 2633: 2605:

Torres-Pruñonosa, Jose; Plaza-Navas, Miquel-Angel; Brown, Silas (2022).

2293:

They regard the Bible as their only source of belief and rule of conduct

1529:

Watch Tower Society publications teach that Witnesses are engaged in a "

986:. They celebrate it once per year, noting that it was instituted on the 978:

The bread and wine which is passed among congregants during the Memorial

2297:

To be a true Witness one must preach effectively in one way or another.

1745:"Alternative Life-Styles—Does God Approve? — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY" 1631: 1615: 1322: 1318: 1089: 935:

and a one-hour question-and-answer study of a Bible-based article from

858: 184: 2841: 3603:, Vol. 2, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, pages 244–245. 1651:

facilities, are also performed almost entirely by volunteer members.

1599: 1590:

Other common celebrations and religious or national holidays such as

1314: 1177: 1070: 1038: 862: 282: 2833: 46: 4272:

Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement

1677: 1503: 1489: 1292: 1085: 1079: 1064: 1028: 973: 897: 867: 848: 816: 771: 1917:

We should never miss a meeting unless there is a serious reason.

3782:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

4136:, June 2006, page 19, "Heeding the Warnings Made a Difference" 2754:

1/15/89 p. 13 par. 18 What Prevents You From Getting Baptized?

2517: 1364: 1193: 664: 3714:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pages 269–270. 3628:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pages 435–436. 4049:"What Is the Bible’s View? Are They Harmless Observances?", 3473:"Jehovah's Witnesses and the Medical Profession Cooperate". 2309: 2307: 2305: 1494:

Jehovah's Witnesses officially reject transfusions of whole

3259:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1996, pp. 160–161. 1345:, qualify for ministerial exemptions regardless of gender. 1103:

Witnesses are told that they should put the interests of "

3477:. Watch Tower Society. November 22, 1993. pp. 24–25. 3299:"Young People Ask... What's Wrong With Premarital Sex?", 3839:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1984, page 168. 3770:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, pp. 20–23 3702:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 188) 3023:. Watch Tower Society. 2024. pp. 139&ndashp141. 2950:"Help for Those Who Are Removed From the Congregation". 2117:"The Lord's Evening Meal: An Observance That Honors God" 3665:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1996, page 13. 4024:

Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom

3726:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, p. 159. 3367:

Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom

3038:. Watch Tower Society. April 15, 1988. pp. 26–31. 2148:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 265. 4327: 3369:, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993,p. 180. 1013:

blood which redeems from sin. They do not believe in

4300:

Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses

3823:"Have a Full Share in the Great Spiritual Harvest", 3088: 3086: 2252:

Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses

2237:

Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses

1997:"Families, Praise God as Part of His Congregation". 1137:

and handed out leaflets, to sound cars (car-mounted

2347:. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. p. 4. 2197:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

2165:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

2125:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

4269: 2428: 2013: 1849: 4098:"They Offered Themselves Willingly – In New York" 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 1355:Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline 837:Members are expected to participate regularly in 3700:Jehovah's Witnesses Proclaimers of God's Kingdom 3688:Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock 3225:What Does It Mean to Be the Head of the House?, 3021:Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock 2954:. Watch Tower Society. August 2024. p. 27. 2826:London School of Economics and Political Science 2798: 2796: 812:, and at conventions and congregation meetings. 4169:“A New Program for Kingdom Hall Construction”, 3183:. Watch Tower Society. August 2024. p. 7. 2358:"Help Your Children Progress in the Ministry". 2096:"Ideas for Family Worship and Personal Study". 1943:"Video Conferencing for Congregation Meetings" 1498:blood and some of its fractionated components. 3444:"Is It Wise to Invest in the Stock Market?", 3315:"Insight on the News-Born in the Wrong Body?" 3034:"Discipline That Can Yield Peaceable Fruit". 1626:celebrations because of their pagan origins. 1253:to them; it is framed as something that they 646: 8: 4343:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses 4204:Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses 3737:"Watch Tower Press Release, October 4, 2007" 3378:“You Must Be Holy Because Jehovah Is Holy”, 2913:, ©2008 Watch Tower, pages 43–44 and 209–212 2498:"Do You Contribute to an Accurate Report?". 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 2388:""You Know Neither the Day Nor the Hour"". 1928:"Benefit Fully From the Service Meetings", 1450:is considered a form of "mutilation". If a 876:Meetings for worship and study are held at 3788:(2). University of California Press: 363. 2806:(June 1978). "Accounting for Conversion". 2475:"A Worthy Goal for the New Service Year". 2460:"Determined to Follow God's Way of Life". 2431:The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses 2016:The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses 1852:The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses 1480:Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions 653: 639: 594: 563: 347: 175: 59: 25: 3391:“When Another’s Conscience Is Involved”, 3335:. Watch Tower Society. 2007. p. 98. 2632: 2622: 2329:"Paying Back Caesar's Things to Caesar". 1057:had a peak attendance exceeding 253,000. 990:, an annual festival. They observe it on 755:Learn how and when to remove this message 4120:"Christianity in Action: Amid Turmoil", 3984:"Christmas Customs—Are They Christian", 2741:. Watch Tower Society. pp. 185–205. 2224:. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 2012:Botting, Heather; Botting, Gary (1984). 1317:). Only baptized males may officiate at 1265:making a serious study of the scriptures 1049:international convention in New York at 2435:. University of Toronto Press. p. 2427:Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). 2207:– via Watchtower Online Library. 2111: 2109: 2107: 2020:. University of Toronto Press. p. 1913:The Watchtower—Simplified Edition 1856:. University of Toronto Press. p. 1693: 1446:is considered "contrary to nature" and 1084:Jehovah's Witnesses cart witnessing in 515: 486: 427: 350: 306: 261: 132: 94: 62: 37: 3910: 3873: 3861: 3650: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2592: 2580: 2530: 2402: 2271: 2048:. Watch Tower Society. pp. 19–21. 1831: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1731: 786:, and of successive presidents of the 691:Please improve this article by adding 3885: 3612:"Cautious as Serpents Among Wolves", 3004:To All Circuit and District Overseers 2542: 2516:. Watch Tower Society. Archived from 2414: 2392:. September 15, 2012. pp. 26–27. 1984: 1700: 872:Worship at a Kingdom Hall in Portugal 7: 3848:"Each One Will Carry His Own Load", 3535:"Flocking Together in Battle Line", 3429:"Does the Bible Condemn Gambling?", 3410:. WatchTower Bible and Tract Society 3382:, February 15, 1976, p. 123 par. 16. 3098:. WatchTower Bible and Tract Society 2883:"Meeting the Challenge of Loyalty", 2766:5/15/03 p. 31 Questions From Readers 2562:. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society 2345:Organized to Accomplish Our Ministry 2046:2017 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 1949:. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society 1033:A Jehovah's Witnesses Convention in 888:different way of life. According to 3269:"Are You Faithful in All Things?", 3133:, September 1, 1981, p. 27 par. 30. 3076:"Disfellowshiping—How to View It", 2939:. Watch Tower Society. p. 148. 1971:. Watch Tower Society. p. 10. 4253:(2nd ed.). Commentary Press. 4234:(4th ed.). Commentary Press. 3350:"What Is God’s View of Smoking?", 3129:“Repentance Leading Back to God”, 3010:, Raymond Franz, 1983, chapter 11. 2922:"Women—May They Be “Ministers”?", 2062:. Watch Tower Society. p. 64. 1969:Who Are Doing Jehovah's Will Today 1880:"What Do You Do with Your Time?", 919:software and video presentations. 14: 3548:"Fight the fine Fight of faith", 3049:"Helping Minors to Worship God". 2483: 2373:"We Are Witnesses All the Time". 2121:What Does The Bible Really Teach? 1277:Jehovah's Witnesses consider as " 1120:Watchtower Bible School of Gilead 1069:Jehovah's Witnesses preaching in 3897:"Keep Clear of False Worship!", 3637:"Live a Balanced, Simple Life", 3552:, February 15, 2004, page 26–27. 3053:. November 15, 1988. p. 20. 2909:"Head Coverings—When and Why?", 2896:"The General Priesthood Today", 2809:The British Journal of Sociology 2199:. 1 February 1998. pp. 8–13 1893:"Exert Yourselves Vigorously!", 1713:"Keep Clear of False Worship!". 1486:Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses 1166:Jehovah's Witnesses publications 669: 45: 16:Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses 3574:"Use theocratic war strategy", 3448:, October 8, 2000, pages 25–27. 2287:. Vol. 7. pp. 864–5. 2187:"Jehovah is a God of Covenants" 704:"Jehovah's Witnesses practices" 4251:In Search of Christian Freedom 4066:, October 15, 1998. pp. 30–31. 3988:, December 15, 2000, page 3-7. 3591:, June 1, 1960, pages 351–352. 3491:, 2000, Vol 26, pages 375–380. 3257:The Secret of Family Happiness 3240:"Guard against misusing power" 2937:Organized to Do Jehovah's Will 2739:Organized to Do Jehovah's Will 2464:. January 15, 1999. p. 6. 2060:Organized to Do Jehovah's Will 1915:. April 15, 2013. p. 23. 1717:. March 15, 2006. p. 30. 1335:Christian complementarian view 1160:Watch Tower Society literature 1: 3712:Reasoning From the Scriptures 3626:Reasoning From the Scriptures 3503:Social Science & Medicine 3460:How Can Blood Save Your Life? 3433:, March 1, 2011, pages 12–14. 3407:2024 Governing Body update #1 3303:, July 22, 2004, pages 12–14. 3286:Reasoning from the Scriptures 3095:2024 Governing Body update #2 2992:Reasoning From The Scriptures 2911:Keep Yourselves in God's Love 2624:10.1080/23311886.2022.2071034 2146:Reasoning From The Scriptures 2100:. August 15, 2011. p. 6. 1531:spiritual, theocratic warfare 1377:removal from the congregation 779: 770:' practices are based on the 693:secondary or tertiary sources 4087:, November 15, 1960, p. 704. 4053:, February 8, 1974, Page 27. 3616:, February 1, 1956, page 86. 3578:, May 1, 1957, page 285,286. 3561:"Waging the Right Warfare", 3515:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90048-W 3273:, July 15, 2005, page 26-30. 3120:, January 1, 1983 pp. 30–31. 2377:. September 2011. p. 6. 2254:(3rd ed.). p. 116. 2239:(3rd ed.). p. 116. 2077:. November 2011. p. 3. 1171:languages. Their magazines, 4304:University of Toronto Press 4186:, November 1, 2006, page 20 3975:, December 1, 1971, p. 735. 3229:2004b, July 8, 2004, p. 26. 2502:. December 2002. p. 8. 1343:the faith's religious order 808:magazine and through other 218:Faithful and discreet slave 21:Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs 4359: 4014:, October 15, 1998, p. 30. 3852:, March 15, 2006, page 23. 3587:"Questions from readers", 3565:, June 15, 1956, page 365. 3179:"Questions From Readers". 3116:“Questions From Readers”, 3067:accessed January 27, 2006. 2854:"Questions from Readers", 2479:. August 2007. p. 5. 2333:. May 1, 1996. p. 16. 2001:. 1 July 1999. p. 20. 1483: 1477: 1352: 1163: 1025:Assemblies and conventions 967: 964:Memorial of Christ's death 857:of Jehovah's Witnesses in 792:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 18: 3837:Survival Into a New Earth 3724:Worship the Only True God 3641:, July 15, 1989, page 11. 3601:Insight on the Scriptures 3539:, March 1, 1983, page 17. 3489:Journal of Medical Ethics 3395:April 22, 1979, pp. 27–28 3333:Correspondence Guidelines 3244:Watchtower Online Library 2900:, March 1, 1963, page 143 2887:, March 15, 1996, page 18 2160:Insight On The Scriptures 2127:. 2014 . pp. 206–208 900:, which they refer to as 4208:Rowman & Littlefield 4062:Questions From Readers, 4010:Questions From Readers, 3674:Questions From Readers, 3209:Questions From Readers, 3200:, April 15, 1985, p. 31. 3196:Questions From Readers, 2250:M. James Penton (2015). 2235:M. James Penton (2015). 1448:sex reassignment surgery 1417:The family structure is 1304:ecclesiastical privilege 1273:Ministers and ordination 794:(from 1917 to 1942) and 570:Handling child sex abuse 228:Memorial of Jesus' Death 64:Organizational structure 4268:Holden, Andrew (2002). 4249:Franz, Raymond (2007). 3802:10.1525/nr.2000.3.2.350 3794:10.1525/nr.2000.3.2.350 3354:, June 1, 2014, page 4. 3213:, April 15, 1984 p. 31. 2818:Chichester, West Sussex 2362:. July 2005. p. 3. 2318:. July 2013. p. 7. 1932:, January 1989, page 7. 1327:female Witness minister 575:Unfulfilled predictions 125:Unfulfilled predictions 3663:What Does God Require? 3462:. Watch Tower Society. 3169:, July 15, 1999, p. 30 2611:Cogent Social Sciences 1734:, pp. 7, 109–112. 1499: 1308:confessional privilege 1092: 1077: 1041: 979: 955:Family Worship evening 873: 865: 784:Bible Student movement 778:(1852–1916), founder ( 680:relies excessively on 488:Notable former members 352:Watch Tower presidents 105:Bible Student movement 4200:Chryssides, George D. 3924:Sociology of Religion 3223:The Bible's Viewpoint 2285:Catholic Encyclopedia 2073:"Help for Families". 1911:""Do Not Tire Out"". 1672:Funding of activities 1493: 1460:electronic cigarettes 1288:unbaptized publishers 1164:Further information: 1083: 1068: 1032: 977: 963: 871: 852: 810:official publications 293:New World Translation 120:Doctrinal development 4231:Crisis of Conscience 4171:Our Kingdom Ministry 4158:Our Kingdom Ministry 3155:Our Kingdom Ministry 3143:Our Kingdom Ministry 3008:Crisis of Conscience 2868:Our Kingdom Ministry 2500:Our Kingdom Ministry 2477:Our Kingdom Ministry 2375:Our Kingdom Ministry 2360:Our Kingdom Ministry 2316:Our Kingdom Ministry 2167:. 2018 . p. 392 2075:Our Kingdom Ministry 1930:Our Kingdom Ministry 1655:Humanitarian efforts 1444:Gender transitioning 821:gender transitioning 776:Charles Taze Russell 428:Formative influences 4206:. Scarecrow Press, 4124:, January 15, 1998. 3939:view them locally." 3864:, pp. 109–112. 3749:on October 13, 2007 3145:, March 1975, p. 4. 2982:1/1/95 p. 30 par. 3 2520:on October 8, 2023. 2222:"2023 Grand Totals" 1458:Smoking, including 1298:baptized publishers 933:ministerial servant 828:judicial committees 788:Watch Tower Society 774:interpretations of 768:Jehovah's Witnesses 618:Supreme Court cases 39:Jehovah's Witnesses 4148:, June 2006, p.19. 2804:Beckford, James A. 2417:, pp. 196–206 1844:Botting, Heather; 1771:, pp. 26, 28. 1500: 1325:, and baptisms. A 1199:Watchtower Library 1116:auxiliary pioneers 1093: 1078: 1042: 1015:transubstantiation 999:lunisolar calendar 980: 874: 866: 796:Nathan Homer Knorr 110:Leadership dispute 4260:978-0-914675-17-4 4217:978-0-8108-6074-2 3157:March 1983, p. 3. 2274:, pp. 71–76. 1834:, pp. 64–69. 1807:, pp. 66–68. 1666:Hurricane Katrina 1525:Spiritual warfare 1512:bloodless surgery 1464:personal grooming 1373:disfellowshipping 1293:regular ministers 1246:James A. Beckford 1154:COVID-19 pandemic 1019:consubstantiation 994:according to the 917:videoconferencing 913:COVID-19 pandemic 839:evangelizing work 765: 764: 757: 739: 663: 662: 628: 627: 582: 581: 549: 548: 524:George Chryssides 333: 332: 150: 149: 81:and Tract Society 79:Watch Tower Bible 4350: 4328:Official Website 4317: 4302:(2nd ed.). 4296:Penton, James M. 4291: 4275: 4264: 4245: 4221: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3742:. 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F. Rutherford 348: 176: 60: 49: 26: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4314: 4294: 4288: 4267: 4261: 4248: 4242: 4224: 4218: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3913:, pp. 123. 3909: 3905: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2878: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2822:Wiley-Blackwell 2802: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2202: 2200: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2163:. Vol. 1. 2157: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2115: 2114: 2105: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1674: 1657: 1648: 1624:Valentine's Day 1576: 1551: 1527: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1435: 1415: 1357: 1351: 1341:" and those in 1275: 1266: 1261: 1223: 1186:audio cassettes 1168: 1162: 1147:video streaming 1135:sandwich boards 1063: 1027: 972: 966: 957: 948: 946:Midweek meeting 925: 923:Weekend meeting 847: 761: 750: 744: 741: 698: 696: 690: 686:primary sources 674: 659: 630: 629: 622: 619: 613: 609:in Nazi Germany 592: 584: 583: 561: 551: 550: 543: 509: 480: 464: 448: 421: 405: 389: 373: 345: 335: 334: 327: 288: 255: 232: 212: 194: 173: 172: 152: 151: 115:Splinter groups 83: 80: 57: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4322:External links 4320: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4292: 4286: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4226:Franz, Raymond 4222: 4216: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4184:The Watchtower 4175: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4122:The Watchtower 4113: 4089: 4085:The Watchtower 4077: 4068: 4064:The Watchtower 4055: 4042: 4028: 4016: 4012:The Watchtower 4003: 3990: 3986:The Watchtower 3977: 3973:The Watchtower 3965: 3961:The Watchtower 3953: 3949:The Watchtower 3941: 3936:The Watchtower 3928: 3915: 3903: 3899:The Watchtower 3890: 3878: 3876:, pp. 69. 3866: 3854: 3850:The Watchtower 3841: 3829: 3825:The Watchtower 3816: 3807: 3772: 3760: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3676:The Watchtower 3667: 3655: 3653:, pp. 12. 3643: 3639:The Watchtower 3630: 3618: 3614:The Watchtower 3605: 3593: 3589:The Watchtower 3580: 3576:The Watchtower 3567: 3563:The Watchtower 3554: 3550:The Watchtower 3541: 3537:The Watchtower 3528: 3509:(4): 521–522. 3493: 3480: 3465: 3451: 3436: 3431:The Watchtower 3421: 3397: 3384: 3380:The Watchtower 3371: 3359: 3352:The Watchtower 3342: 3324: 3306: 3291: 3276: 3271:The Watchtower 3261: 3249: 3231: 3215: 3211:The Watchtower 3202: 3198:The Watchtower 3189: 3181:The Watchtower 3171: 3167:The Watchtower 3159: 3147: 3135: 3131:The Watchtower 3122: 3118:The Watchtower 3109: 3082: 3078:The Watchtower 3069: 3056: 3041: 3036:The Watchtower 3026: 3012: 2996: 2984: 2980:The Watchtower 2972: 2970:9/15/87 p. 13. 2968:The Watchtower 2960: 2952:The Watchtower 2942: 2928: 2924:The Watchtower 2915: 2902: 2898:The Watchtower 2889: 2885:The Watchtower 2876: 2860: 2856:The Watchtower 2847: 2834:10.2307/589892 2792: 2768: 2764:The Watchtower 2756: 2752:The Watchtower 2744: 2730: 2728:, pp. 59. 2718: 2706: 2704:, pp. 231 2694: 2682: 2680:, pp. 320 2670: 2659: 2648: 2597: 2585: 2583:, pp. 78. 2573: 2547: 2545:, p. 201. 2535: 2523: 2505: 2490: 2467: 2462:The Watchtower 2452: 2445: 2419: 2407: 2405:, p. 259. 2395: 2390:The Watchtower 2380: 2365: 2350: 2336: 2331:The Watchtower 2321: 2301: 2276: 2257: 2242: 2227: 2213: 2192:The Watchtower 2178: 2150: 2138: 2103: 2098:The Watchtower 2088: 2065: 2051: 2037: 2030: 2004: 1999:The Watchtower 1989: 1987:, p. 420. 1977: 1960: 1934: 1921: 1903: 1895:The Watchtower 1886: 1882:The Watchtower 1873: 1866: 1836: 1809: 1797: 1795:, p. 163. 1785: 1773: 1761: 1736: 1724: 1715:The Watchtower 1705: 1703:, p. 106. 1692: 1690: 1687: 1673: 1670: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640:The Watchtower 1620:New Year's Day 1580:The Watchtower 1575: 1572: 1550: 1547: 1542:The Watchtower 1526: 1523: 1508:The Watchtower 1478:Main article: 1475: 1472: 1434: 1431: 1414: 1411: 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1274: 1271: 1256: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1222: 1219: 1207:Jimmy Swaggart 1190:videocassettes 1173:The Watchtower 1161: 1158: 1062: 1059: 1051:Yankee Stadium 1026: 1023: 996:ancient Jewish 965: 962: 956: 953: 947: 944: 938:The Watchtower 924: 921: 890:The Watchtower 846: 843: 805:The Watchtower 800:Governing Body 763: 762: 677: 675: 668: 661: 660: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 632: 631: 626: 625: 624: 623: 616: 614: 612: 611: 606: 600: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 579: 578: 577: 572: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 546: 545: 544: 542: 541: 536: 530: 527: 526: 518: 517: 513: 512: 511: 510: 508: 507: 502: 496: 491: 490: 484: 483: 482: 481: 479: 478: 473: 467: 465: 463: 462: 457: 451: 449: 447: 446: 441: 439:William Miller 435: 430: 429: 425: 424: 423: 422: 420: 419: 414: 408: 406: 404: 403: 401:M. G. Henschel 398: 392: 390: 388: 387: 382: 376: 374: 372: 371: 366: 360: 355: 354: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 330: 329: 328: 326: 325: 320: 314: 309: 308: 304: 303: 302: 301: 296: 289: 287: 286: 279: 276:The Watchtower 271: 266: 265: 259: 258: 257: 256: 254: 253: 248: 243: 237: 234: 233: 231: 230: 224: 221: 220: 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 199: 196: 195: 193: 192: 187: 181: 174: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 147: 146: 145: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 77: 75: 73:Governing Body 67: 66: 58: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4355: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4313:0-8020-7973-3 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4287:0-415-26610-6 4283: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4241:0-914675-24-9 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3888:, p. 409 3887: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288:, page 25-26. 3287: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246:. Watchtower. 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816:(June 1978). 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692:, pp. 88 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2595:, pp. 78 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2533:, p. 247 2532: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2446:0-8020-6545-7 2442: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2031:0-8020-6545-7 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1867:0-8020-6545-7 1863: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1846:Botting, Gary 1840: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1783:, p. 90. 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1636:Herod Antipas 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467:wear slacks. 1465: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385:Raymond Franz 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:head covering 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211:Amicus curiae 1208: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1105:God's Kingdom 1101: 1097: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 976: 971: 961: 954: 952: 945: 943: 940: 939: 934: 930: 922: 920: 918: 914: 909: 905: 903: 902:Kingdom songs 899: 893: 891: 885: 883: 879: 878:Kingdom Halls 870: 864: 860: 856: 851: 844: 842: 840: 835: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782:1881) of the 777: 773: 769: 759: 756: 748: 745:December 2011 737: 734: 730: 727: 723: 720: 716: 713: 709: 706: – 705: 701: 700:Find sources: 694: 688: 687: 683: 678:This article 676: 672: 667: 666: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 636: 634: 633: 621: 615: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 599: 598: 597: 596: 588: 587: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 554: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 529: 528: 525: 522: 521: 520: 519: 514: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 494: 493: 492: 489: 485: 477: 474: 472: 471:N. H. Barbour 469: 468: 466: 461: 460:George Storrs 458: 456: 455:G. W. Stetson 453: 452: 450: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 434: 433: 432: 431: 426: 418: 417:R. L. Ciranko 415: 413: 410: 409: 407: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 391: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 375: 370: 369:C. T. 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