360:
595:. This was therefore interpreted to mean that there was actually no prohibition on other members of monastic orders staying in Norway, but only a prohibition on establishing orders in the country. It was further discussed whether there was a need for the amendment according to the requirements in paragraph 112. As there had been no unfortunate experiences with the Jesuit ban, it was argued that there was no reason to remove it. It was also pointed out in the debate that other countries had had similar bans on Jesuits, but had removed them.
512:
20:
203:. For a time, it was a powerful organization within the Catholic Church. The Jesuits have fostered both missions and the establishment of educational institutions, and established a number of universities in Europe. Their missionary activity and sometimes elitist and offensive style has led to strong backlash and criticism over time, as well as the emergence of both suspicion and a number of myths associated with the order and their activities. Within Catholic circles as well, such as
321:. The schools also gained a good reputation, with good teaching staff and pedagogically recognized methods. The education was practical and results-oriented. The schools provided education in various disciplines, such as literature, music, drama and mathematics. Several of these began missionary work in the Nordic countries, starting in Poland and Belgium. There were also some Catholics in Norway who more or less hid their faith, among them
681:
28:
622:(Parliament) to remove the Jesuit provision in a proposition dated 23 November 1923, reported in the Storting meeting of 29 November. At that time there was a more positive attitude to the bill, but by the time it came up for consideration in 1925 the mood had changed, particularly within Christian circles in the country. The Faculty of Theology at
608:
671:
The debate in
Parliament showed that it wanted to respect the wishes of the Church in the matter. This time the Jesuit ban was discussed alone, unlike in 1897. It was argued this time that the provision was now a "dead paragraph", as the previous penal provisions had been removed. But unlike in 1897,
507:
In the debates on the repeal of the Jesuit clause, the counter-arguments went along two lines: one was that
Jesuits being allowed entry could represent a threat to the country, and a constitutionally conservative line that the constitution should not be changed unless there was a need for change, and
852:
All inhabitants of the kingdom shall have free exercise of religion. The
Norwegian Church, an Evangelical Lutheran Church, remains the People's Church of Norway and is supported as such by the State. The details of its organization shall be determined by law. All faith and philosophical communities
708:
During the parliamentary debate on 1 November 1956, the
President of the Odelsting C. J. Hambro was deeply concerned about the future of Norway if the Jesuits were allowed to enter the country: "I look with the utmost fear for the future of our people at any move against the state church". From the
477:
stood for full religious freedom in this case. But the battle was not over religious tolerance, even in paragraph 15, which stipulated that the regent should "always" profess the
Evangelical Lutheran religion. This wording was important because Charles III Johan had been a confessing Catholic until
598:
The result of the debate was that the ban on monastic orders was removed as there was still no possibility of sanction or leverage, while the Jesuit ban was maintained. However, the proposal to remove the Jesuit ban received a majority, 63 in favor and 43 against, but not the supermajority of 2/3.
343:
In 1604, the situation for
Catholics worsened. It was then forbidden to employ anyone who had attended Jesuit schools in positions in schools and churches. In practice, students from Norway ended up no longer attending Jesuit schools, and much of the contact with Catholic countries disappeared. In
401:
Christian denominations, but forbid their public practice. Eleven of the 15 proposals stated that the
Evangelical Lutheran faith should be the public religion, seven stated that the king should profess this faith, one stated that the government should profess this faith, and one applied the
844:
Alle
Indvaanere af Riget have fri Religionsøvelse. Den norske Kirke, en evangelisk-luthersk kirke, forbliver Norges Folkekirke og understøttes som saadan af Staten. Nærmere Bestemmelser om dens Ordning fastsættes ved Lov. Alle Tros- og Livssynssamfund skal understøttes paa lige Linje.
296:
As the Jesuit schools and universities grew in reputation, it also became common for wealthy
Norwegian official families to send their children there for the best education: in Rome, but also later in Belgium, Poland and elsewhere. For Norwegian students, the school in
119:
The
Evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State. The inhabitants who profess it are obliged to educate their children in the same. Jesuits and monastic orders are not to be tolerated. Jews are still excluded from admission to the kingdom.
779:
When the matter came to a vote in Parliament, the repeal received a large majority, 111 votes to 31. All 14 Christian Democratic Party representatives voted against, and Hambro was in the minority, along with five of the 27 representatives from the Conservatives.
111:
Den evangelisk-lutherske Religion forbliver Statens offentlige Religion. De Indvaanere, der bekjende sig til den, ere forpligtede til at opdrage sine Børn i samme. Jesuitter og Munkeordener maae ikke taales. Jøder ere fremdeles udelukkede fra Adgang til Riget.
54:
1467:
417:
had promoted the draft, and thought that the exclusion of Jesuits and "monastic orders" should also be added to paragraph 2, something that had not been included in the drafts until then. Christie's proposal was divided into four parts:
691:
The Jesuit clause created difficulties for Norway in international cooperation. The matter came up again in Parliament in connection with Norway's ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950. Also, the
804:
All inhabitants of the kingdom shall have free exercise of religion. The Evangelical-Lutheran religion shall remain the public religion of the State. The inhabitants who profess it are obliged to educate their children in the same.
140:
was passed and Catholic worship was allowed in Norway, although monks continued to be banned from entering the country. As early as 1624, Norway had prohibited Catholic priests from staying in the country, under threat of the
287:
which justified both lying and deceit as long as the ends were good, and were for that reason given the motto "The end justifies the means". Similar ideas about the Jesuits were also common in Norway in the 20th century.
1413:
1384:
796:
Alle Indvaanere av Riget have fri Religionsøvelse. Den evangelisk-lutherske Religion forbliver Statens offentlige Religion. De Indvaanere, der bekjende seg til den, ere forpligtede til at opdrage sine Børn i samme.
449:
also spoke against the proposal which he called a manifestation of unchristian intolerance. Christie, however, said that Jesuits could pose a threat to the country and that other "sects" could also be harmful.
700:
and other professors at the Faculty of Theology did not want the Jesuits in the country because they would be morally destructive, among other things, due to the Jesuits' teachings defending lies. Theologian
525:
The weight of these different arguments was, however, somewhat different on the three occasions, the fear of the alleged harmful effect of the Jesuits on the country being greatest in the discussion of 1925.
696:
from 1948 was withdrawn. The government therefore promoted through proposition number 202, 1952, a proposal for a constitutional amendment, which was referred to the Parliament on 10 January 1953.
1459:
442:"Disgustingly intolerant. Jews are human beings. If other nations acted as we do, the Jews would have no place to live, and yet they should be allowed to live somewhere on God's green earth."
397:
Around 20 drafts of a new constitution were prepared, in 15 of which religious practice was regulated and only one had full freedom of religion. The tendency of the proposal was to allow non-
273:
will also have a strong impression of how much he had learned from Jesuitism, and how highly he valued its organization and its teachings. There are few things he has expressed more directly.
721:
557:, where the Jesuit and monastic order ban was removed and full religious practice was allowed "within the boundaries of law and virtuousness". A third proposal was promoted by Liberals
156:
in 1897, and only gained the support of a minority in 1925. Thus, this provision became the last important express legal restriction on religious presence and practice in Norway.
623:
461:
voted for the proposal, but it then had a provision that there should in principle be free exercise of religion, a point that fell out in the editorial committee, consisting of
1218:
567:
1405:
1376:
359:
1684:
1679:
499:) was thus given the opportunity to make a strict confession to the Lutheran religion in an attempt to exclude the Swedish heir to the throne as future Norwegian king.
351:
But around the mid-1600s, the Catholic Church largely abandoned its missionary activities in Norway, and most active attempts to re-Catholicize Denmark–Norway ceased.
1079:
545:
Ullmann's proposal struck down the ban on Jesuits and monastic orders, but the Jesuit ban was added when the proposal was supported by Ullmann's party colleagues
522:
The arguments for repeal were primarily based on principles of religious and spiritual freedom, and that the provisions were not worthy of a modern democracy.
267:'s movement in Spain would have been possible without the support and active collaboration of the Jesuits. Those who have retained any impression of Hitler's
1002:
Religious otherness and national identity in Scandinavia, c. 1790-1960: the construction of Jews, Mormons and Jesuits as anti-citizens and enemies of society
1313:
770:
Opposition was strong in some Christian circles, with theologian Olav Valen-Sendstad as a key spokesman, who among other things wrote the publication
693:
662:
wanted the Jesuit ban removed. Steinsvik traveled the country with the lecture "In the Mother Church's Embrace" and through a series of articles in
534:
At the request of Norwegian Catholics, a final amendment to the Constitution was delivered in 1892 to repeal the Jesuit clause, and they called on
1043:
1669:
813:
On 21 May 2012, the paragraph was amended again by removing the reference to the state's public religion, and the amended paragraph § 2 reads:
1120:
1271:
872:
1559:
1520:
191:
who are in the same place must live together. The monks do not wear their own habit and are not bound to a place, unlike for example the
1689:
740:
149:
148:
Restrictions on Catholic worship were gradually reduced from 1845, but the ban on Jesuits was not lifted until Norway ratified the 1950
1674:
828:
Our values remain our Christian and humanist heritage. This Constitution shall guarantee democracy, the rule of law and human rights.
1021:
821:
Værdigrundlaget forbliver vor kristne og humanistiske Arv. Denne Grundlov skal sikre Demokrati, Retsstat og Menneskerettighederne.
1208:
1654:
314:
1664:
454:
446:
414:
363:
743:) as opponents of the lifting of the Jesuit clause. Hambro believed that the Jesuits had been a contributor to the rise of
587:
The debate was dominated by the practical meaning of these prohibitions. At that time, it was only the Jesuit ban that had
882:
788:
In 1964, paragraph 2 was amended again, this time by adding the right to free exercise of religion. The paragraph reads:
389:
All religious sects are allowed free exercise of religion, though Jews are still excluded from admission to the kingdom.
1068:
435:
A few priests argued against it and for religious tolerance. Then the question of the Jews was brought up again. Priest
152:
in 1956. In both 1897 and 1925, proposals to lift the ban on Jesuits were discussed and voted on, but failed to gain a
1585:
554:
306:
305:
was particularly attractive. The students went to Jesuit schools, and many received tuition free. They had to attend
867:
1183:
776:('Open letter to the Norwegian Parliament 1954: will the parliament give Jesuit fascism its moral recognition?')
732:
479:
382:
Alle Religions - Secter tilstedes fri Religionsøvelse, dog ere Jøder fremdeles udelukkede fra Adgang til Riget.
366:
proposed the restrictions on religious freedom in the Constitution through a proposal he submitted on 4 May 1814
436:
409:
On 4 May, a total of 20 paragraphs were adopted, but on the same day there was a new debate on paragraph 2, on
1639:
1634:
546:
462:
406:
disbanded the Jesuit order in 1773 and the order was not active while work on the Constitution was ongoing.
284:
219:
During the 1956 parliamentary debate on the repeal of the clause, the order was accused of being behind the
1300:
1250:
636:
344:
1623–1624 the Jesuits made a new missions attempt. As a result, in 1624, Catholic priests were banned from
322:
1659:
1345:
877:
773:Åpent brev til Norges storting 1954 : vil stortinget gi jesuitt-fascicmen sin moralske anerkjennelse?
539:
137:
81:
1245:
971:
946:
941:
736:
562:
508:
that this provision was in effect a dormant provision, since no Jesuits had been stopped at the border.
337:
310:
997:
19:
976:
614:
was one of several spokespeople for those who strongly opposed the repeal of the Jesuit clause in 1925
511:
1649:
1644:
1302:
Grunnlovens forbud mot jesuitter og munkeordener: Religionsfrihet og grunnlovskonservatisme 1814-1956
1179:
488:
484:
283:
It was thought that the members of the order followed the Pope blindly and that the order followed a
1580:
1547:Åpent brev til Norges storting 1954: vil stortinget gi jesuitt-fascicmen sin moralske anerkjennelse?
1175:
Motreformasjonens avantgarde. En kartlegging av norske holdninger til jesuittordenen på 1900-tallet
1112:
710:
702:
659:
641:
410:
327:
196:
648:
345:
1035:
887:
728:, to make a statement on the Jesuit Order, Hambro questioning Molland's authority in the matter.
318:
142:
69:
57:
38:
630:
spoke out against lifting the Jesuit ban. There was also debate among the general public, with
542:
to promote it. The proposal came up for debate on 10 May 1897, along with two other proposals.
1551:
1512:
1349:
1027:
1017:
474:
466:
333:
220:
200:
129:
668:
in 1925, strongly advocated against the Catholic Church and the repeal of the Jesuit clause.
575:
571:
1009:
627:
550:
403:
264:
256:
170:
133:
85:
31:
672:
the proposal was voted down this time, with 99 voting against and just 33 voting in favor.
1604:
1309:
1073:
752:
631:
611:
180:
1064:
767:
also spoke out against the repeal and warned against letting the order into the country.
916:(2014). "Jesuittparagraf og antikatolisisme - Debatt om og endring av Grunnlovens § 2".
1545:
1506:
913:
764:
725:
558:
470:
1628:
1613:
1039:
588:
535:
515:
208:
153:
195:, but are sent out by the order. The Jesuit order played a decisive role during the
1490:
1439:
715:
697:
684:
592:
252:
236:
192:
49:, or can be interpreted as an abbreviation for "Jesus, the Savior of men" in Latin.
431:
The inhabitants should be obliged to educate their children in the public religion
653:
680:
664:
581:
176:
89:
1555:
1213:
1031:
1013:
1005:
892:
687:, who himself had a Jewish background, opposed the repeal of the Jesuit clause
607:
371:
302:
269:
97:
88:
entry into the country. Until 1897, this provision was combined with a ban on
53:
1516:
1353:
591:, where a Jesuit who was discovered in Norway could be sentenced to lifelong
756:
580:
which would retain the ban on Jesuits and monastic orders, and add a ban on
232:
224:
204:
184:
60:(1491–1556), Spanish nobleman, priest and founder of the Order of Jesuits.
619:
458:
398:
298:
1173:
760:
744:
453:
It turned out as Christie wanted, and 94 of 110 representatives at the
428:
The inhabitants of the country should profess the religion of the state
248:
228:
647:
in particular opposing the lifting of the ban, while church historian
370:
The first drafts of the Constitution did not mention Jesuits, but the
340:. In 1602, the Catholics in Norway had their own clergy for a period.
317:. Many of the students converted to Catholicism, the best known being
748:
260:
244:
34:
27:
1605:"Kunngjøring av grunnlovsbestemmelse om endring av Grunnlovens § 2"
679:
606:
510:
358:
52:
26:
18:
1240:
188:
93:
439:
tried in vain to argue that the provision to test the Jews was
838:
815:
790:
626:, the country's bishops and the Association of Priests of the
518:
promoted the proposal to remove the Jesuit provisions in 1897.
376:
105:
936:
709:
podium he also made an attack on professor of church history
132:
has often interpreted the ban as an expression of Norwegian
966:
374:
was there from the beginning. A draft from 16 April reads:
103:
The second paragraph of the Constitution originally reads:
553:. Another proposal was promoted by Hans Andersen from the
1273:
Mot-reformasjon i Norge – katolsk motstand på 1600-tallet
722:
Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs
720:, who in November 1955 had been asked by the head of the
836:
The provision on freedom of religion was moved to § 16:
136:. Catholicism was banned in Norway until 1845, when the
84:, paragraph 2, in force from 1814 to 1956, that denied
37:. The Jesuits are a Catholic order founded in 1534 by
16:
Clause of the Constitution of Norway from 1814 to 1956
422:
Jews and Jesuits were to be excluded from the kingdom
41:
and confirmed by the Pope in 1540. The Greek letters
998:"Religiously foreign and nationally undesirable"
705:also strongly opposed the repeal of the clause.
1340:Mykland, Knut (1989). "Noregs veg til fridom".
771:
494:
241:
74:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
8:
1437:"Jesuitter og Munkordener maa ikke taales".
1620:(in Norwegian). No. 6. pp. 8–9.
618:The government promoted proposals to the
211:, attacks have been made on the Jesuits.
1685:Christianity and law in the 20th century
1680:Christianity and law in the 19th century
1511:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Lutherstiftelsen.
1113:"Jesuitterparagrafens opphevelse i 1956"
694:UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
179:in Europe with the aim of reforming the
175:The Jesuit order was founded during the
1443:(in Norwegian). 2017-01-20. p. 23.
905:
425:Monastic orders should not be tolerated
1494:(in Norwegian). 1951-03-27. p. 2.
853:shall be supported on an equal basis.
1539:
1537:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1432:
1430:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1335:
1333:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1069:"Katolisismen i Norge på 1500-tallet"
183:from within. The order does not have
7:
1202:
1200:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
259:, the Catholics' favorite disciple,
23:Original from 1814, with paragraph 2
1239:Halvorsen, Per Bjørn (2019-02-01),
975:(in Norwegian Bokmål), 2020-08-25,
784:Later sections on religious freedom
348:under threat of the death penalty.
243:It must be remembered that neither
150:European Convention on Human Rights
1178:(Master's thesis) (in Norwegian).
14:
873:Conventicle Act (Denmark–Norway)
332:who was bishop of Stavanger and
1562:from the original on 2022-05-15
1550:(in Norwegian). Bergen: Lunde.
1523:from the original on 2022-05-15
1470:from the original on 2022-05-12
1416:from the original on 2022-05-12
1387:from the original on 2022-05-15
1319:from the original on 2022-05-15
1299:Sverdrup-Thygeson, Jr., Ulrik.
1253:from the original on 2022-05-05
1221:from the original on 2014-03-23
1209:"De spiser opp tulipanene våre"
1186:from the original on 2020-10-24
1172:Kvellestad, Iris (2012-05-15).
1123:from the original on 2022-02-04
1082:from the original on 2022-05-12
1046:from the original on 2022-05-11
979:from the original on 2022-04-08
949:from the original on 2022-03-31
624:MF Norwegian School of Theology
1614:"Et seiglivet grunnlovsforbud"
1581:"Katolsk biskop anbefaler KrF"
1460:"Stortingsforhandlingene 1956"
935:Stensvold, Anne (2019-05-31),
755:, and also an inspiration for
447:Hans Christian Ulrik Midelfart
415:Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie
402:requirement to all officials.
364:Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie
1:
1670:History of religion in Norway
1544:Valen-Sendstad, Olav (1954).
1406:"Grunnloven. (Storting 1925)"
1377:"Grundloven. (Storting 1897)"
1207:Borgen, Erling (2013-01-07).
883:Freedom of religion in Norway
231:by the then-president of the
187:in the usual sense, although
1412:(in Norwegian). 2013-09-04.
1383:(in Norwegian). 2013-09-04.
1607:(in Norwegian). 1956-11-23.
731:Hambro stood together with
1706:
1690:Religious expulsion orders
1505:Wisløff, Carl Fr. (1971).
1270:Laugerud, Henning (2010).
868:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
741:Christian Democratic Party
168:
92:, and until 1851 a ban on
1675:Catholic Church in Norway
1308:(Thesis) (in Norwegian).
1014:10.1515/9783110657760-003
80:) was a provision in the
1488:"Nødløgn og jesuitter".
1342:Norges grunnlov i 175 år
842:
819:
794:
658:and composer and author
437:Peter Ulrik Magnus Hount
380:
355:Work on the Constitution
109:
1655:Legal history of Norway
1612:Sangolt, Linda (2006).
1249:(in Norwegian Bokmål),
945:(in Norwegian Bokmål),
463:Christian Adolph Diriks
263:'s movement in France,
1665:Constitution of Norway
1346:Gyldendal Norsk Forlag
1344:(in Norwegian). Oslo:
996:Ulvund, Frode (2021).
878:Dissenter Act (Norway)
850:
826:
802:
772:
739:) and Erling Wikborg (
733:Lars Elisæus Vatnaland
688:
615:
519:
496:Selvstendighetspartiet
495:
387:
367:
336:who was headmaster at
281:
117:
82:Constitution of Norway
75:
61:
50:
24:
1246:Store norske leksikon
972:Store norske leksikon
942:Store norske leksikon
683:
637:Luthersk Kirketidende
610:
514:
362:
338:Oslo Cathedral School
323:Laurits Clausen Scabo
56:
30:
22:
1180:University of Bergen
918:Teologisk Tidsskrift
547:Thomas Georg Münster
455:Constituent Assembly
215:Views on the Jesuits
1508:Norsk kirkehistorie
1111:Norderval, Øyvind.
703:Olav Valen-Sendstad
660:Gerhard Schjelderup
411:freedom of religion
197:Counter-Reformation
1117:Den katolske kirke
914:Oftestad, Bernt T.
888:Religion in Norway
689:
616:
563:Johannes Okkenhaug
555:Conservative Party
520:
480:Independence Party
368:
319:Laurentius Nicolai
315:Catholic Eucharist
255:in Belgium led by
62:
58:Ignatius of Loyola
51:
39:Ignatius of Loyola
25:
1464:www.stortinget.no
859:
858:
834:
833:
811:
810:
475:Nicolai Wergeland
467:Lauritz Weidemann
395:
394:
334:Christoffer Hjort
223:and of inspiring
221:Spanish Civil War
201:Catholic missions
193:Benedictine order
130:Bernt T. Oftestad
126:
125:
76:Jesuittparagrafen
1697:
1621:
1608:
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1466:(in Norwegian).
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1261:
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1259:
1258:
1241:"Jesuittordenen"
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1217:(in Norwegian).
1204:
1195:
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1192:
1191:
1169:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1119:(in Norwegian).
1108:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1078:(in Norwegian).
1076:- Norgeshistorie
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1008:. pp. 3–4.
993:
987:
986:
985:
984:
963:
957:
956:
955:
954:
932:
926:
925:
920:(in Norwegian).
910:
839:
816:
791:
775:
719:
657:
645:
628:Church of Norway
579:
551:Hans Jacob Horst
503:Debate on repeal
498:
492:
404:Pope Clement XIV
377:
331:
279:
207:and philosopher
171:Society of Jesus
134:anti-Catholicism
106:
96:, the so-called
78:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1625:
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1611:
1603:
1600:
1598:Further reading
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1390:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:Oslo University
1305:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1279:
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1276:. Katolsk Forum
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1564:. Retrieved
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1472:. Retrieved
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665:Aftenposten
652: [
640: [
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483: [
372:ban on Jews
326: [
311:confessions
292:Before 1814
185:monasteries
177:Reformation
1629:Categories
1566:2022-05-12
1556:1263239146
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1032:1142934118
1006:De Gruyter
1004:. Berlin:
983:2022-05-12
953:2022-05-12
900:References
893:Jesuit Law
757:communists
582:Freemasons
478:1810. The
303:Baltic Sea
270:Mein Kampf
249:Fascism in
225:Communists
160:Background
128:Historian
98:Jew clause
45:stand for
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233:Odelsting
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70:Norwegian
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862:See also
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620:Storting
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299:Braniewo
276:—
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229:Marxists
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199:and in
165:Jesuits
86:Jesuits
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261:Petain
253:Rexism
245:Nazism
35:emblem
32:Jesuit
1618:Broen
1586:Dagen
1317:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
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1552:OCLC
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634:and
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561:and
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