1863:
1772:
31:
2136:
6195:
2185:
2051:
2166:
expelling "all members of the
Society of Jesus" from Charles's Spanish domains and confiscating all their goods. The other instructed local officials to surround the Jesuit colleges and residences on the night of April 2, arrest the Jesuits, and arrange their passage to ships awaiting them at various ports. King Carlos' closing sentence read: "If a single Jesuit, even though sick or dying, is still to be found in the area under your command after the embarkation, prepare yourself to face
2233:
326:
1982:, condemning the Society to extinction. Still, the king's intervention brought eight months delay, and in the meantime, a compromise was suggested by the Court. If the French Jesuits separated from the Society headed by the Jesuit General directly under the pope's authority and came under a French vicar, with French customs, as with the Gallican Church, the Crown would still protect them. The French Jesuits, rejecting
4918:
2301:
2062:, was the last of the expulsions, with Portugal (1759) and France (1764) having already set the pattern. The Spanish crown had already begun a series of administrative and other changes in their overseas empire, such as reorganizing the viceroyalties, rethinking economic policies, and establishing a military, so the expulsion of the Jesuits is seen as part of this general trend known generally as the
4078:
2213:(American-born Spanish) men, many of whom themselves became Jesuits. Of the 678 Jesuits expelled from Mexico, 75% were Mexican-born. In late June 1767, Spanish soldiers removed the Jesuits from their 16 missions and 32 stations in Mexico. No Jesuit could be excepted from the king's decree, no matter how old or ill. Many died on the trek along the cactus-studded trail to the Gulf Coast port of
1926:. This turned out to be an imprudent step for their interests. Not only did the Parlement support the lower court on 8 May 1761, but having once gotten the case into its hands, the Jesuits' opponents in that assembly determined to strike a blow at the order. Under fire for currency speculation and accused of torturing and killing four slaves, Lavalette resigned from the Jesuit order in 1762.
6207:
4932:
1511:
280:
2085:
2551:
certain knowledge, and the fullness of our apostolical power, suppress and abolish the said company: we deprive it of all activity whatever... And to this end a member of the regular clergy, recommendable for his prudence and sound morals, shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses; so that the name of the
Company shall be, and is, for ever extinguished and suppressed.
2421:
4262:
2025:, where Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth century had been active among indigenous peoples. British rule had implications for Jesuits in New France, but their numbers and sites were already in decline. As early as 1700, the Jesuits had adopted a policy of merely maintaining their existing posts instead of trying to establish new ones beyond Quebec,
62:
3171:
2114:, attorney for the Council of Castile, the body overseeing central Spain, articulated this view in a report the king read. Carlos ordered convening a special royal commission to draw up a master plan to expel the Jesuits. The commission first met in January 1767. It modeled its plan on the tactics deployed by France's
2741:(Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790) issued on 12 January 1782 for Austria and Hungary banned several monastic orders not involved in teaching or healing. It liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks and 190 nuns). The banned monastic orders included Jesuits,
2221:
elites – the properties became a source of wealth for the crown. The crown auctioned them off, benefiting the treasury, and their criollo purchasers gained productive well-run properties. Many criollo families felt outraged at the crown's actions, regarding it as a "despotic act." One well-known
Mexican Jesuit,
1839:
Saldanha, having received the papal brief only a fortnight before, declared that the
Jesuits were guilty of having exercised "illicit, public, and scandalous commerce" in Portugal and its colonies. He had not visited Jesuit houses as ordered and pronounced on the issues the pope had reserved for himself.
2122:
in 1307 – emphasizing the element of surprise. Carlos' adviser
Campomanes had written a treatise on the Templars in 1747, which may have informed the implementation of the Jesuit suppression. One historian states, " never would have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of
1710:
Various states took advantage of different events to take action. The series of political struggles between various monarchs, particularly France and
Portugal, began with disputes over territory in 1750 and culminated in the suspension of diplomatic relations and the dissolution of the Society by the
2331:
Several historians have estimated the number of
Jesuits deported at 6,000. But it is unclear whether this figure encompasses Spain alone or extends to Spain's overseas colonies (notably Mexico and the Philippines). Jesuit historian Hubert Becher claims that about 600 Jesuits died during their voyage
2036:
Once New France was under
British control, the British barred the immigration of any further Jesuits. By 1763, only twenty-one Jesuits were still stationed in what was now the British colony of Quebec. By 1773, only eleven Jesuits remained. The British crown claimed Jesuit property in Canada in the
1842:
Pombal implicated the
Jesuits in the Távora affair, an attempted assassination of the king on 3 September 1758, on the grounds of their friendship with some of the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he issued a decree sequestering the property of the Society in the Portuguese dominions. The
1603:
Historians identify multiple factors causing the suppression. The
Jesuits, who were not above getting involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to the pope and his power in independent nations' religious and political affairs. In France, it was a combination of many influences, from
1914:
were captured, and Lavalette was unable to pay his very large debts and went bankrupt. His creditors turned to the Jesuit procurator in Paris to demand payment. Still, he refused responsibility for the debts of an independent mission – though he offered to negotiate for a settlement. The creditors
1826:
ensued. It was a disaster for the Guaraní. In Portugal, a battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing or defending the Jesuits, who, for over a century, had protected the Guarani from enslavement by way of the Reductions. The Portuguese colonizers secured the expulsion of the Jesuits.
2550:
Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits...in the present case, we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders, both by its institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, we do, out of our
2106:
King Carlos fled to the countryside when an angry crowd of those resisters converged on the royal palace. The crowd shouted, "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!" His Flemish palace guard fired warning shots over the people's heads. An account says that a group of Jesuit priests appeared on the
1898:
in 1908 said that the practice of the missionaries occupying themselves personally in selling off the goods produced (an anomaly for a religious order) "was allowed partly to provide for the current expenses of the mission, partly to protect the simple, childlike natives from the common plague of
37:; as a carrack sets sail from Portuguese shores in the background, a bolt of lightning strikes a Jesuit priest as he attempts to set a terrestrial globe, a mitre, and a royal crown on fire; a bag of gold coins and a closed book (symbols of wealth and control of education) lie at the priest's feet.
2350:
calls the Spanish crown's expulsion of the Jesuits a "sudden and devastating move" to assert royal control. However, the Jesuits became a vulnerable target for the crown's moves to assert more control over the church; also, some religious and diocesan clergy and civil authorities were hostile to
2220:
There were protests in Mexico at the exile of so many Jesuit members of elite families. But the Jesuits themselves obeyed the order. Since the Jesuits had owned extensive landed estates in Mexico – which supported their evangelization of indigenous peoples and their education mission to criollo
2165:
The commission's meeting on 29 January 1767 planned the expulsion of the Jesuits. Secret orders, to be opened at sunrise on April 2, were sent to all provincial viceroys and district military commanders in Spain. Each sealed envelope contained two documents. One was a copy of the original order
1838:
to investigate allegations against the Jesuits. Benedict was skeptical about the gravity of the alleged abuses. He ordered a "minute inquiry", but to safeguard the Society's reputation, all serious matters were to be referred back to him. Benedict died the following month, on May 3. On May 15,
1702:
By the mid-18th century, the Society had acquired a European reputation for political maneuvering and economic success. Monarchs in many European states grew increasingly wary of what they saw as undue interference from a foreign entity. The expulsion of Jesuits from their states had the added
3350:
Dissertaciones históricas del orden, y Cavallería de los templarios, o resumen historial de sus principios, fundación, instituto, progressos, y extinción en el Concilio de Viena. Y un apéndice, o suplemento, en que se pone la regla de esta orden, y diferentes Privilegios de ella, con muchas
2176:, presented with a similar ultimatum by the Spanish ambassador to the Vatican a few days before the decree would take effect, asked King Carlos, "by what authority?" and threatened him with eternal damnation. Pope Clement could not enforce his protest, and the expulsion occurred as planned.
2066:. The reforms aimed to curb American-born Spaniards' increasing autonomy and self-confidence, reassert crown control, and increase revenues. Some historians doubt that the Jesuits were guilty of intrigues against the Spanish crown that were used as the immediate cause for the expulsion.
1892:, where the Society of Jesus had a commercial stake in sugar plantations worked by black slaves and free labor. Their large mission plantations included large local populations that worked under the usual conditions of tropical colonial agriculture of the 18th century. The
2255:, whence they sailed to the Mexican mainland and thence to Europe. Showing sympathy for the Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly, even as he ended their 70 years of mission-building in Baja, California. The Jesuit missions in Baja California were turned over to the
1878:
in 1762 and used as evidence in a trial of the order. The prosecution claimed it was blasphemous and showed a lack of respect for the papacy and monarchy because it is an allegory of salvation with the pope and King of France depicted in less prominence than the
1862:
2270:
The change in the Spanish colonies in the New World was particularly great, as missions often dominated the far-flung settlements. Almost overnight, in the mission towns of Sonora and Arizona, the "black robes" (Jesuits) disappeared, and the "gray robes"
3351:
Dissertaciones, y Notas, tocantes no solo à esta Orden, sino à las de S. Juan, Teutonicos, Santiago, Calatrava, Alcantara, Avis, Montesa, Christo, Monfrac, y otras Iglesias, y Monasterios de España, con varios Cathalogos de Maestres
2835:
The modern view is that the order's suppression resulted from political and economic conflicts rather than a theological controversy and the assertion of nation-state independence against the Catholic Church. The expulsion of the
2712:
Alexander I withdrew his patronage of the Jesuits in 1812, but with the restoration of the Society in 1814, that only temporarily affected the order. Alexander eventually expelled all Jesuits from Imperial Russia in March 1820.
1539:
2283:
The Jesuits were soon dislodged from the Philippines which they had converted from Animism, Hinduism, and Islam, to Christianity. The royal decree expelling the Society of Jesus from Spain and its dominions reached
2323:
refused to allow the ships to unload their prisoners onto papal territory. Fired upon by batteries of artillery from the shore of Civitavecchia, the Spanish warships had to look for an anchorage off the island of
2608:
refused to allow the papal document of suppression to be distributed in his country. The order continued in Prussia for several years after the suppression, although it had dissolved before the 1814 restoration.
4088:
2858:. The suppression was also seen as an attempt by monarchs to gain control of revenues and trade that the Society of Jesus previously dominated. Catholic historians often point to a personal conflict between
1771:
1963:, to whom the Jesuits had refused absolution since she was living in sin with the King of France, was a determined opponent. The determination of the Parlement of Paris in time bore down all opposition.
5983:
1788:
1776:
30:
2110:
The monarch and his advisers were alarmed by the uprising, which challenged royal authority. The Jesuits were accused of inciting the mob and publicly accusing the monarch of religious crimes.
2146:
King Carlos' ministers kept their deliberations to themselves, as did the king, who acted upon "urgent, just, and necessary reasons, which I reserve in my royal mind." The correspondence of
1822:, who lived in the mission territories, were ordered to quit their country and move to Uruguay. The Guaraní rose in arms against the transfer due to the harsh conditions, and the so-called
5872:
3979:
Schlafly, Daniel L. Jr. (2015). "General Repression, Russian Survival, American Success: The 'Russian' Society of Jesus and the Jesuits in the United States". In Burson, Jeffrey D. (ed.).
1532:
636:
1852:
4969:
471:
2081:
was enacted. The law, which placed restrictions on men's wearing of voluminous capes and limiting the breadth of sombreros men could wear, was seen as an "insult to Castilian pride."
6179:
6174:
2239:, Mexican Jesuit exiled to Italy. His history of ancient Mexico was a significant text for pride for contemporaries in New Spain. He is revered in modern Mexico as a creole patriot.
1806:
Portugal's quarrel with the Jesuits began over an exchange of South American colonial territory with Spain. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the contested
2343:
pursued a similar policy: On November 3, the Jesuits, with no accusation or trial, were marched across the border into the Papal States and threatened with death if they returned.
2009:, he concluded: "If I adopt the advice of others for the peace of my realm, you must make the changes I propose, or I will do nothing. I say no more, lest I should say too much."
6322:
1754:(a court, not a legislature) ruled against the Society in a huge bankruptcy case under pressure from a host of groups – from within the Church but also secular notables such as
1525:
2006:
1855:, for "crimes against the faith". After Malagrida's execution in 1759, the Portuguese crown suppressed the Society. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome, and the
1271:
5523:
5003:
818:
5898:
2155:
991:
5973:
4850:
1993:
At the end of November 1764, the king signed an edict dissolving the Society throughout his dominions, though some provincial parlements still protected them, such as
1176:
1151:
366:
2729:), the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1803, and the United States in 1805. "Russian" chapters were also formed in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
376:
2311:
Spanish soldiers rounded up the Jesuits in Mexico, marched them to the coasts, and placed them below the decks of Spanish warships headed for the Italian port of
2498:
addressed a public warning against it on 30 January 1768, threatening the Duchy with ecclesiastical censures. At this, all the Bourbon courts turned against the
5283:
5010:
401:
2107:
scene, soothed the protesters with speeches, and sent them home. Carlos decided to rescind the tax hike and hat-trimming edict and fire his finance minister.
1974:, assembled from passages from Jesuit theologians and canonists, alleging then to have taught every sort of immorality and error. On 6 August 1762, the final
1803:, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism."
4962:
6292:
5556:
5049:
2722:
571:
381:
2251:, arrived on November 30. By 3 February 1768, Portolá's soldiers had removed the peninsula's 16 Jesuit missionaries from their posts and gathered them in
6237:
5938:
5237:
308:
6302:
6282:
2993:
2812:. With the political climate of Europe changed, and with the powerful monarchs who had called for the suppression of the Society no longer in power,
6317:
6297:
6287:
6257:
6252:
5691:
4801:
117:
4955:
4843:
2645:
refused to allow the papal document of suppression to be distributed and even openly defended the Jesuits from dissolution. The Jesuit chapter in
2453:, himself a Portuguese, followed suit, expelling the Jesuits from the island and seizing their assets. These assets were used in establishing the
165:
1970:, who denounced the Constitution of the Society of Jesus, which was publicly examined and discussed in a hostile press. The Parlement issued its
1956:
2135:
5385:
5327:
4270:
3488:
Robert Michael Van Handel, "The Jesuit and Franciscan Missions in Baja California." M.A. thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara, 1991.
2827:, the Catholic Church again began to play a more welcome role in European political life. Nation by nation, the Jesuits became re-established.
1734:
The conflicts began with trade disputes in 1750 in Portugal, 1755 in France, and the late 1750s in the Two Sicilies. In 1758 the government of
1266:
1206:
258:
2808:
after years of fighting and revolution, during which the Church had been persecuted as an agent of the old order and abused under the rule of
3140:
3069:
2328:, then a dependency of Genoa. But since a rebellion had erupted on Corsica, it took five months for some of the Jesuits to set foot on land.
2229:, the famous German scientist who spent a year in Mexico in 1803–04, praised Clavijero's work on the history of Mexico's indigenous peoples.
1309:
2816:
issued an order restoring the Society of Jesus in the Catholic countries of Europe. For its part, the Society of Jesus decided at the first
5195:
5091:
2770:
1492:
1146:
6057:
3555:
2366:
The suppression of the order had longstanding economic effects in the Americas, particularly those areas where they had their missions or
1815:
5955:
4123:
782:
2511:
1691:
Before the eighteenth-century suppression of the Jesuits in many countries, there had been earlier bans, such as in territories of the
1597:
6095:
5397:
5148:
4018:
3990:
3969:
3948:
3003:
2937:
1276:
1497:
6307:
6262:
6247:
6232:
5227:
4151:
2502:, demanding the entire dissolution of the Jesuits. Parma expelled the Jesuits from its territories, confiscating their possessions.
4447:
2408:
were auctioned, but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits, contributing to a decline in production of wine and
1683:, acted to restore the Society of Jesus to its previous provinces, and the Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries.
5998:
5478:
5368:
4836:
2527:
2111:
725:
971:
6272:
5493:
5417:
5037:
5015:
4808:
2458:
1791:(later the Marquis of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759. The
1333:
1296:
2820:
held after the restoration to keep the organization of the Society as it had been before the suppression was ordered in 1773.
2207:, the Jesuits had actively evangelized the Indians on the northern frontier. But their main activity involved educating elite
6277:
6267:
5732:
5351:
4998:
4990:
4978:
2746:
1568:
in 1773; the papacy acceded to said anti-Jesuit demands without much resistance. The Jesuits were serially expelled from the
1422:
1286:
1001:
426:
301:
1742:
and deported Jesuits from South America after relocating them with their native workers and then fighting a brief conflict (
966:
6327:
6312:
6027:
5606:
5581:
5190:
4857:
4822:
4815:
4217:
4117:
3223:
2875:
2738:
1835:
1462:
1224:
757:
83:
1795:
in 1758 could be considered a pretext for the expulsion and crown confiscation of Jesuit assets. According to historians
695:
6067:
5586:
5576:
5032:
4433:
1779:, Portugal's prime-minister at the time, oversaw the suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal and its empire. Painting by
1695:
between 1606 and 1656–1657, begun and ended as part of disputes between the Republic and the papacy, beginning with the
1668:
1339:
961:
511:
268:
6032:
5175:
4538:
4412:
2252:
1967:
1577:
1487:
1347:
1011:
5402:
4650:
3773:
3710:
6041:
5066:
4893:
4760:
4725:
4681:
3085:
2908:
2844:
nations of Europe and their colonial empires is also seen as one of the early manifestations of the new secularist
2804:
were approaching their end in 1814, the old political order of Europe was to a considerable extent restored at the
2347:
2236:
2222:
2005:. In the draft of the edict, he canceled numerous clauses that implied that the Society was guilty, and writing to
1979:
1796:
1704:
1442:
762:
700:
690:
263:
6337:
6332:
6242:
6100:
5802:
5113:
4922:
4622:
4370:
2953:
Roehner, Bertrand M. (April 1997). "Jesuits and the State: A Comparative Study of their Expulsions (1590–1990)".
2519:
2354:
In addition to 1767, the Jesuits were suppressed and banned twice more in Spain, in 1834 and 1932. Spanish ruler
2244:
2154:, contains the ideas that, from time to time, guided Spanish policy. Carlos conducted his government through the
1938:
1906:, superior of the Martinique missions, became one of the largest land and slave owners on the island. But on the
604:
361:
334:
294:
45:
2457:
by a decree signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769, with a lasting effect on Malta's social and cultural life. The
1703:
benefit of allowing governments to impound the Society's accumulated wealth and possessions. However, historian
1191:
5933:
5508:
5025:
4829:
3937:
Casalini, Cristiano (2017). "Rise, Character, and Development of Jesuit Education". In Županov, Ines G. (ed.).
3499:
1016:
915:
651:
406:
371:
1915:
went to the courts and received a favorable decision in 1760, obliging the Society to pay and giving leave to
3130:
5551:
5407:
5134:
4786:
4391:
4113:
3219:
2762:
2450:
1632:, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated.
956:
895:
646:
90:
4026:
3958:
Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). "Introduction". In Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (eds.).
2225:, during his Italian exile, wrote an important history of Mexico, with emphasis on the indigenous peoples.
2195:
in New Spain (1765–71), was instrumental in the Jesuit expulsion in 1767 in Mexico, considered part of the
6022:
5908:
5621:
4573:
4545:
4405:
4286:
4199:
4101:
3800:
2892:
2726:
2526:
dismissed the papal decree. In the Commonwealth, many of the Society's possessions were taken over by the
2226:
2184:
2050:
1807:
1352:
1326:
1281:
885:
551:
446:
141:
4615:
1787:
There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, which increased when the
5918:
5903:
5616:
5473:
5380:
5180:
5163:
5076:
5020:
4144:
4093:
2896:
2678:
2387:
1894:
1656:
1022:
921:
531:
5968:
5528:
4875:
2375:
3677:"La vid y el vino en América del Sur: el desplazamiento de los polos vitivinícolas (siglos XVI al XX)"
3606:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, p. 225, footnote.
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6077:
6004:
5847:
5807:
5626:
5503:
5442:
5247:
5222:
5158:
4883:
4794:
4739:
4566:
2851:
2824:
2817:
2721:
Under the patronage of the "Russian Society", Jesuit provinces were effectively reconstituted in the
2394:
2248:
2188:
2074:
1780:
1735:
1641:
1593:
1181:
1111:
1062:
1042:
845:
824:
677:
641:
611:
112:
6199:
5923:
5913:
5862:
5720:
5706:
5566:
5308:
5071:
4704:
4629:
4608:
4496:
4468:
4454:
4190:
4182:
3714:
2642:
2601:
2523:
2454:
2435:
2426:
2289:
2115:
1960:
1934:
1907:
1755:
1672:
1629:
1482:
1291:
1006:
890:
777:
772:
767:
752:
243:
228:
208:
134:
35:
The Society of Jesus expelled from the Kingdom of Portugal by the Royal Decree of 3 September 1759
6211:
5988:
5757:
5681:
5649:
5468:
5437:
5274:
5262:
5123:
5061:
4936:
4601:
4594:
4489:
4279:
3379:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 224–226.
3366:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 223–224.
3307:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, pp. 222–223.
2805:
2774:
2674:
2605:
2382:, in modern-day Argentina, their suppression led to the scattering and enslavement of indigenous
1952:
1923:
1800:
1696:
1664:
1515:
1156:
951:
747:
736:
730:
284:
183:
5777:
4335:
2788:
to visit Joseph II in March 1782. He received the Pope politely and presented himself as a good
4038:
Schroth, Raymond A. "Death and Resurrection: The Suppression of the Jesuits in North America."
3578:
3525:
3265:, edited by Michael Meyer and William Beezley, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 278.
2709:. Many former Jesuits throughout Europe traveled to Russia to join the sanctioned order there.
6157:
6062:
5837:
5823:
5797:
5782:
5686:
5671:
5601:
5591:
5460:
5392:
5293:
5257:
5153:
4900:
4580:
4517:
4300:
4293:
4014:
4008:
3986:
3965:
3944:
3681:
3136:
3065:
2999:
2933:
2859:
2855:
2515:
2495:
2491:
2446:
2383:
2367:
2336:
2320:
2232:
2173:
2167:
2092:
2059:
1903:
1848:
1844:
1843:
following September, he deported the Portuguese fathers, about one thousand in number, to the
1831:
1819:
1739:
1712:
1692:
1617:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1092:
1029:
996:
901:
850:
564:
481:
476:
213:
1990:
of March 9, 1764, the Jesuits were required to renounce their vows under pain of banishment.
1847:, keeping the foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was the then denounced
1564:
and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the
6047:
5852:
5832:
5752:
5737:
5636:
5538:
5412:
5252:
5210:
5205:
5185:
5168:
5081:
4753:
4711:
4587:
4531:
4440:
4377:
4342:
4314:
4226:
4137:
3690:
3545:
3537:
3339:. Translated and adapted from German by Mark Howson. William Morrow & Co., 1984, p. 223.
2962:
2837:
2666:
2658:
2539:
2538:
After the suppression of the Jesuits in many European countries and their overseas empires,
2487:
2462:
2355:
2340:
2304:
2147:
2070:
1994:
1867:
1792:
1758:, the king's mistress. Austria and the Two Sicilies suppressed the order by decree in 1767.
1646:
1613:
1072:
1067:
1036:
908:
742:
591:
491:
439:
342:
238:
233:
17:
4482:
4054:
Reform Catholicism and the international suppression of the Jesuits in Enlightenment Europe
1955:
was weak; his wife and children were in favor of the Jesuits; his able first minister, the
1818:. These autonomous Jesuit missions had been nominal Spanish colonial territory. The native
6105:
6072:
6016:
6010:
5867:
5772:
5676:
5488:
4982:
4746:
4524:
4475:
4250:
4235:
3813:
3448:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
3292:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867
2841:
2801:
2638:
2264:
2260:
2214:
2196:
2119:
2063:
1811:
1377:
1126:
1098:
1087:
860:
466:
419:
347:
174:
2665:
in 1801 for formal approval of the Jesuit operation in Russia. The Jesuits, led first by
2142:, adviser to Carlos III, who brought together an alliance of those opposed to the Jesuits
1948:
1859:
was expelled. Diplomatic relations between Portugal and Rome were broken off until 1770.
1201:
3390:
Junípero Serra: The Illustrated Story of the Franciscan Founder of California's Missions
325:
6168:
5993:
5787:
5762:
5726:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5498:
5483:
5422:
5298:
5288:
5044:
4732:
4697:
4643:
4461:
4398:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4328:
4307:
2886:
2863:
2698:
2670:
2483:
2208:
2139:
1823:
1743:
1660:
1625:
1621:
1589:
1585:
1561:
1402:
1242:
1196:
1186:
1055:
800:
486:
223:
218:
203:
188:
3908:
2649:
received her patronage. It ordained priests, operated schools, and opened housing for
6226:
6052:
5978:
5944:
5928:
5888:
5571:
5546:
5322:
5232:
5217:
5139:
4636:
4426:
4321:
4107:
4082:
3857:
La Compagnie de Jésus en Russie: un collège de Jésuites à Saint Pétersbourg (1800–16)
3459:
3443:
3319:
3287:
3213:
3175:
2880:
2813:
2781:
2626:
2622:
2590:
2405:
2312:
2127:
and mendicant orders had long opposed the Jesuits and sought to curtail their power.
2078:
1680:
1651:
1255:
1116:
1082:
3695:
3676:
3045:
2530:, the world's first Ministry of Education. Lithuania complied with the suppression.
1707:(1966) cautions, "ow far this served as a motive for the expulsion we do not know."
6162:
6037:
5893:
5857:
5596:
5518:
5362:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5086:
4690:
4670:
4503:
4384:
3657:
2785:
2316:
2300:
1966:
The attack on the Jesuits was opened on 17 April 1762 by the Jansenist sympathizer
1856:
1720:
1609:
1372:
1321:
1121:
931:
855:
840:
684:
671:
504:
459:
394:
253:
198:
2054:
Charles III of Spain, who ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish realms
1986:, refused to consent. On 1 April 1763, the colleges were closed, and by a further
4947:
3980:
3959:
3938:
5963:
5792:
5767:
5742:
5715:
5702:
5611:
5513:
5200:
4718:
4559:
4510:
4419:
4261:
4175:
3434:, volume 1. Michael S. Werner, ed., Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 153–154.
2766:
2758:
2754:
2742:
2654:
2307:, adviser to Charles III, instrumental in the expulsion of the Jesuits in Naples
2256:
1983:
1943:
1636:
1415:
1365:
1316:
1169:
1077:
865:
835:
830:
795:
616:
248:
193:
66:
6206:
4931:
2288:, on 17 May 1768. Between 1769 and 1771, the Jesuits were transported from the
2084:
1655:. However, the order did not disappear. It continued underground operations in
1510:
279:
5747:
5332:
4778:
4057:
3541:
2902:
2750:
2582:
2570:
2420:
2272:
2037:
same year and declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was dissolved.
2022:
1889:
1888:
The suppression of the Jesuits in France began in the French island colony of
1105:
926:
705:
3190:
3162:
3019:
2058:
The Suppression in Spain and the Spanish colonies, and in its dependency the
4552:
3261:
Virginia Guedea, "The Old Colonialism Ends, the New Colonialism Begins", in
2846:
2682:
2650:
2204:
2124:
1930:
1916:
1749:
1676:
1605:
1235:
4064:
The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences.
2966:
2490:
was the Parmesan reaction to the news of the expulsion of the Jesuits from
3982:
The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences
5561:
5315:
5303:
3718:
3477:
The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra: The Man Who Never Turned Back.
3062:
The Culture Wars of the Late Renaissance: Skeptics, libertines, and opera
3048:
The Culture Wars of the Late Renaissance: Skeptics, libertines, and opera
2809:
2789:
2702:
2662:
2578:
2499:
2471:
2431:
2398:
2379:
2371:
2159:
2069:
Contemporaries in Spain attributed the suppression of the Jesuits to the
2026:
1565:
1382:
3550:
2404:
With the suppression of the Society of Jesus in Spanish America, Jesuit
5818:
5432:
5054:
4160:
2706:
2694:
2646:
2586:
2574:
2325:
1871:
1557:
1259:
1219:
944:
811:
53:
5427:
5337:
5242:
3163:
Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)"
2686:
2618:
2285:
2151:
2030:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1875:
1716:
1475:
1455:
1435:
1395:
984:
664:
629:
2625:
signed a document offering their submission to Rome in 1774. In the
2247:, the expulsion decree did not arrive there until the new governor,
61:
4081: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3743:
2629:, schools and colleges continued to be run and founded by Jesuits.
4208:
4035:(Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 839–848, online; popular account.
3664:(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. p. 128.
3579:"Jesuits in the Philippines: From Mission to Province (1581–1768)"
3479:
Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 182–183.
2442:
2419:
2409:
2299:
2231:
2183:
2134:
2083:
2049:
1861:
1770:
1728:
1724:
1139:
878:
718:
584:
544:
524:
148:
3196:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 26 March 2014
3174:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3168:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 March 2014
1959:, played into the hands of the Parlement and the royal mistress,
4661:
2690:
5984:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4951:
4133:
3526:"Missionaries and Commanders: The Jesuits in Mindanao, 1718–68"
2621:, although the last one died in 1800. The 21 Jesuits living in
2217:, where ships awaited them to transport them to Italian exile.
3909:"Order Restored: Remembering turbulent times for the Jesuits"
2930:
Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History (1773–1900)
3961:
Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773–1900
2717:
Russian patronage of restoration in Europe and North America
2390:
industry, from which it only recovered in the 20th century.
1922:
On the advice of their lawyers, the Jesuits appealed to the
4047:
The Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits from France
3315:
3313:
2617:
Many individual Jesuits continued their work as Jesuits in
1933:
were numerous among the enemies of the orthodox party. The
1767:
First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759
4129:
4124:
The Death of a Weak and Regretful Pope: September 22, 1774
3867:
3865:
3827:
3825:
3450:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 453–458.
2581:, where they continued their work in the monastery of the
1910:, ships carrying goods of an estimated value of 2,000,000
5873:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
4102:
Charles III of Spain's royal decree expelling the Jesuits
3646:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Compañia Impresora Argentina.
3400:
3398:
2862:(1758–1769) and his supporters within the church and the
2777:, and their wealth was taken over by the Religious Fund.
2370:– outlying areas dominated by indigenous peoples such as
2017:
Following the British 1759 victory against the French in
637:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
3803:. Boston College, Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies.
2585:; in 1788, the Bollandist Society was suppressed by the
1711:
pope over most of Europe, and even some executions. The
472:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
3604:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3377:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3364:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3337:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3305:
The Jesuits: History and Legend of the Society of Jesus
3092:. New York: Harper and Row. p. 83, footnote .
2669:, a Polish Welshman, followed by the Austrian Slovene,
1746:), formally suppressing the order in 1759. In 1762 the
4031:
Cummins, J. S. "The Suppression of the Jesuits, 1773"
2899:, penal laws in England repealed between 1778 and 1846
2883:– clause banning Jesuits from Norway from 1814 to 1956
2569:
After papal suppression in 1773, the scholarly Jesuit
1978:
was proposed to the Parlement by the Advocate General
5904:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
3132:
The Guarani under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata
3106:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 391.
2769:, Dominican Order (Order of Preachers), Franciscans,
2514:
in 1773. However, in the territories occupied by the
2486:
was the smallest Bourbon court. So aggressive in its
3278:, New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 350.
2905:- law banning Jesuits from Germany between 1872-1917
2542:
issued a papal brief on 21 July 1773 in Rome titled
2243:
Due to the isolation of the Spanish missions on the
6088:
5954:
5881:
5816:
5700:
5635:
5537:
5459:
5361:
5350:
5273:
5133:
5122:
4989:
4867:
4770:
4680:
4660:
4269:
4167:
2397:, Chile, folklore says Jesuits left behind a large
1272:
List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
4109:The Suppression of the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773
3294:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, 499.
3215:The Suppression of the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773
2725:in 1803 (having been prohibited in England by the
2522:the Society was not disbanded, as Russian Empress
2073:, named after the Italian advisor to Bourbon king
819:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
3432:Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, Culture
2123:an influential party within the Spanish Church."
992:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
5974:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
4851:International Association of Jesuit Universities
2546:. That decree included the following statement.
2351:them, and they did not protest their expulsion.
1152:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
3617:Die Jesuiten: Gestalt und Geschichte des Ordens
2928:Maryks, Robert; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015).
2548:
1498:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions
2021:, France lost its North American territory of
2007:Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul
4963:
4145:
3252:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 53.
3239:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 49.
2854:. It peaked with the anti-clericalism of the
2465:
1612:, to the then-prevailing impatience with the
1533:
402:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
302:
8:
6323:1763 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
3895:
1747:
3776:[The Resurrection of the Jesuits].
3353:. Madrid: Oficina de Antonio Pérez de Soto.
3186:
3184:
2887:Swiss constitution after the Sonderbund War
2723:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1929:The Jesuits had many who opposed them. The
1830:On 1 April 1758, Pombal persuaded the aged
572:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
382:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
5989:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
5939:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
5358:
5347:
5130:
4970:
4956:
4948:
4152:
4138:
4130:
4089:The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750–1773)
1540:
1526:
320:
309:
295:
60:
40:
4191:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
3694:
3549:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
2386:living in the reductions and a long-term
2046:Events leading to the Spanish suppression
372:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism
4802:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
3985:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3883:
3871:
3843:
3831:
3632:, Oxford University Press, 1947, p. 206.
3524:Crailsheim, Eberhard (18 January 2022).
2358:rescinded the last suppression in 1938.
2180:Jesuits expelled from Mexico (New Spain)
1002:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990
29:
27:Persecution of Jesuits from 1759 to 1814
4844:List of Jesuit educational institutions
4062:Wright, Jonathan, and Jeffrey D Burson.
3818:, Volume 28, Issue 163, Oct 1878; p. 81
3102:James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz,
3064:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2998:. Denver: ABC-CLIO. 2017. p. 812.
2920:
2474:, retains this name up to the present.
1738:took advantage of the waning powers of
341:
173:
166:List of Jesuit educational institutions
157:
125:
104:
74:
52:
3767:
3765:
3430:Susan Deans-Smith, "Bourbon Reforms",
3408:, New York: Harper and Row, pp. 83–84.
2677:, continued to expand in Russia under
2510:The Jesuit order was disbanded in the
1628:political power viewed the Jesuits as
1556:was the removal of all members of the
1267:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
367:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958
4120:, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
4013:. Clarendon Press. pp. 346–391.
3943:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3738:
3736:
3226:, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
2362:Economic impact on the Spanish Empire
1731:were involved to a different extent.
7:
4097:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3388:Don DeNevi and Noel Francis Moholy.
3274:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
3191:Prestage, Edgar. "Marquis de Pombal"
2150:, Carlos' anti-clerical minister in
2013:Decline of the Jesuits in New France
1493:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
1147:Violence against Christians in India
362:Historical persecution of Christians
5843:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
4244:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
3558:from the original on 5 January 2024
3419:The Early History of Greater Mexico
2981:The Early History of Greater Mexico
2733:Acquiescence in Austria and Hungary
2506:Dissolution in Poland and Lithuania
1937:, an educational rival, joined the
1834:to appoint the Portuguese cardinal
1554:suppression of the Society of Jesus
783:Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
6293:History of Catholicism in Portugal
5398:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4087:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
3020:"The Restored Jesuits (1814–1912)"
2889:- ban on Jesuits from 1848 to 1973
2041:Spanish Empire suppression of 1767
1908:outbreak of war with Great Britain
1277:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
896:Persecution of Christians in China
25:
6238:Catholicism-related controversies
4066:Cambridge University Press, 2015.
4010:The Popes and European Revolution
3814:"The Bollandist Acta Sanctorum",
2681:, adding missions and schools in
2633:Russian resistance to suppression
2478:Expulsion from the Duchy of Parma
2470:), one of the oldest churches in
2296:Exile of Spanish Jesuits to Italy
6303:History of Catholicism in Brazil
6283:History of Catholicism in France
6205:
6193:
5524:Fourth Council of Constantinople
5479:Second Council of Constantinople
4930:
4917:
4916:
4837:Jesuit missions in North America
4260:
4076:
3169:
2784:and liberal innovations induced
2597:Continued Jesuit work in Prussia
2528:Commission of National Education
2445:was at the time a vassal of the
2292:to Spain and deported to Italy.
1509:
726:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
324:
278:
6318:1763 disestablishments in Spain
6298:History of Catholicism in Italy
6288:History of Catholicism in Spain
6258:Jesuit history in North America
6253:Jesuit history in South America
5494:Third Council of Constantinople
5418:First Council of Constantinople
4809:Pontifical Gregorian University
3696:10.4067/S0718-23762004000200005
3392:. Harper & Row, 1985, p. 7.
3348:Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes,
3250:Jesuit and Savage in New France
3237:Jesuit and Savage in New France
3044:Gerbino, Giuseppe (June 2008).
2613:Continued work in North America
1334:Oregon Compulsory Education Act
1297:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
5733:Dissolution of the monasteries
4999:History of the Catholic Church
3940:The Oxford Handbook of Jesuits
3774:"Wskrzeszenie zakonu jezuitów"
2792:but refused to be influenced.
2747:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
2512:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2279:Expulsion from the Philippines
1679:. In 1814, a subsequent pope,
1675:allowed the founding of a new
1423:Catholic Church in North Korea
1287:Dissolution of the Monasteries
427:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
1:
5607:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5582:Second Council of the Lateran
5191:Apostles in the New Testament
4858:Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm
4823:Pontifical Oriental Institute
4816:Pontifical Biblical Institute
4218:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
4126:at Catholic Text Book Project
4118:Institute of European History
3801:"Dominus ac Redemptor (1773)"
3746:[Abolishment Order].
3630:The Spanish Empire in America
3577:de la Costa, Horacio (2014).
3224:Institute of European History
3135:. Stanford University Press.
3056:(book review). H-Net Reviews;
2876:Society of the Faith of Jesus
2737:The Secularization Decree of
2401:following their suppression.
2267:were founded by Franciscans.
2263:, and the future missions in
2112:Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes
2096:
1884:Suppression in France in 1764
1836:Francisco de Saldanha da Gama
1463:2021 Canadian church burnings
1225:Religious violence in Nigeria
758:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
377:Eastern Catholic persecutions
5721:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5587:Third Council of the Lateran
5577:First Council of the Lateran
5033:Catholic ecumenical councils
4448:Roque González de Santa Cruz
3644:El problema de la yerba mate
3498:Pourade, Richard F. (2014).
3421:, Pearson 2003, pp. 310–311.
3263:The Oxford History of Mexico
1919:in the case of non-payment.
1816:Seven Reductions of Paraguay
1649:suppressed the Society as a
1340:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
512:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
18:Jesuit expulsion from Mexico
3711:"History of the University"
2558:Dominus ac Redemptor Noster
2544:Dominus ac Redemptor Noster
1899:dishonest intermediaries."
1488:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy
1348:Philadelphia nativist riots
6354:
5067:History of the Roman Curia
4894:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
4761:List of Jesuit theologians
4726:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
3859:, Paris, 1922. (in French)
3748:Society of Jesus in Poland
2909:Expulsion of congregations
2796:Restoration of the Jesuits
2661:, successfully asked Pope
2237:Francisco Javier Clavijero
2223:Francisco Javier Clavijero
1851:, the Jesuit confessor of
1443:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
1012:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
701:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
6188:
5803:European wars of religion
5114:Eastern Catholic Churches
4910:
4258:
4040:American Catholic Studies
3772:Grzebień, Ludwik (2014).
3542:10.1163/22141332-09020003
3530:Journal of Jesuit Studies
3194:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3166:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2657:. Catherine's successor,
2534:Papal suppression of 1773
2520:First Partition of Poland
2388:decline in the yerba mate
2245:Baja California peninsula
1748:
1687:Background to suppression
605:European wars of religion
6308:Persecution of Catholics
6263:18th century in Portugal
6248:Jesuit history in Europe
6233:18th-century Catholicism
5934:Mary of the Divine Heart
5557:Clash against the empire
5509:Second Council of Nicaea
5403:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4651:Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo
3896:Maryks & Wright 2015
3855:Rouet de Journel, M.J.,
3642:Daumas, Ernesto (1930).
3504:The History of San Diego
3500:"6: Padres Lead the Way"
3129:Ganson, Barbara (2003).
3046:"Review of Muir, Edward
2995:Great Events in Religion
2983:, Pearson, 2003, p. 310.
2339:, king Carlos' minister
2259:and subsequently to the
2131:Secret plan of expulsion
2091:, Madrid, attributed to
1403:Murder of Andrea Santoro
916:Ad Apostolorum principis
652:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
407:Diocletianic Persecution
6200:Vatican City portal
5552:Investiture Controversy
5408:First Council of Nicaea
4392:Claude de la Colombière
4114:European History Online
4007:Chadwick, Owen (1981).
3675:Lacoste, Pablo (2004).
3466:, pp. 523–524, 526–527.
3220:European History Online
3115:Lockhart and Schwartz,
2763:Order of Saint Benedict
2673:and after his death by
2451:Manuel Pinto da Fonseca
2077:, that erupted after a
1972:Extraits des assertions
1207:1989 murders of Jesuits
91:Congregatio de Auxiliis
6273:18th century in France
6212:Catholicism portal
6023:Second Vatican Council
5909:Our Lady of La Salette
5716:Protestant Reformation
5703:Protestant Reformation
5622:Second Council of Lyon
5011:Ecclesiastical history
4937:Catholicism portal
4200:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
4176:Protestant Reformation
3717:. 2014. Archived from
3566:– via brill.com.
2967:10.1006/reli.1996.0048
2893:Jesuits, etc. Act 1584
2727:Jesuits, etc. Act 1584
2571:Society of Bollandists
2562:
2466:
2439:
2438:after the suppression.
2308:
2240:
2227:Alexander von Humboldt
2200:
2162:, and other liberals.
2143:
2103:
2055:
1880:
1808:Colonia del Sacramento
1784:
1762:Lead-up to suppression
1516:Catholicism portal
1353:Ursuline Convent riots
1282:Irish Catholic Martyrs
1177:Four U.S. missionaries
886:Martyr Saints of China
552:Maspero demonstrations
447:Massacre of the Latins
285:Catholicism portal
142:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
38:
6278:18th century in Italy
6268:18th century in Spain
5919:First Vatican Council
5617:First Council of Lyon
5381:Constantine the Great
5077:Christian monasticism
4830:Jesuit China missions
4094:Catholic Encyclopedia
3060:Muir, Edward (2007).
3058:the reviewed book is
3024:Catholic Encyclopedia
2897:Jesuits etc. Act 1603
2823:After 1815, with the
2565:Resistance in Belgium
2459:Church of the Jesuits
2423:
2319:. When they arrived,
2303:
2235:
2187:
2138:
2087:
2053:
1895:Catholic Encyclopedia
1865:
1774:
1023:In Poloniae annalibus
972:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
922:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
532:Christianity in Sudan
33:
6328:Political repression
6313:History of New Spain
6096:Sexual abuse scandal
6005:Mit brennender Sorge
5848:Age of Enlightenment
5627:Bernard of Clairvaux
5504:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5443:Council of Chalcedon
5223:Council of Jerusalem
5092:Role in civilization
5072:Religious institutes
5004:By country or region
4884:Madonna Della Strada
4795:General Congregation
4787:La Civiltà Cattolica
4740:John Courtney Murray
4042:128.1 (2017): 51–66.
2979:Ida Altman, et al.,
2818:General Congregation
2416:Suppression in Malta
2332:and waiting ordeal.
1968:Abbé Henri Chauvelin
1870:was seized from the
1814:in exchange for the
1810:at the mouth of the
1781:Louis-Michel van Loo
1736:Joseph I of Portugal
1642:Dominus ac Redemptor
846:Bernhard Lichtenberg
825:Mit brennender Sorge
763:José María of Manila
696:José Sánchez del Río
678:Iniquis afflictisque
647:Martyrs of Compiègne
113:General Congregation
5924:Papal infallibility
5914:Our Lady of Lourdes
5863:Shimabara Rebellion
5707:Counter-Reformation
4609:Alphonsus Rodriguez
4546:Lèon-Ignance Mangin
4497:Francis de Geronimo
4469:Melchior Grodziecki
4183:Counter-Reformation
3886:, pp. 202–203.
3715:University of Malta
3615:Hubert Becher, SJ.
3417:Ida Altman et al.,
3276:Early Latin America
3117:Early Latin America
3104:Early Latin America
2701:and throughout the
2643:Catherine the Great
2602:Frederick the Great
2524:Catherine the Great
2455:University of Malta
2436:University of Malta
2434:, which became the
2427:Collegium Melitense
2290:Spanish East Indies
2286:Manila, Philippines
2089:Motín de Esquilache
1961:Madame de Pompadour
1756:Madame de Pompadour
1673:Catherine the Great
1483:Martyrs of Pratulin
1192:Ignacio Martín-Baró
891:Auguste Chapdelaine
778:522 Spanish Martyrs
773:498 Spanish Martyrs
768:233 Spanish Martyrs
269:Jesuit philosophers
244:Frederick Copleston
229:Pierre-Jean De Smet
135:Spiritual Exercises
84:Regimini militantis
5969:Our Lady of Fátima
5758:Ignatius of Loyola
5682:Catherine of Siena
5650:Pope Boniface VIII
5469:Benedict of Nursia
5438:Council of Ephesus
5275:Ante-Nicene period
5228:Split with Judaism
5062:Crusading movement
4876:Church of the Gesù
4602:John Francis Regis
4595:Bernardino Realino
4490:Ignatius of Loyola
4106:Vogel, Christine:
4052:Van Kley, Dale K.
3799:Pope Clement XIV.
3583:Philippine Jesuits
3212:Vogel, Christine:
2866:backed by France.
2806:Congress of Vienna
2775:Premonstratensians
2675:Tadeusz Brzozowski
2589:government of the
2556:Pope Clement XIV,
2467:Knisja tal-Ġiżwiti
2449:, and Grandmaster
2440:
2424:The former Jesuit
2376:Chiloé Archipelago
2309:
2241:
2201:
2144:
2104:
2056:
1924:Parlement of Paris
1881:
1801:Stuart B. Schwartz
1785:
1750:Parlement Français
1697:Venetian Interdict
1157:Devasahayam Pillai
952:Vietnamese Martyrs
748:Martyrs of Daimiel
737:Dilectissima Nobis
420:Neo-Persian Empire
264:Jesuit theologians
184:Ignatius of Loyola
39:
6220:
6219:
6180:COVID-19 pandemic
6158:Pope Benedict XVI
6063:Pope John Paul II
5838:Pope Benedict XIV
5824:French Revolution
5808:Thirty Years' War
5798:Robert Bellarmine
5783:John of the Cross
5687:Pope Alexander VI
5672:Council of Vienne
5602:Francis of Assisi
5592:Pope Innocent III
5461:Early Middle Ages
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5393:Arian controversy
5346:
5345:
5294:Apostolic Fathers
4945:
4944:
4901:Claudio Acquaviva
4581:Joseph Pignatelli
4518:Stanislaus Kostka
4455:John Soan de Goto
4371:Juan del Castillo
4301:Robert Bellarmine
4294:Edmund Arrowsmith
4056:(Yale UP, 2018);
3964:. Boston: Brill.
3750:(in Polish). 2014
3628:Clarence Haring,
3602:Manfred Barthel.
3464:The First America
3375:Manfred Barthel.
3362:Manfred Barthel.
3335:Manfred Barthel.
3324:The First America
3303:Manfred Barthel.
3142:978-0-8047-5495-8
3071:978-0-674-02481-6
2860:Pope Clement XIII
2856:French Revolution
2496:Pope Clement XIII
2447:Kingdom of Sicily
2406:vineyards in Peru
2395:Valparaíso Region
2321:Pope Clement XIII
2275:) replaced them.
2249:Gaspar de Portolá
2193:Visitador generál
2174:Pope Clement XIII
2168:summary execution
2093:Francisco de Goya
2060:Kingdom of Naples
1904:Antoine Lavalette
1849:Gabriel Malagrida
1845:Pontifical States
1832:Pope Benedict XIV
1777:Marquis of Pombal
1740:Pope Benedict XIV
1713:Portuguese Empire
1693:Venetian Republic
1570:Portuguese Empire
1550:
1549:
1182:Ignacio Ellacuría
1093:Aloysius Stepinac
1063:József Mindszenty
1043:Jerzy Popiełuszko
1030:Gloriosam Reginam
997:Maksymilian Kolbe
957:Andrew of Phú Yên
902:Ad Sinarum gentem
851:Max Josef Metzger
642:War in the Vendée
612:Thirty Years' War
565:Islamic terrorism
482:Assyrian genocide
477:Armenian genocide
319:
318:
214:Robert Bellarmine
16:(Redirected from
6345:
6338:Society of Jesus
6333:Anti-clericalism
6243:Catholic studies
6210:
6209:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6175:Patriarch Kirill
6048:Pope John Paul I
5853:Anti-clericalism
5833:Pope Innocent XI
5753:Society of Jesus
5738:Council of Trent
5692:Age of Discovery
5637:Late Middle Ages
5539:High Middle Ages
5529:East–West Schism
5413:Pope Sylvester I
5359:
5348:
5258:General epistles
5253:Pauline epistles
5186:John the Baptist
5169:Great Commission
5131:
5082:Catholic culture
4972:
4965:
4958:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4903:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4763:
4756:
4754:Alonso Rodriguez
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4705:Francisco Suárez
4700:
4693:
4673:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4630:André de Soveral
4625:
4623:Robert Southwell
4618:
4616:José María Rubio
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4588:Stephen Pongracz
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4532:Gabriel Lalemant
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4441:Aloysius Gonzaga
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4343:Alexander Briant
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4315:Jacques Berthieu
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4287:Modeste Andlauer
4282:
4280:José de Anchieta
4264:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4227:Exposcit debitum
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4178:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4098:
4080:
4079:
4049:(Yale UP, 1975).
4045:Van Kley, Dale.
4024:
3996:
3975:
3954:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:America Magazine
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3860:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3662:Folklore chileno
3654:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3553:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3475:Maynard Geiger.
3473:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3406:Spain in America
3404:Charles Gibson,
3402:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3308:
3301:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3210:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:Spain in America
3082:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2838:Society of Jesus
2667:Franciszek Kareu
2560:
2540:Pope Clement XIV
2488:anti-clericalism
2482:The independent
2469:
2356:Francisco Franco
2341:Bernardo Tanucci
2305:Bernardo Tanucci
2148:Bernardo Tanucci
2101:
2098:
2071:Esquilache Riots
1868:Typus Religionis
1853:Leonor of Távora
1753:
1752:
1647:Pope Clement XIV
1645:(21 July 1773),
1542:
1535:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1073:Severian Baranyk
1068:Eugene Bossilkov
1037:Invicti athletae
1007:Stefan Wyszyński
962:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
909:Cupimus Imprimis
753:Bartolomé Blanco
743:Martyrs of Turon
592:Martyrs of Japan
492:Kosheh massacres
467:Muslim conquests
440:Byzantine Empire
328:
321:
311:
304:
297:
283:
282:
239:Aloysius Gonzaga
234:Augustin Barruel
209:Francisco Suárez
118:Superior General
64:
54:Society of Jesus
41:
21:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6204:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6106:World Youth Day
6084:
6073:World Youth Day
6017:Pacem in terris
6011:Pope John XXIII
5950:
5877:
5868:Edict of Nantes
5826:
5822:
5812:
5778:Teresa of Ávila
5773:Tridentine Mass
5709:
5705:
5696:
5677:Knights Templar
5631:
5533:
5489:Gregorian chant
5447:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5354:
5342:
5269:
5138:
5126:
5118:
4985:
4983:Catholic Church
4976:
4946:
4941:
4929:
4914:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4881:
4874:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4777:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4747:Joseph Fitzmyer
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4676:
4669:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4525:Jean de Lalande
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4476:Alberto Hurtado
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4434:Charles Garnier
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4336:Jean de Brébeuf
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4265:
4256:
4251:List of Jesuits
4249:
4242:
4236:Ratio Studiorum
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4163:
4158:
4086:
4077:
4073:
4021:
4006:
4003:
4001:Further reading
3993:
3978:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3744:"Kasata Zakonu"
3742:
3741:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3721:on 30 June 2011
3709:
3708:
3704:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3619:. Munich, 1951.
3614:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3211:
3200:
3189:
3182:
3170:
3161:
3150:
3143:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3086:Gibson, Charles
3084:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3059:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3026:. newadvent.org
3018:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2974:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2872:
2864:crown cardinals
2833:
2802:Napoleonic Wars
2798:
2771:Pauline Fathers
2735:
2719:
2639:Imperial Russia
2635:
2615:
2599:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2536:
2508:
2480:
2418:
2364:
2298:
2281:
2265:Alta California
2197:Bourbon Reforms
2182:
2156:Count of Aranda
2133:
2120:Knights Templar
2099:
2064:Bourbon Reforms
2048:
2043:
2015:
1957:Duc de Choiseul
1949:Encyclopédistes
1886:
1812:Rio de la Plata
1789:Count of Oeiras
1769:
1764:
1689:
1546:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1378:Pedro Calungsod
1368:
1358:
1357:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1127:Theodore Romzha
1099:Meminisse iuvat
1088:Zynoviy Kovalyk
1058:
1048:
1047:
987:
977:
976:
967:Trương Bửu Diệp
947:
937:
936:
881:
871:
870:
861:Erich Klausener
814:
804:
803:
798:
788:
787:
721:
711:
710:
667:
657:
656:
632:
622:
621:
607:
597:
596:
587:
577:
576:
567:
557:
556:
547:
537:
536:
527:
517:
516:
507:
497:
496:
462:
452:
451:
442:
432:
431:
422:
412:
411:
397:
387:
386:
357:
348:Catholic Church
345:
315:
277:
175:Notable Jesuits
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6013:
6008:
6001:
5996:
5994:Lateran Treaty
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5819:Baroque period
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:Peter Canisius
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5763:Francis Xavier
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5727:Exsurge Domine
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Pope Clement V
5664:
5663:
5662:
5660:Avignon Papacy
5655:Western Schism
5652:
5647:
5645:Thomas Aquinas
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Saint Boniface
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Pope Gregory I
5481:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:Biblical canon
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5377:
5375:
5356:
5352:Late antiquity
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Pope Clement I
5289:Church Fathers
5286:
5280:
5278:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
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5198:
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5119:
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5096:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5050:Biblical canon
5045:Catholic Bible
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4927:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4733:Henri de Lubac
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4698:Luis de Molina
4694:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4644:Francis Xavier
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4399:Antoine Daniel
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4364:Peter Canisius
4360:
4357:Edmund Campion
4353:
4350:John de Britto
4346:
4339:
4332:
4329:Francis Borgia
4325:
4318:
4311:
4308:John Berchmans
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4179:
4171:
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4164:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4104:
4099:
4072:
4071:External links
4069:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:978-0198269199
4019:
4002:
3999:
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3997:
3992:978-1107030589
3991:
3976:
3971:978-9004282384
3970:
3955:
3950:978-0190639631
3949:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3874:, p. 202.
3861:
3848:
3846:, p. 201.
3836:
3834:, p. 162.
3821:
3816:Catholic World
3806:
3791:
3761:
3732:
3702:
3685:(in Spanish).
3667:
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3634:
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3608:
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3536:(2): 207–228.
3516:
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3248:J.H. Kennedy.
3241:
3235:J.H. Kennedy.
3228:
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3121:
3108:
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3011:
3005:978-1440845994
3004:
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2961:(2): 165–182.
2945:
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2699:St. Petersburg
2671:Gabriel Gruber
2634:
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2595:
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2563:
2553:
2535:
2532:
2516:Russian Empire
2507:
2504:
2484:Duchy of Parma
2479:
2476:
2417:
2414:
2363:
2360:
2348:Charles Gibson
2297:
2294:
2280:
2277:
2189:José de Gálvez
2181:
2178:
2158:, a reader of
2140:Manuel de Roda
2132:
2129:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2014:
2011:
1980:Joly de Fleury
1885:
1882:
1797:James Lockhart
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1729:Spanish Empire
1688:
1685:
1620:attempting to
1590:Spanish Empire
1562:Western Europe
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1243:Stanley Rother
1239:
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1223:
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1213:
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1209:
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1199:
1197:Segundo Montes
1194:
1189:
1187:Rutilio Grande
1184:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1137:
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1129:
1124:
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1112:Sára Salkaházi
1109:
1102:
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1090:
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1080:
1075:
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1056:Eastern Europe
1054:
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843:
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833:
828:
821:
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809:
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801:Titus Brandsma
799:
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523:
522:
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518:
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514:
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503:
502:
499:
498:
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494:
489:
487:Greek genocide
484:
479:
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469:
463:
458:
457:
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256:
251:
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241:
236:
231:
226:
224:Edmund Campion
221:
219:Peter Canisius
216:
211:
206:
204:John Berchmans
201:
196:
191:
189:Francis Xavier
186:
178:
177:
171:
170:
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160:
159:
155:
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145:
138:
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120:
115:
107:
106:
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100:
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94:
87:
77:
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72:
71:
69:of the Jesuits
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6350:
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6231:
6230:
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6213:
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6191:
6190:
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6181:
6178:
6176:
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6139:
6137:
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6127:
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6119:
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6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Mother Teresa
6051:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
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6006:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5979:Pope Pius XII
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5945:Rerum novarum
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Pope Leo XIII
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:United States
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Pope Pius VII
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
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5759:
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5754:
5751:
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5714:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Scholasticism
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Pope Urban II
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Justin Martyr
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:New Testament
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Commissioning
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:Apostolic Age
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5026:Papal primacy
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:Jean Daniélou
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:Henry Walpole
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:Nicholas Owen
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:Thomas Garnet
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:Noël Chabanel
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:Andrew Bobola
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
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4100:
4096:
4095:
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4083:public domain
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4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:online review
4055:
4051:
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4033:History Today
4030:
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3884:Schlafly 2015
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:Schlafly 2015
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:Schlafly 2015
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:Casalini 2017
3828:
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3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:public domain
3167:
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2894:
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2885:
2882:
2881:Jesuit clause
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:Enlightenment
2849:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:Pope Pius VII
2811:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:anti-clerical
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
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2627:United States
2624:
2623:North America
2620:
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2610:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2591:Low Countries
2588:
2584:
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2313:Civitavecchia
2306:
2302:
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2250:
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2094:
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2086:
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2079:sumptuary law
2076:
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2067:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:Franche-Comté
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:The painting
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
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1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
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1794:
1793:Távora affair
1790:
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1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
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1751:
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1698:
1694:
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1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:. In Russia,
1670:
1669:United States
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:fait accompli
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:supranational
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:Ancien Régime
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:from most of
1559:
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1524:
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1310:United States
1306:
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1256:Great Britain
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1226:
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1216:
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1135:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Walter Ciszek
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Drina Martyrs
1081:
1079:
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541:
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353:
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331:
327:
323:
322:
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307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
290:
289:
286:
281:
276:
275:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:Jesuit saints
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
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200:
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179:
176:
172:
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156:
151:
150:
146:
144:
143:
139:
137:
136:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
95:
93:
92:
88:
86:
85:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
19:
6167:
6163:Pope Francis
6089:21st century
6038:Pope Paul VI
6015:
6003:
5956:20th century
5943:
5894:Pope Pius IX
5882:19th century
5858:Pope Pius VI
5842:
5725:
5597:Latin Empire
5567:Universities
5519:Pope Leo III
5386:Christianity
5371:state church
5363:Great Church
5164:Resurrection
5127:(30–325/476)
5124:Early Church
5109:Latin Church
5104:Papal States
5099:Vatican City
4921:
4882:
4785:
4691:Diego Laynez
4567:John Ogilvie
4504:Isaac Jogues
4413:Philip Evans
4385:Peter Claver
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4108:
4092:
4063:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4009:
3981:
3960:
3939:
3931:Bibliography
3917:. Retrieved
3915:. 2014-07-22
3912:
3903:
3898:, p. 3.
3891:
3879:
3856:
3851:
3839:
3815:
3809:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3777:
3752:. Retrieved
3747:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3705:
3686:
3680:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3551:10261/273146
3533:
3529:
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3503:
3493:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3460:D.A. Brading
3455:
3447:
3444:D.A. Brading
3439:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3405:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3320:D.A. Brading
3304:
3299:
3291:
3288:D.A. Brading
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3214:
3193:
3165:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3023:
3014:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2845:
2834:
2822:
2799:
2786:Pope Pius VI
2779:
2736:
2720:
2711:
2655:tertianships
2636:
2616:
2600:
2568:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2509:
2481:
2441:
2425:
2403:
2392:
2365:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2317:Papal States
2310:
2282:
2269:
2242:
2219:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2172:
2164:
2145:
2118:against the
2109:
2105:
2088:
2068:
2057:
2035:
2016:
1992:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1942:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1857:papal nuncio
1841:
1829:
1805:
1786:
1733:
1721:Two Sicilies
1709:
1701:
1690:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1610:free-thought
1602:
1578:Two Sicilies
1576:(1764), the
1553:
1551:
1373:Lorenzo Ruiz
1338:
1327:
1322:Know Nothing
1202:Óscar Romero
1122:Pietro Leoni
1104:
1097:
1035:
1028:
1021:
932:Dominic Tang
914:
907:
900:
856:Karl Leisner
841:Rupert Mayer
823:
735:
685:Acerba animi
683:
676:
672:Cristero War
505:Saudi Arabia
460:Muslim world
395:Roman Empire
343:Persecutions
254:Pope Francis
199:Pedro Arrupe
147:
140:
133:
126:Spirituality
96:
89:
82:
34:
6169:Laudato si'
5964:Pope Pius X
5793:Philip Neri
5768:Pope Pius V
5743:Thomas More
5612:Inquisition
5514:Charlemagne
5474:Monasticism
5284:Persecution
5176:Holy Spirit
5159:Crucifixion
5038:First seven
4719:Karl Rahner
4560:Henry Morse
4539:David Lewis
4511:James Kisai
4462:René Goupil
4420:Peter Faber
3784:20 February
3780:(in Polish)
3754:20 February
3725:20 February
3588:20 February
3509:20 February
2825:Restoration
2767:Cistercians
2759:Poor Clares
2755:Carthusians
2743:Camaldolese
2679:Alexander I
2573:moved from
2273:Franciscans
2257:Franciscans
2100: 1766
1984:Gallicanism
1944:Philosophes
1874:College in
1824:Guaraní War
1744:Guaraní War
1637:papal brief
1592:(1767) and
1416:North Korea
1366:Philippines
1317:James Coyle
1170:El Salvador
1078:Josef Beran
866:Kulturkampf
836:Alois Grimm
831:Alfred Delp
796:Netherlands
617:Reformation
249:Karl Rahner
194:Peter Faber
97:Suppression
67:Christogram
6227:Categories
6042:coronation
5748:Pope Leo X
5333:Tertullian
5263:Revelation
5238:Background
4779:Bollandist
4483:Rémy Isoré
3919:2017-03-21
3778:mateusz.pl
3030:2017-03-21
2915:References
2903:Jesuit Law
2831:Assessment
2751:Carmelites
2651:novitiates
2583:Coudenberg
2368:reductions
2346:Historian
2261:Dominicans
2125:Jansenists
2075:Carlos III
2023:New France
1947:, and the
1931:Jansenists
1890:Martinique
1727:, and the
1667:, and the
1626:secularise
1622:centralise
1618:Monarchies
1328:The Menace
1292:Penal Laws
1106:Anni sacri
927:Beda Chang
731:Red Terror
706:Miguel Pro
6058:Communism
6028:Ecumenism
5374:(380–451)
5366:(180–451)
5355:(313–476)
5277:(100–325)
4553:Paul Miki
4406:Paul Denn
4116:, Mainz:
3682:Universum
3562:5 January
3326:, p. 499.
3222:, Mainz:
3119:, p. 391.
2932:. Brill.
2847:zeitgeist
2840:from the
2739:Joseph II
2683:Astrakhan
2393:In Ocoa,
2205:New Spain
2116:Philip IV
1939:Gallicans
1677:novitiate
1635:With his
1606:Jansenism
1236:Guatemala
105:Hierarchy
6068:HIV/AIDS
5562:Crusades
5316:Irenaeus
5309:Ignatius
5304:Polycarp
5154:Ministry
5142:(30–100)
5016:Timeline
4923:Category
4682:Theology
3660:(1979).
3556:Archived
3088:(1966).
2955:Religion
2870:See also
2842:Catholic
2810:Napoleon
2790:Catholic
2703:Caucasus
2663:Pius VII
2587:Austrian
2579:Brussels
2554:—
2500:Holy See
2472:Valletta
2432:Valletta
2399:entierro
2384:Guaranís
2380:Misiones
2372:Paraguay
2215:Veracruz
2160:Voltaire
2027:Montreal
1953:Louis XV
1935:Sorbonne
1917:distrain
1681:Pius VII
1600:(1782).
1572:(1759),
1566:Holy See
1383:Gomburza
1017:Policies
356:Overview
335:a series
333:Part of
46:a series
44:Part of
6033:Judaism
5433:Vulgate
5243:Gospels
5218:Stephen
5135:Origins
5055:Vulgate
4991:General
4981:of the
4979:History
4868:Related
4771:General
4671:Francis
4168:History
4161:Jesuits
4085::
3054:H-Italy
2850:of the
2800:As the
2707:Siberia
2695:Saratov
2647:Belarus
2606:Prussia
2575:Antwerp
2518:in the
2494:, that
2463:Maltese
2326:Corsica
2315:in the
2210:criollo
2102:, 1767)
1902:Father
1879:saints.
1820:Guaraní
1783:, 1766.
1665:Prussia
1598:Hungary
1594:Austria
1558:Jesuits
1260:Ireland
1220:Nigeria
945:Vietnam
812:Germany
346:of the
75:History
5999:Nazism
5821:to the
5428:Jerome
5338:Origen
5021:Papacy
4915:
4271:Saints
4027:online
4017:
3989:
3968:
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3139:
3068:
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2936:
2697:, and
2687:Moscow
2659:Paul I
2619:Quebec
2492:Naples
2337:Naples
2253:Loreto
2152:Naples
2031:Ottawa
2029:, and
2019:Quebec
2003:Artois
2001:, and
1999:Alsace
1941:, the
1912:livres
1876:Billom
1872:Jesuit
1719:, the
1717:France
1705:Gibson
1661:Russia
1596:, and
1588:, the
1574:France
1476:Russia
1456:Canada
1436:Norway
1396:Turkey
985:Poland
691:Saints
665:Mexico
630:France
48:on the
6101:Islam
5369:Roman
5328:Canon
5201:Peter
5149:Jesus
4662:Popes
4209:Magis
4025:also
3689:(2).
2443:Malta
2410:pisco
2378:. In
1988:arrêt
1976:arrêt
1725:Parma
1657:China
1586:Parma
1582:Malta
1140:India
879:China
719:Spain
585:Japan
545:Egypt
525:Sudan
158:Works
149:Magis
6151:2023
6146:2019
6141:2016
6136:2013
6131:2011
6126:2008
6121:2005
6116:2002
6111:2000
6078:1995
5248:Acts
5211:Paul
5206:John
5181:Mary
4015:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3945:ISBN
3786:2014
3756:2014
3727:2014
3590:2014
3564:2024
3511:2014
3137:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2895:and
2780:His
2773:and
2705:and
2691:Riga
2653:and
2461:(in
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1799:and
1775:The
1624:and
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1258:and
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5087:Art
4091:".
3691:doi
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