Jesus Church (Berlin-Kaulsdorf)

1057: 734:. It was paradoxical that genetic tests or outward racial features never determined one's affiliation, although the Nazis palavered a lot about physiognomy, but only the records of religious affiliations of one's grandparents decided. However, while the grandparents were earlier still able to choose their religion, their grandchildren in the Nazi era were compulsorily categorised as Jews, if at least three of the four grandparents were enrolled as members of a Jewish congregation. This Nazi categorisation as Jews of course included mostly Jews of Jewish descent, but also many Gentiles of Jewish descent, such as Catholics, 1045: 913: 892:

thus according to the garbled Nazi ideas of family values the decision-making party in the family, would have to decide about important financial matters, about which he would have to instruct the remaining eldest, though minor, male family member. Grüber survived Dachau and built up good relations with many other inmates, among them also communists. He was released from Dachau to his wife Margarete, née Vits, and their three children Ingeborg, Hans-Rolf, and Ernst-Hartmut in Kaulsdorf on 23 June 1943, after he signed an agreement not to help the persecuted any more.

637:, Karlshorst, Klein-Schönebeck, Lichtenberg, Mahlsdorf, Marzahn, Neuenhagen, Petershagen, or Weißensee mostly without a local pastor supporting them. They started to travel for Sunday services to Jesus Church. Grüber encouraged them to establish Confessing congregations of their own and attended, e.g., the formal foundation of Friedrichsfelde Confessing congregation on 1 February 1935. Grüber presided over the Confessing synod of the deanery 35: 738:, and Protestants, who happened to have had grandparents belonging – according to the records – to a Jewish congregation. While Jewish congregations in Germany tried – little as they were allowed – to help their persecuted members, the Protestant church bodies failed to assist their parishioners who were classified as Jews (according to the 468:), to appoint the pastors in Kaulsdorf. In 1875, the half-timbered church tower gave way for a new extension from brick masonry, attached to the west of the church, including a church tower on a square ground plan. The congregation experienced a drastic inflow of new parishioners moving in during the process of urbanisation after 1900. In May 1926 the 641:, constituted from Confessing synodals from the pertaining congregations on 3 March 1935. The Confessing congregants in Kaulsdorf's congregation became a great support for Grüber. He also provided for Confessing pastors, who would act in his place once he could not hold the service himself. In August 1935 his colleague Pastor Neumann from 947:

On 18 May 1945 Berlin's provisional city council, newly installed by the Soviet occupational power, had appointed Grüber as advisor for ecclesiastical affairs. This earned him a bilingual Russian-German certificate, issued on 21 May, to spare him from the usual robbery of bikes by Soviet soldiers, so

899:

deanery. He reported in the Confessing congregations of the deanery about the truth in a concentration camp, such as Dachau and Sachsenhausen. The church weathered the Second World War rather intact, but at the end of the war the spire was shot down by artillery fire. On 22 April 1945 at the invasion

702:

and with relatives travelling all around Germany to participate in their relatives' or godchildren's confirmation, the Nazis feared a low turnout in the election. This made the confirmations on the traditional date a political issue. Thus only few pastors did not compromise in the end, but Grüber was

1576:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 21. No ISBN. 1543:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 15. No ISBN. 891:

where he became inmate No. 27832. For 18 December 1942 Grüber's wife Margarete, still living in the rectory of the Kaulsdorf congregation, managed to get a visitor's permit to speak with him for 30 minutes in Dachau, accompanied by their elder son Hans-Rolf, arguing that he, being the husband and

817:

The Nazis only released the arrested inmates if they would immediately emigrate. Thus getting a visa became the main target and problem of Grüber's Bureau. Grüber was allowed to travel several times to the Netherlands and Great Britain in order to persuade the authorities there to grant visas for

451:) of the Evangelical Church provided for all parishes the election of presbyters and synodals, thus constituting the parishes as congregations of legal entity status. However, the church building, including the costs of its maintenance, remained under ius patronatus, allowing the patron, then the 1518:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 2. No ISBN. 1461:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 8. No ISBN. 1436:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23, here p. 7. No ISBN. 726:

The mainstream Nazi anti-Semitism considered the Jewry as a group of people bound by close, so-called genetic (blood) ties, to form a unit, which one could not join or secede from. The influence of Jews was declared to have detrimental impact on Germany, so as to justify the discriminations and

939:

within the old-Prussian Church for the time being, appointed Grüber as one of the Nazi opposing pastors for the new leading bodies to be established. With his contacts from Dachau to communists he could – at least to some extent – soften many of the ever-increasing anti-clerical

520:

systematically tried to subject any unadulterated form of Protestantism by way of firing church employees of other opinion, blocking church property for non-Nazi Protestant groups, and prohibiting collections for other purposes than the officially approved ones.

405:

ravaged and plundered Kaulsdorf and its inhabitants in 1638. The survivors deserted the devastated village, leaving the church without parishioners. With the successful repopulation of the village until 1652 by the Prince-Electors, ecclesiastical life reemerged.

956:, only partially cleared from the debris. Thus his time as pastor in Kaulsdorf ended. In 1946 the congregation commissioned the construction of a simple tent roof, covering the tower stump. Grüber's organisation for the relief of the survivors, today named 628:

No. 4, issued on 22 December 1934 by the Confessing congregation of Kaulsdorf. The information about Grüber's appointment spread among the adherents of the Confessing Church in neighbouring congregations comprising the competent deanery

409:

In 1715 the church was refurbished and altered. The nave has been lengthened towards the east and the windows were altered in their forms. The new, longer nave received a flat ceiling above a circular ledge, carried by busts of angels

576:. The office of pastor included the function as executive-in-chief of the presbytery. Thus conflicts were unavoidable. The German Christian presbyters steadily denounced Grüber within the ecclesiastical bureaucracy for criticising 672:

in Germany (1935–1937), regarded this an unfriendly act against Protestantism, but nevertheless obeyed and tried to delay the confirmations, asking a furlough for confirmands from the compulsory agricultural season labour of the

948:

that he could move around the city with a collapsed transportation system, and exempted him from the curfew valid for Germans, issued on 9 July. On 15 July 1945 Dibelius appointed Grüber as Provost of St. Mary's and

1272:: 3 vols., Klaus Scholder and Gerhard Besier, Frankfurt am Main et al.: Propyläen et al., 1977–2001, vol. 3: Gerhard Besier 'Spaltungen und Abwehrkämpfe 1934–1937' (2001), p. 865 and footnote 379 on p. 1152. 1390:: 3 vols., Klaus Scholder and Gerhard Besier, Frankfurt am Main et al.: Propyläen et al., 1977–, vol. 3: Gerhard Besier 'Spaltungen und Abwehrkämpfe 1934–1937' (2001), p. 438 and footnote 58 on p. 1035. 968: 239: 85: 1091:

Four other churches in Berlin are named after Jesus, Jesus Church (Berlin-Kreuzberg), Jesus Christ Church (Berlin-Dahlem), Jesus Christ Church (Berlin-Konradshöhe), and Christ Church (Berlin) in

904:

into the Kaulsdorf neighbourhood, Grüber gathered some undaunted Kaulsdorfers to follow him with white flags to march in the direction of the Soviet soldiers in order to avoid further bloodshed.

1252:: 3 vols., Klaus Scholder and Gerhard Besier, Frankfurt am Main et al.: Propyläen et al., 1977–, vol. 3: Gerhard Besier 'Spaltungen und Abwehrkämpfe 1934–1937' (2001), footnote 378 on p. 1152. 1782: 1695:

transformed into a mere umbrella. Its ecclesiastical provinces, as far as their territories were not annexed by Poland or the Soviet Union, became independent church bodies of their own. The

698:

was of the opinion that the confirmations were not to be delayed. Since fathers, being state officials and/or card-carrying Nazi partisans, were ordered to organise and implement the poll as

624:-dominated presbytery, were forbidden to take place as events open for the public, but only card-carrying members were allowed. Grüber carried the – due to their colour so-called – 1767: 1472: 1001: 774: 686: 582: 553: 460: 412: 215: 1484:, Peter Mehnert on behalf or the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 11. No ISBN. 825:. Eichmann asked Grüber in a meeting about Jewish emigration why Grüber, not having any Jewish family and with no prospect for any thanks, helps the Jews. Grüber answered because the 852:, who forbade further deportations from Prussia for the time being. The Gestapo warned Grüber never to show support for the deported again. The deported were not allowed to return. 601:

Prior to Grüber's appointment the few congregants in Kaulsdorf opposing the Nazi interference and adulteration of Protestantism did not organise as a group. Now Grüber built up a

1757: 703:

one of the few (e.g., one out of 13 in Berlin) who held the confirmation services as usual, even though the Nazi government had announced this would not be without consequences.

122: 1625:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 350–352, here p. 351. 1370:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 345. 1349:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 341. 1328:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 340–352, here p. 342. 1207:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 336–339, here p. 338. 389:. Now Calvinist clergy had become the patrons of a Lutheran congregation in Kaulsdorf, since John Sigismund waived his regnal privilege to demand a conversion of his subjects ( 868: 1497:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Inst. Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 76–96, here p. 87. 1739:, Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf and Heimatverein Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf, Mahlsdorf e.V. (eds.), Berlin: Kiekbusch, 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimatbriefe; No. 1). No ISBN 1682:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 18. No ISBN 1670:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 16. No ISBN 1658:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 23. No ISBN 1612:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 15. No ISBN 1560:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 26. No ISBN 1530:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 12. No ISBN 1423:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 2. No ISBN 1315:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 9. No ISBN 1240:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 6. No ISBN 1228:, Peter Mehnert for Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988, p. 6. No ISBN 472:(NSDAP) founded a local group (Ortsgruppe) in Kaulsdorf, which became the first suburb of Berlin where the party could establish. The local group, among others led by 501: 437: 232: 66: 366:, as earlier many of his subjects had done . The church of Kaulsdorf thus became Lutheran too, like most of the electoral subjects and all the churches in the 1445:

Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"", In:

50: 1777: 1772: 832:

By autumn 1939 a new degree of persecution loomed. The Nazi authorities started to deport Jewish Austrians and Gentile Austrians of Jewish descent to

634: 326: 957: 887:. But before he left the Gestapo arrested Grüber on 19 December and deported him two days later to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and in 1941 to 1056: 432:, the Lutheran congregation of Kaulsdorf, like most Prussian Protestant congregations, joined the common umbrella organisation then called the 378: 921: 616:

However, other events, such as collections of money for purposes of the Confessing Church, meetings of its adherents or elections of their

441: 1033:

statue. The congregation still owns one of the rare mediaeval oaken chests (early 15th century), once containing its precious belongings.

645:

preached instead of him, criticising the anti-Semitic policy of the German government, which earned him a denunciation by the presbytery.

605:

congregation at Jesus Church. As the officially appointed pastor Grüber held the regular services in Jesus Church, preaching against the

1646:, Eva Voßberg (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 32. No ISBN 1411:, Eva Voßberg (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 30. No ISBN 1302:, Eva Voßberg (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1992, (Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 30–32, here p. 31. No ISBN 505: 254:. The congregation's parish comprises the area of the historical village of Kaulsdorf, which had been incorporated into Berlin by the 1044: 1762: 1630: 1597: 1502: 1454: 1449:, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 15–69, here footnote 9 on pp. 20seq. ( 1395: 1375: 1354: 1333: 1277: 1257: 1212: 1175: 1137: 649: 1715:. From 1972 on this church body ran double administrative structures in Berlin (West) and Berlin (East) – also competent for 924:

in the following weeks and months Grüber organised to hide girls and women. In 1945 Kaulsdorf turned out to be part of the Soviet

436:(under this name since 1821), with each congregation maintaining its former denomination or adopting the new united denomination ( 803: 429: 1708: 757:

got his sister-in-law Laura Livingstone to run an office for the international relief commission in Berlin. The failure of the

1723:

did not allow pastors and church functionaries to travel freely between East and West. The two church bodies reunited in 1991.

385:

of Berlin, which became a Calvinist church in 1613, when John Sigismund admitted his earlier conversion from Lutheranism to

572:(the competent bureaucracy within the old-Prussian Church) insisted on his appointment as decided by the presbytery of the 314: 577: 433: 17: 1480:. Cf. the Bescheinigung (certification) of the Reichsstelle für das Auswanderungswesen (29 December 1938), published in 953: 818:

those persecuted in Germany. So Grüber hardly found time any more to serve at his actual office as pastor in Kaulsdorf.

115: 912: 949: 653: 398: 55: 941: 848:

commander of Lublin and then protested to every higher ranking superior up to the then Prussian Minister-President

455: 888: 884: 727:

persecutions of Jews. To be spared from that, one had to prove one's affiliation with the group of the so-called

715:

and the Gestapo. The NSDAP local party leader (Ortsgruppenleiter) threatened to prompt Gruber's deportation to a

695: 390: 367: 270: 1644:

Heinrich Grüber und die Folgen: Beiträge des Symposiums am 25. Juni 1991 in der Jesus-Kirche zu Berlin-Kaulsdorf

1409:

Heinrich Grüber und die Folgen: Beiträge des Symposiums am 25. Juni 1991 in der Jesus-Kirche zu Berlin-Kaulsdorf

1300:

Heinrich Grüber und die Folgen: Beiträge des Symposiums am 25. Juni 1991 in der Jesus-Kirche zu Berlin-Kaulsdorf

971:. In 1999 the spire was reconstructed following its original design. Today the tower houses is a small museum. 712: 568: 402: 337:. So he redeployed some ecclesiastical estates and thus in 1536 Kaulsdorf became a manorial estate held by the 290: 1224:"Deed of appointment of Heinrich Grüber", issued by the Domkirchenkollegium on 7 February 1934, published in: 297:, enclosed in a church yard surrounded by a wall of boulders. The church dates back to the 14th century; its 293:

as of 1347, representing the oldest surviving record of Kaulsdorf. The church is located in the midst of the

1592:, Uwe Hager (trl.), Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2005, article: Heinrich Grüber, pp. 128seqq., here p. 130. 306: 302: 164: 1574:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 1541:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 1516:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 1459:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 1434:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 1129: 836:. On 13 February 1940 the same fate hit 1,200 Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent from 811: 674: 255: 668:, who had grown to ecclesiastical adulthood. The compromising Wilhelm Zoellner, leading the Protestant 940:

measurements of the communist regime to be established in the East, until the communist rulers of the

802:. The well-organised Nazi squads killed several hundreds and 1,200 Jewish Berliners were deported to 961: 872: 860: 606: 341: 243: 159: 1493:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", in:

932: 833: 754: 716: 420:). On the southern side a chapel was added to the building, which now houses the heating system. 318: 258: 247: 1447:

Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"

1073: 532: 1187:

The presbytery of the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church bears a specific name, literally in

1626: 1593: 1498: 1450: 1391: 1371: 1350: 1329: 1273: 1253: 1208: 1171: 1133: 876: 849: 602: 371: 282: 251: 180: 761:

was evident, even though 70–80% of the Christian Germans of Jewish descent were Protestants.

1019: 525: 394: 382: 278: 931:

Grüber reopened his Bureau, now serving survivors, returning from the concentration camps.

652:

in 1936 Hitler unconstitutionally and arbitrarily decreed a re-election of the Nazi puppet

1704: 1005: 795: 778: 529: 999:, created in 1656 and restored in 1958, is structured by columns and tuberous ornaments ( 783: 39:

Seen from south – with the spire reconstructed in 1999 after war destruction in 1945

335:

Collegiate Church of Our Lady, the Holy Cross, the Ss. Peter, Paul, Erasmus and Nicholas

34: 1553: 1026: 895:

Grüber then resumed his office as pastor of Kaulsdorf and the Confessing Church in the

855:

On 22–23 October 1940, 6,500 Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent from

826: 822: 739: 699: 548: 448: 444:, the king's court church, will most probably have promptly joined the Prussian Union. 350: 330: 322: 633:, such as Ahrensfelde, Biesdorf, Blumberg, Fredersdorf, Friedrichsfelde, Heinersdorf, 480:, became the nucleus for most of the other local groups in Berlin's eastern suburbia. 1751: 1585: 764:

It was Grüber and some enthusiasts who started a new effort in 1936. They forced the

735: 723:

expatriates elected Grüber their pastor, which he remained until his arrest in 1940.

610: 595: 344:

of that Collegiate Church, in order to provide the revenues for its three additional

294: 58: 1720: 984: 669: 661: 497: 493: 477: 473: 345: 92: 806:. Many men went into hiding from arrest and also appeared at Grüber's home in the 535:

as the new pastor of the Kaulsdorf congregation, since this church still held the

983:, a structure extending from the northern façade of the church, contains a cross- 1716: 1124: 925: 657: 642: 363: 242:(under this name since 2004). The church building is located in Berlin, borough 1010: 370:. Kaulsdorf's church was now served by the pastors of the neighbouring village 665: 469: 1128:: 22 vols., revis. and ext. new ed. by Dehio-Vereinigung, Berlin and Munich: 440:). The Kaulsdorf church still being subordinate to the ius patronatus of the 137: 124: 1092: 845: 743: 720: 386: 338: 1014:) on the edges (Wangen) and surrounding portrait medaillons, which display 508:, founded by Kube among others, gained a majority in the presbytery of the 539:

of the Kaulsdorf Church. Grüber, before pastor at the diaconal foundation

980: 901: 768:

hand, which in 1938 supported the new organisation, named by the Gestapo

753:

was founded in London, but its German counterpart never materialised. So

310: 62: 317:

acquired the manorial seniority over parts of Kaulsdorf. Therefore, the

996: 988: 837: 807: 591: 544: 362:

In 1539 Prince-Elector Joachim II Hector converted from Catholicism to

274: 186: 1457:) and Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In: 810:

of the Jesus Church. He organised their hiding in the cottages in the

794:

During the night of 9 November 1938 the Nazi government organised the

77:

Sprengel Berlin (region), Kirchenkreis Lichtenberg-Oberspree (deanery)

992: 880: 841: 305:

style may be preserved from a preceding building (13th century). The

821:

From September 1939, Bureau Grüber was put under the supervision of

707:

presbyters denounced Grüber again for his opposing attitudes at the

660:, the traditional day Protestant congregations would celebrate the 516:. With the new majorities on all levels of church organisation the 1590:

Lexikon der Gerechten unter den Völkern: Deutsche und Österreicher

1203:

Claus Wagener, "Kirchenkreis Berlin Land I (Stadtgemeinden)", in:

1030: 1015: 911: 856: 729: 489: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1199: 1197: 1700: 1572:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In:

1568: 1566: 1539:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In:

1514:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In:

1432:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In:

1121:

Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger, Michael Bollé, Ralph Paschke et al.,

864: 298: 240:

Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia

86:

Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia

958:

Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted

590:), and the Nazi party local group leader denounced him at the 199: 1191:, recalling the history of the church as a collegiate church. 1699:(except of the Polish annexed territory east of the rivers 1642:

Dieter Winkler, "Heinrich Grüber und die Kaulsdorfer", in:

1407:

Dieter Winkler, "Heinrich Grüber und die Kaulsdorfer", in:

1298:

Dieter Winkler, "Heinrich Grüber und die Kaulsdorfer", in:

987:

ceiling from the 15th century. Within the nave there is a

751:

International Church Relief Commission for German Refugees

1588:, Daniel Fraenkel, Sara Bender, and Jacob Borut (eds.), 952:

in Berlin and invested him on 8 August in a ceremony in

922:

massive rapes of girls and women by the Soviet soldiers

238:, a member of today's Protestant umbrella organisation 871:. Now Grüber got himself a passport, with the help of 277:

farmers, with their dues to be delivered first to the

1623: