666:
some of the original hardness of the seed. In this account, the sutaries were described as being these cones, entirely made up of the hardened seed paste. The dried cones were checked for sharpness, and if need be, whetted with a brick and re-set. Finally, to prevent softening, they were waterproofed by "burying them for a night in some sort of animal grease." For testing, which Major Ramsay asked to be done exactly like a surreptitious killing, the prisoner set two sutaries into a 1.5-inch wooden handle meant to be held in the hand by pressing them into a rag stretched over sockets in the wood. A wandering "Brahmanee bull" was procured, and the prisoner brought the sutari down in one direction and away in the other, so as to break off the cones inside the animal's flesh behind the horn, then pressed the skin over the broken ends leaving no obvious trace of the injury. This process was repeated with two more cones to the base of the animal's tongue. The bull died after 34.5 hours, leaving no visible trace of the sutaries but a small amount of pus at the wound site, whose swelling had mostly subsided by the time of death.
397:
966:
921:
936:
57:
209:
951:
548:
44:
909:
975:
712:. A tea is made from the leaves and used for fevers, coughs and colds. Seeds are poisonous and therefore are only consumed after heat treatment. The Tamil Siddhars knew about the toxic effects in plants and suggested various methods which is called "suththi seythal" or purification. This is done by boiling the seeds in milk and then drying them. Like with
576:, though other colors exist. Jewelry-making with jequirity seeds is rumored to be somewhat hazardous. There are persistent reports that the workers who pierce the seeds in order to thread them can suffer poisoning or even death from a pinprick, but there seems to be little evidence. An online search found 265 scientific papers referring to
680:
instead of water, which was said to speed the effect, and were sometimes supplemented with metallic mercury, dhatura, aconite, and/or arsenic. It is added that "any attempt to withdraw the sutari by pulling at the pieces sticking out, invariably breaks it, a portion being left in the wound." One man
665:
from within thirty or forty seeds were soaked in water for ten minutes. These seeds were ground to a paste and rolled up into six sharp-ended one-inch cones, which were inserted into either end of three pieces of straw and "exposed to the moderate influence of the sun" to dry, whereupon they regained
673:
gives an account, based in part on the above work, describing the sutaris or suis (the terms being equivalent, depending on district, with the former based on the object's resemblance to the point of a cobbler's awl). It describes the sutaris as 3/4 inch long and weighing 1.5 to 2 grains, varying in
723:
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of
Australia' records that "The roots of this plant are used in India as a substitute for liquorice, though they are somewhat bitter. In Java the roots are considered demulcent. The leaves, when mixed with honey, are applied to swellings, and in Jamaica are
674:
color from dirty white to black, and describes the handle as 3 to 3.5 inches long and frequently made from two joints of bamboo wood, with sockets 1/4 to 3/8 inch deep and with the cavity exposed at one end for storage of additional sutaris. The weapons were sometimes made with the milky juice of
1485:
Jang D.H., Hoffman R.S., Lewis L.S. "Attempted suicide, by mail order: Abrus precatorius".Clinical
Toxicology. Conference: 2010 International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists Bordeaux France. Conference Start: 20100511 Conference End: 20100514.
660:
for the killing of cattle and in at least six murder cases. A native, promised a reduced sentence for the poisoning of a fellow villager's bullock in exchange for his testimony, demonstrated the technique. First the outer shells of red or white seeds were cracked between stones, then the two
529:/kg in mice, and Kingsbury lists a toxic dose in humans at 0.00015% body weight, or approximately 0.1 mg for a 150 lb human. Ingesting intact seeds may result in no clinical findings, as they can pass undigested through the gastrointestinal tract because of their hard shell.
352:
is commonly known as jequirity, Crab's eye, or rosary pea, paternoster pea, love pea, precatory pea or bean, prayer bead, John Crow Bead, coral bead, red-bead vine, country licorice, Indian licorice, wild licorice, Jamaica wild licorice, olinda (In Sri Lanka/Sinhala), kundumani (in
681:
murdered by a single blow with a pair of sutaris died after three days; another, from whom the material had been successfully excised, died three days later of tetanus. The price of one of these killings was said to total 16.5 rupees; the killers were punished by
648:(awls), which are prepared by soaking the awl in a thin paste of the water-soaked, pounded seeds, and then drying the weapon in the sun, after which it is oiled and sharpened upon stone, affixed in a handle, and then used to puncture the skin of the animal.
1475:
Canadian
Biodiversity Information Facility website, Home → Species Bank → Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System → All Plants (Scientific Name)→ Abrus precatorius - math was used to determine 0.1mg/150lb datapoint based on 0.00015% body weight
418:
in distribution. It had been widely introduced by humans, and the brightly coloured and hard-shelled seeds had been spread by birds. By the end of the twentieth century, it had been proclaimed as an invasive weed in many regions including some in
514:, except abrin is more toxic by almost two orders of magnitude; the fatal dose of abrin is approximately 1/75 that of the fatal dose of ricin (though the abrin in ingested seeds may be absorbed much more slowly than the ricin in
1743:
825:
showed pancreato-protective effects and glucose lowering effects in
Sprague-Dawley rats. This was found in another study to be through modulation of insulin and GLP-1 inversely with glucagon, noncompetitive inhibition of
1786:
Okoko, I. I.; Osinubi, A. A.; Olabiyi, O. O.; Kusemiju, T. O.; Noronha, C. C.; nlawon, A. O. (2010). "Antiovulatory and anti-implantation potential of the methanolic extract of seeds of Abrus precatorius in the rat".
1893:
Boye, Alex; Acheampong, Desmond Omane; Gyamerah, Eric Ofori; Asiamah, Ernest
Amponsah; Addo, Justice Kwaku; Mensah, Derrick Addae; Brah, Augustine Suurinobah; Ayiku, Philippa Jennifer (2020-08-10).
1952:"Abrus precatorius Leaf Extract Reverses Alloxan/Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats through Hormonal (Insulin, GLP-1, and Glucagon) and Enzymatic (α-Amylase/α-Glucosidase) Modulation"
1825:
614:
are very consistent in weight, even under different moisture conditions due to the water-impermeable seed-coat. Formerly
Indians used these seeds to weigh gold using a measure called a
1472:
2096:
454:
plants have grown to maturity under favourable conditions, their deep roots are extremely difficult to remove, and the plants' aggressive growth, hard-shelled seeds, and ability to
2084:
640:
or "Native
Skinner" caste of India carry on the felonious poisoning of cattle for the purpose of securing their hides. This is done by means of small spikes, called
2382:
988:
2434:
1709:
Verma, D.; Tiwari, S. S.; Srivastava, S.; Rawat, A. (2011). "Pharmacognostical evaluation and phytochemical standardization of Abrus precatorius L. seeds".
337:. Ingestion of a single seed, well chewed, can be fatal to both adults and children. The plant is native to Asia and Australia. It has a tendency to become
1686:. The relevant portion is cited to Dr. Warden's (Surgeon-Major, Bengal Army, Professor of Chemistry in the Calcutta Medical College) prior publication in
1896:"Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ/Nicotinamide – Induced diabetic rats"
1473:
http://www.cbif.gc.ca/eng/species-bank/canadian-poisonous-plants-information-system/all-plants-scientific-name/abrus-precatorius/?id=1370403266739%7C
2619:
2307:
2065:
2408:
2333:
2512:
396:
2193:
1770:
1507:
1413:
1300:
Okoko, Ini-Ibehe E.; Osinubi, Abraham A.A.; Olabiyi, Olaleye O.; Kusemiju, Taiwo O.; Noronha, Cressie C.; Okanlawon, Abayomi O. (July 2010).
1180:
1170:
1153:
1100:
851:, India, Chirmi song is associated with this plant. There is also evidence that this plant has significant economic value to the traditional
2053:
920:
2609:
855:
people, due to the fact that it is a form of income for Zulu people that make and sell crafts that were made from the seeds of this plant.
1822:
533:
518:
even if the seeds are chewed and the coat penetrated, allowing time for successful rescue efforts in at least some cases.) Abrin has an
2452:
595:
seeds of different colors. The red variety with black eye is the most common, but there are black, white and green varieties as well.
2624:
1823:
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Abrus pulchellus Wall and Abrus precatorius Linn: A comparative study
1760:
754:
A variety of pharmacological effects have been observed in rodents, but have not been demonstrated clinically in humans, including:
458:, renders an infestation extremely difficult to eradicate and makes it very difficult to prevent re-infestation. Herbicides such as
583:
In
Trinidad in the West Indies the brightly colored seeds are strung into bracelets and worn around the wrist or ankle to ward off
935:
2320:
1728:
2599:
2369:
629:
1086:
2413:
1343:"The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: Pharmacological and toxicological considerations"
2604:
2395:
2180:
2614:
2525:
1030:
1025:
950:
539:
Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, liver failure, and death, usually after several days.
1435:
1303:"Antiovulatory and Anti-Implantation Potential of the Methanolic Extract of Seeds of Abrus Precatorius in the Rat"
965:
2439:
2198:
993:
2530:
908:
724:
used as a substitute for tea. Under the name of "Jequirity" the seeds have recently been employed in cases of
56:
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2294:
863:
682:
444:
2299:
2273:
2268:
2113:
2062:
808:
796:
743:
2151:
1342:
802:
183:
1585:"Physical seed dormancy in Abrus precatorious (Ratti): a scientific validation of indigenous technique"
1530:
1895:
1204:
1017:
2338:
2229:
893:
is associated with the seeds of the plant. Lord
Krishna is sometimes depicted wearing the seeds on a
777:
seeds causes reversible alterations in the estrous cycle pattern and completely blocked ovulation in
717:
2286:
1844:"A comparative antibacterial evaluation of raw and processed Guñjā (Abrus precatorius Linn.) seeds"
735:
and is said to promote hair growth. It is sometimes used as an ingredient in Indian hair products.
676:
2426:
1950:
Boye, Alex; Barku, Victor Yao Atsu; Acheampong, Desmond Omane; Ofori, Eric
Gyamerah (2021-07-24).
1681:
443:
in particular, the plant has invaded undisturbed pinelands and hammocks, including the vulnerable
2589:
2561:
2517:
2281:
1932:
1660:
1302:
778:
519:
224:
51:
2387:
2080:
INCHEM - Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations: Abrus precatorius L.
2486:
2216:
1991:
1973:
1924:
1916:
1875:
1804:
1766:
1677:
Pharmacographia Indica: a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in India
1606:
1503:
1497:
1455:
1409:
1373:
1365:
1323:
1270:
1252:
1176:
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1143:
1096:
790:
500:
492:
2553:
1981:
1963:
1908:
1865:
1855:
1796:
1596:
1436:"Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas - Second Edition"
1401:
1357:
1315:
1260:
1242:
882:
834:-glucosidase, free radical scavenging, and recovery of damaged/necro-apoptosized pancreatic
814:
411:
2491:
2361:
2087:
Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University)
1639:
499:, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain prevents
208:
2473:
2079:
2069:
1829:
1051:
705:
598:
In December 2011 a recall was issued for bracelets made using jequirity beans sold by the
491:, termed A and B. The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain
488:
369:
303:
94:
2009:
1675:
1654:
1555:
788:
showed greater inhibitory activity against a number of disease-causing bacteria such as
547:
2499:
2260:
2162:
1986:
1951:
1870:
1843:
1265:
1230:
462:
are effective, but need skilled application if they are not to do more harm than good.
414:
plant in warm temperate to tropical regions, so much so that it has become effectively
377:
354:
81:
43:
2583:
2504:
1936:
852:
496:
484:
436:
373:
199:
974:
766:
was found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential in rodents.
2566:
2325:
859:
616:
599:
2221:
2172:
2075:
Evaluation of the Invasiveness of Non-native Plants at Archbold Biological Station
1699:
Raamachandran, J. "Herbs of Siddha medicines: The First 3D Book on Herbs", page 2.
708:
for centuries. The white variety is used to prepare oil that is claimed to be an
2185:
2421:
2346:
2145:
709:
455:
415:
2102:
1247:
2074:
1912:
1361:
725:
713:
526:
459:
300:
2136:
1977:
1920:
1860:
1610:
1369:
1256:
2465:
2255:
2242:
1842:
Roy, S.; Acharya, R.; Mandal, N. C.; Barman, S.; Ghosh, R.; Roy, R. (2012).
1531:"The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Biotoxin: ABRIN – NIOSH"
1092:
848:
662:
572:
for their bright coloration. Most beans are black and red, reminiscent of a
432:
424:
311:
150:
2543:
1995:
1968:
1928:
1879:
1808:
1377:
1327:
1274:
652:
An 1881 work by the District Superintendent of Police for British-occupied
2478:
2400:
2208:
507:. One molecule of abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second.
2538:
2447:
2130:
1560:
894:
770:
732:
588:
504:
307:
140:
107:
17:
1601:
1584:
2460:
2312:
1800:
1392:
1319:
890:
759:
573:
569:
440:
381:
130:
2351:
1456:"Abrus precatorius, jequirity, rosary pea - The POISON GARDEN Website"
1405:
1088:
International Poisonous Plants Checklist: An Evidence-Based Reference
886:
653:
637:
584:
428:
420:
358:
120:
2107:
1231:"Abrus precatorius Poisoning: A Retrospective Study of 112 Patients"
2374:
2247:
2040:
511:
480:
477:
471:
395:
385:
334:
330:
160:
68:
338:
326:
322:
315:
217:
2234:
2111:
1398:
Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement
728:, a use to which they have long been put in India and Brazil."
1680:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Co. (London). pp.
720:
when subjected to high temperatures rendering it innocuous.
620:, where 8 Ratti = 1 Masha; 12 Masha = 1 Tola (11.6 Grams).
1229:
Karthikeyan, Aishwarya; Amalnath, S. Deepak (April 2017).
784:
Studies on aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of
704:
in Telugu and 'Kunni kuru' in Malayalam, has been used in
1745:
The useful native plants of Australia: Including Tasmania
580:, but not one of them dealt with occupational poisoning.
1821:
Kekuda TR, Vinayaka KS, Soumya KV, Ashwini SK, Kiran R.
1659:. Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Limited. pp.
1450:
1448:
1656:
Detective footprints: with bearings for a future course
1486:
Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 48 (3) (pp 308),
1583:
Sharma, Rajender Kumar; Bajwa, Ali (4 February 2021).
1499:
A Guide to Plant Poisoning of Animals in North America
27:
Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae
1341:
Ezuruike, Udoamaka F.; Prieto, Jose M. (2014-09-11).
1172:
Phytochemical Dictionary of the Leguminosae, Volume 1
1674:
William Dymock; C.J.H. Warden; David Hooper (1890).
1286:
1284:
2120:
1894:
1391:
1301:
2037:Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary
1142:Paul Hockings; Christiane Pilot-Raichoor (1992).
361:bead, ratti / rettee / retty, or weather plant.
310:. It is a slender, perennial climber with long,
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
989:List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
1628:(Revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson.
1556:"Eden Project recalls tropical seed bracelets"
742:are used by the indigenous communities of the
318:that twines around trees, shrubs, and hedges.
1642:. Henrietta's Herbal (scanned version). 1898.
329:and in percussion instruments, and which are
8:
1537:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1832:. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2010;2:26–9.
1400:, CRC Press, pp. 245–270, 2011-09-15,
341:and invasive where it has been introduced.
2108:
2057:: Plant of deadly but most beautiful seeds
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
207:
42:
31:
1985:
1967:
1869:
1859:
1600:
1496:Knight, Anthony; Walter, Richard (2001).
1264:
1246:
1441:. University of Florida-IFAS Pub SP 257.
1235:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
1207:[Olinda seeds might be deadly].
636:Abrus seeds are the agents by which the
546:
1004:
904:
746:of Ghana as an anti-diabetic medicine.
656:details the preparation and use of the
1012:
1010:
1008:
1434:Langeland, K.A.; et al. (2008).
231:
7:
2103:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
2010:"Abrus precatorius subsp. africanus"
380:) and Nneminua (Ib) in southwestern
870:/ 相思), which most likely refers to
866:wrote a poem titled "One-hearted" (
587:or evil spirits and "mal-yeux"—the
510:Symptoms are identical to those of
503:by inactivating the 28S RNA of the
2063:Where did the rosary pea come from
1729:"Abrus precatorius L._IPCS INCHEM"
821:A dried ethanolic leaf extract of
25:
1759:Williamson, Elizabeth M. (2002).
1148:. Mouton de Gruyer. p. 246.
696:, called "Gulaganji" in Kannada,
2531:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:469605-1
973:
964:
949:
934:
919:
907:
321:The plant is best known for its
55:
2620:Flora invasive in North America
1748:. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
1502:. Teton NewMedia. p. 121.
1205:"ඔලිඳ බීජ මාරාන්තික විය හැකියි"
1:
1956:BioMed Research International
602:and other outlets in the UK.
357:), coondrimany, gidee gidee,
1901:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1350:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
750:Laboratory study of extracts
630:King's American Dispensatory
2610:Decorative fruits and seeds
1653:Major H. M. Ramsay (1881).
1393:"Medicinal Plants of Ghana"
1145:A Badaga-English dictionary
1085:Wagstaff, D. Jesse (2008).
333:because of the presence of
2641:
1624:Wheeler, Mortimer (1959).
1248:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_320_16
1031:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1026:Plants of the World Online
731:The plant is also used in
568:are much valued in native
469:
1913:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112918
1765:. Churchill Livingstone.
1460:www.thepoisongarden.co.uk
1362:10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.055
230:
223:
215:
206:
189:
182:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
2625:Austronesian agriculture
1861:10.4103/0257-7941.113794
1828:August 31, 2012, at the
1711:Natural Product Sciences
1626:Early India and Pakistan
1175:. CRC Press. p. 1.
994:List of poisonous plants
551:The bright red seeds of
392:Ecology and invasiveness
2085:Abrus precatorius Linn.
1848:Ancient Science of Life
1762:Major Herbs of Ayurveda
914:White variety of seeds.
716:, the protein toxin is
689:In traditional medicine
683:transportation for life
368:is known as Ojuologbo (
2600:Flora of tropical Asia
1688:Indian Medical Gazette
1052:"Abrus precatorius L."
809:Salmonella typhimurium
797:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
671:Pharmacographia Indica
650:
628:According to the 1898
556:
555:are strung as jewelry.
437:mainland United States
404:
1742:J. H. Maiden (1889).
1290:Mendes (1986), p. 79.
1169:Bisby, Frank (1994).
843:Cultural significance
803:Staphylococcus aureus
634:
550:
399:
216:Occurrence data from
2035:Mendes, John (1986).
2014:www.plantzafrica.com
1969:10.1155/2021/9920826
1589:Experimental Results
384:and obirekuaiura in
325:, which are used as
291:, commonly known as
1602:10.1017/exp.2020.64
1203:SDF (5 June 2015).
779:Sprague-Dawley rats
677:Calotropis gigantea
534:poisonous to horses
532:This plant is also
306:in the bean family
175:A. precatorius
2605:Flora of Australia
2068:2018-12-06 at the
1801:10.4158/ep09011.or
1789:Endocrine Practice
1564:. 23 December 2011
1320:10.4158/EP09011.OR
1308:Endocrine Practice
929:leaves and flowers
557:
493:transport proteins
487:consisting of two
405:
2615:Pantropical flora
2577:
2576:
2487:Open Tree of Life
2453:Abrus~precatorius
2287:Abrus precatorius
2199:Abrus_precatorius
2152:Abrus precatorius
2122:Abrus precatorius
2114:Taxon identifiers
2098:Abrus precatorius
2059:at Disabled World
2055:Abrus precatorius
1772:978-0-443-07203-1
1509:978-1-893441-11-8
1415:978-0-429-09361-6
1406:10.1201/b11177-14
1182:978-0-412-39770-7
1155:978-3-11-012677-8
1102:978-1-4200-6252-6
1020:Abrus precatorius
957:Abrus precatorius
942:Abrus precatorius
927:Abrus precatorius
885:, India, the god
874:as a "red bean" (
872:Abrus precatorius
823:Abrus precatorius
791:Bacillus subtilis
786:Abrus precatorius
764:Abrus precatorius
740:Abrus precatorius
694:Abrus precatorius
612:Abrus precatorius
591:. The Tamils use
578:Abrus precatorius
566:Abrus precatorius
501:protein synthesis
452:Abrus precatorius
435:and parts of the
425:Caribbean Islands
408:Abrus precatorius
372:), Oto-berebere (
366:Abrus precatorius
350:Abrus precatorius
288:Abrus precatorius
284:
283:
278:
270:
262:
258:Orobus americanus
254:
246:
242:Abrus pauciflorus
238:
193:Abrus precatorius
36:Abrus precatorius
16:(Redirected from
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1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1665:
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1650:
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1636:
1630:
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1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1552:
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1545:
1543:
1542:
1527:
1521:
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1516:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1250:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1014:
977:
968:
953:
938:
923:
911:
815:Escherichia coli
516:Ricinus communis
489:protein subunits
402:Medicinal-Plants
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
211:
195:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2474:Observation.org
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2116:
2091:
2088:
2070:Wayback Machine
2050:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1830:Wayback Machine
1820:
1816:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1141:
1140:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1084:
1083:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1002:
985:
978:
969:
960:
954:
945:
939:
930:
924:
915:
912:
903:
845:
752:
706:Siddha medicine
702:Guruvinda ginja
691:
626:
608:
606:Unit of measure
562:
545:
523:
474:
468:
400:From Koehler's
394:
376:), Idonzakara (
347:
304:flowering plant
274:Zaga parvifolia
234:Abrus maculatus
202:
197:
191:
178:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Flora of China
2592:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:wfo-0000178702
2558:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2142:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2094:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2060:
2049:
2048:External links
2046:
2045:
2044:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2001:
1942:
1885:
1834:
1814:
1795:(4): 554–560.
1778:
1771:
1751:
1734:
1720:
1701:
1692:
1666:
1645:
1640:"Abrus.—Abrus"
1631:
1616:
1575:
1547:
1522:
1508:
1488:
1478:
1465:
1444:
1426:
1414:
1383:
1356:(2): 857–924.
1333:
1314:(4): 554–560.
1292:
1280:
1241:(4): 224–225.
1221:
1195:
1181:
1161:
1154:
1115:
1101:
1064:
1043:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
991:
984:
981:
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963:
961:
955:
948:
946:
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931:
925:
918:
916:
913:
906:
902:
899:
844:
841:
840:
839:
819:
782:
775:A. precatorius
767:
751:
748:
744:Western region
738:The leaves of
690:
687:
625:
622:
607:
604:
561:
558:
553:A. precatorius
544:
541:
521:
497:cell membranes
470:Main article:
467:
464:
445:pine rocklands
410:is a severely
393:
390:
346:
343:
293:jequirity bean
282:
281:
280:
279:
271:
266:Zaga latifolia
263:
255:
247:
239:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
212:
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39:
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26:
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9:
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2240:
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2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
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1877:
1872:
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1857:
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1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
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1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
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1755:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
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1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
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1683:
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1437:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
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1287:
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1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
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1184:
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1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1098:
1095:. p. 1.
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1047:
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1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
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987:
986:
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976:
971:
967:
962:
958:
952:
947:
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932:
928:
922:
917:
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905:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
842:
837:
833:
830:-amylase and
829:
824:
820:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
755:
749:
747:
745:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
679:
678:
672:
667:
664:
659:
655:
649:
647:
644:(needles) or
643:
639:
633:
631:
623:
621:
619:
618:
613:
610:The seeds of
605:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:The seeds of
559:
554:
549:
542:
540:
537:
535:
530:
528:
525:of only 0.56
524:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
351:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
251:
250:Glycine abrus
248:
243:
240:
235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
214:
210:
205:
201:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2121:
2097:
2092:(in English)
2089:(in Chinese)
2054:
2036:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1962:: e9920826.
1959:
1955:
1945:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1854:(1): 20–23.
1851:
1847:
1837:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1648:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1498:
1491:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1429:
1419:, retrieved
1397:
1386:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1171:
1164:
1144:
1106:. Retrieved
1087:
1056:. Retrieved
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1024:
1019:
956:
941:
926:
880:
875:
871:
867:
860:Tang dynasty
857:
846:
835:
831:
827:
822:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
785:
774:
763:
753:
739:
737:
730:
722:
701:
697:
693:
692:
675:
670:
668:
657:
651:
645:
641:
635:
627:
615:
611:
609:
600:Eden Project
597:
592:
582:
577:
565:
563:
552:
538:
531:
515:
509:
475:
451:
449:
407:
406:
401:
365:
363:
349:
348:
320:
296:
292:
287:
286:
285:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
2422:NatureServe
2347:iNaturalist
2146:Wikispecies
2043:, Trinidad.
1717:(1): 51–57.
858:During the
773:extract of
762:extract of
710:aphrodisiac
624:As a weapon
416:pantropical
364:In Africa,
314:-leafleted
147:Subfamily:
95:Angiosperms
2584:Categories
2500:Plant List
2030:References
2019:2016-05-18
1907:: 112918.
1541:2015-12-30
1515:October 7,
1421:2024-02-19
1214:15 January
1188:October 7,
1108:October 7,
1058:2016-04-29
897:(rosary).
771:methanolic
726:ophthalmia
714:castor oil
700:in Tamil,
698:kundu mani
663:cotyledons
460:glyphosate
301:herbaceous
297:rosary pea
2590:Faboideae
2300:200011844
2274:200011844
2256:FloraBase
1978:2314-6133
1937:218492743
1921:0378-8741
1690:vol. 138.
1611:2516-712X
1476:datapoint
1370:0378-8741
1257:0972-5229
1093:CRC Press
1036:April 17,
849:Rajasthan
760:ethanolic
718:denatured
669:The 1890
433:Polynesia
169:Species:
151:Faboideae
65:Kingdom:
18:Jequirity
2544:13023576
2539:Tropicos
2505:ild-2477
2448:NSWFlora
2427:2.156893
2388:10170818
2375:469605-1
2206:BioLib:
2131:Wikidata
2066:Archived
1996:34341763
1929:32360561
1880:23929989
1826:Archived
1809:20150030
1561:BBC News
1378:24929108
1328:20150030
1275:28515607
983:See also
876:hóng dòu
868:Xiāng Sī
864:Wang Wei
733:Ayurveda
589:evil eye
505:ribosome
412:invasive
308:Fabaceae
237:Noronha
225:Synonyms
141:Fabaceae
137:Family:
108:Eudicots
2554:2318699
2461:NTFlora
2313:5348711
2137:Q190887
1987:8325591
1871:3733201
1535:cdc.gov
1266:5416790
1209:News.lk
944:flowers
901:Gallery
891:Krishna
883:Mathura
878:/ 红豆).
838:-cells.
585:jumbies
574:ladybug
570:jewelry
560:Jewelry
441:Florida
382:Nigeria
312:pinnate
299:, is a
157:Genus:
131:Fabales
127:Order:
69:Plantae
2551:uBio:
2513:PLANTS
2479:198514
2352:122099
2235:642979
2209:194589
2173:129416
2170:APDB:
2160:AoFP:
1994:
1984:
1976:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1878:
1868:
1807:
1769:
1609:
1568:2 June
1506:
1412:
1376:
1368:
1326:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1179:
1152:
1099:
1054:InChem
887:Vishnu
812:, and
658:sutari
654:Bengal
646:sutari
638:Chamàr
456:sucker
429:Hawaii
421:Belize
370:Yoruba
359:Jumbie
316:leaves
261:Mill.
245:Desv.
121:Rosids
2518:ABPR3
2492:39530
2414:26416
2383:IRMNG
2359:IPA:
2282:FoAO2
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