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its shareholders in its annual report, “…the demand became so small and the competition from non-union fields so severe that it was evident that the non-union mines of your
Company could not continue to operate unless wages were readjusted. As a result of this condition, wages were reduced…at your Jerome Mines on July 16, 1921.” Hillman continued that the reduction allowed the Jerome mine to operate “on a competitive basis” and “with regularity,” with the result being that “earnings of the men at your non-union mines for the year 1921 are far in excess of those received by men at union mines….”, who, Hillman implied, suffered frequent short-term furloughs as the result of slack demand. Hillman told its shareholders that, prior to the pay cut, “men working by day were being paid $ 7.50 for eight hours work, and men working by the ton were able to earn $ 10.00 to $ 14.00 per day.” (Note that these wages reported by Hillman to its stockholders were flatly contradicted by other reportage, for instance, Blankenhorn maintained that union gross wages in 1922 more typically ranged from $ 14.60 to $ 17.50 per
693:, its two coal towns in Somerset County, although miners under Hillman tutelage disagreed, as the strike would show. To be sure, Hillman ran these towns with an iron fist; simply entering Jerome by car required inspection by a gauntlet of armed private police, for instance. But Hillman also built Boswell with a number of extra amenities, such as a high school, central business district, and brick construction for its patch housing. And in Jerome, the Company built a community center including a YMCA, pool hall, bowling alley, butchery, greengrocer, theater, and post office, in addition to the Hillman Supply Company store. In October 1921 Hillman established the First National Bank of Jerome for its workers. It allowed for the construction of a streetcar line from Johnstown in 1921 (as noted above), which made travel easier and more frequent than could be provided by the railroad. Hillman even engaged in a significant capital re-investment at Jerome, rebuilding a brick new community center after the initial structure was destroyed in a spectacular, wind-driven fire on April 2, 1922.
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process that, for them, produced little economic benefit immediately. At Jerome, Hillman Coal offered a general amnesty to most miners, if each returned to work as an individual and not as part of a local union. Nevertheless, the solid front displayed by Jerome miners laid the groundwork for the mine's eventual unionization in the 1930s. Further, as
Hapgood, Blankenhorn, Beik, and others point out, the miners themselves felt the 1922-23 strike to be a victory. Prior to the strike, miners felt atomized, helpless, and hopeless; the coal towns of Somerset County were "visibly split" by ethnic divisions "admittedly...fostered by the coal companies" as a means of social control. "oal mining families.... within a social, economic and political system of profound autocracy thinly veiled by shallow, pragmatic paternalism." After the strike, Jerome emerged with the beginnings of an increasingly strong, tolerant social fabric, which remained tight-knit for several generations and still provides important unifying elements today.
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months later. During this period, Hillman Coal systematically began to evict miner families from company-owned housing. According to
Hillman records, quoted by Blankenhorn, 192 families in Jerome were set out into the street, about one-third of Hillman's employment at the mine at the time. A 'tent city' was established for homeless strikers and their families on the nearby lands of sympathetic farmers. These evictions here and elsewhere in Somerset County sparked an unusual swell of public sympathy. A commission appointed by the mayor of New York City, which got its coal to run subways from various Somerset County coal mines, found "hundreds of strikers evicted and suffering from the cold", "saw in tents, hen-houses, stables and other improvised homes women and children whose feet were bare and bleeding" and declared that living and working conditions "were worse than the conditions of slaves prior to the Civil War."
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removal of non-bituminous soils, slate, and rubbish from the mines. Gregory and local miners held several secret pre-strike rallies at the "Sokolniapolskawjerom", the Jerome Polish
Falcons Hall, although one wonders how secret they were, given over 600 men attended one meeting. Sensing trouble, Hillman suddenly increased its armed guard patrolling the town at the end of March 1922. Hillman police also were stopping all autos before entering Jerome. Scattered walkouts began at smaller non-union mines—in St. Michael, Cambria County, a partial strike began on April 1 and gained momentum through April 5, and at Mine 36, near Windber, Somerset County, a walk-out on April 6.
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and courageous to the point of foolhardiness. By that, I mean that he would sometimes drive ahead in a situation without considering sufficiently what he was up against. As a result, he got some pretty hard knocks at times." In Jerome, Hapgood linked up with
Gregory. While more acquainted with the rough-and-tumble than was Hapgood initially, Gregory himself—who went by the nickname "Praying George," because of his frequent and vocal prayers during workers' rallies—was a strict teetotaler, who had been deputized by the local sheriff for a Prohibition squad. In idealism and social vision, Gregory and Hapgood were kindred spirits. The two became lifelong friends.
782:, Listie, Acosta, Gray, and elsewhere the next days; within one week a regional non-union coal work stoppage was in full force. The Jerome strike was significant in that it was among the first and the largest non-union site in the region to join in the nationwide strike called by the United Mine Workers Union, thus providing tipping-point momentum for the strike, or as Blankenhorn expressed it in his book's table of contents, "Jerome's Explosion." The 1922 strike became the largest action in United Mine Workers Union history; at its peak, more than 500,000 union and non-union miners, in the bituminous and anthracite fields, had walked off their jobs.
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Gregory.....'If you don't go to work, I'll shut down this mine till the grass grows over the drift mouth,' ...A boy miner, DiGiancomo, shouted back, 'I'll eat that grass before I'll scab." And the strike was on. The men marched through Jerome, with an accordion player in the lead, to a mass rally that was still going strong when union organizers arrived around noontime. The mine owners were thunderstruck; never before had they been hit by a successful universal rebellion against their rule. The Jerome action lit the fuse; the strike spread to non-union mines in
Hiyasota, Kelso,
42:
652:'s football Team of Century. Kalminer played in Nevada's backfield, 1946–48, and later played for the Los Angeles Rams and Baltimore Colts. Trachock was a top running back at Nevada and later served as Nevada's head football coach (1959–1968) and athletic director (1970–1986). Jerome's Tony Venzon (1915–1971) was a baseball umpire for the National League 1957-1971, including 1959, 1962 and 1969 All-Star Games and 1963 and 1965 World Series. Jazz clarinetist, band leader and composer Ted Lach (1914–1968) was a native of Jerome.
63:
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701:, and after deductions for goods purchased through company stores, a typical miner's weekly net take-home pay often was less than $ 1.00.) On all its coal operations, including Jerome and Boswell, Hillman Coal and Coke reported an operating profit of approximately $ 925,000, on revenues of $ 8.225 million in 1919, and an operating profit of approximately $ 336,000, on revenues of $ 4.475 million in 1921.
620:. The town retained much of its close-knit ethnic character and its spirit well into the 1990s, however. As an example, the Jerome Volunteer Fire Department was founded in 1952 with Steve Gironda as its first president. The Volunteer Fire Department remains today as an anchor of community activity. In 1955, the Dorfman and Hoffman Company established a garment factory in the former Hillman
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remediation project (construction 1992-1994, re-engineered 2002) coordinated by the
Stonycreek-Conemaugh River Improvement Project (SCRIP), a local non-governmental organization, restored Bens Creek by precipitating iron toxins from the effluent. The Bens Creek project, also known as the Rock Tunnel Project is home to SCRIP's first mine drainage effort (see facts sheet on
790:, whose family owned several Somerset County coal mines, but not Jerome's, wrote, "I believe that the underlying grievances of the miners in this district are well founded, and I have urged with all the sincerity and vigor at my command that the present labor policy of the operators, which seems to me to be both unwise and unjust, be radically altered."
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70:
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what, even by today’s best practices, would be seen as a sophisticated public relations program. In New York City, the program sparked sympathetic press coverage, generally effective public affairs, the intervention by the mayor of New York on the miners' side, direct public appeals in the subways, and even the support of mine owners, such as
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740:, Hapgood depended heavily on peaceful, civil disobedience. Coal towns were the wholly-owned, private property of corporations at the time, and so, in the eyes of these companies, simply walking the street uninvited was deemed to be trespassing. Hapgood in Somerset County was arrested more than a dozen times on the
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The semi-bituminous coal bed at Jerome, part of the Upper
Kittanning formation, was approximately six feet thick, capped by shale and limestone, with a smooth, hard sandstone floor. In 1911, the mine had a capacity of 1,700 tons a day, with an average daily output of 1,020 tons. The tipple had four
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The town and mine were founded by United Coal
Corporation. United Coal changed its name to Hillman Coal and Coke in May 1919, according to the company's Annual Report for that year, in Yale University Library. The 1919 Hillman Annual Report also indicated that the coal mine in the neighboring town
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Jerome
Evangelical Lutheran Church. Building, Penn Avenue at the foot of Oak Street, completed 1914 as Union Church, to provide worship space for several Protestant congregations, including United Brethren, Methodist, Presbyterian and Lutheran congregations. Lutheran congregation formally organized
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However, demand for coal nationwide dropped precipitously and continually for several years after World War I. In response, Hillman closed its mines at Ella and Patterson, Allegheny County, and at Naomi, Fayette County, but maintained production at Boswell and Jerome. By mid-1921, the Company told
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12.3, 285-300. "Natural revegetation of coal spoils is sparse and patchy with low plant cover, which may be attributed to poor moisture and nutrient availability. Colonization by certain species is effective because of their low growth form, efficient vegetative reproduction mechanism, low nutrient
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Blankenhorn 1924, p. 62. Blankenhorn relates the story of one young anonymous miner from Acosta, Jenner Township, who could barely contain his excitement upon hearing of Jerome's strike. "The day I heard the Jerome boys was out I walked over there to be union. Thirteen miles over, thirteen back."
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The gentle-looking Hapgood, nephew of the U.S.’s ambassador to Denmark, at first evoked much derision among some Union officials, although apparently not among miners, with whom he worked shoulder-to-shoulder deep in the mines. Four decades later, Brophy wrote of Hapgood, "He was sincere, friendly,
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But Jerome was seething. Hillman Coal & Coke cut miners' wages a second time during the deflation of 1921 and working conditions remained hard and strict, to miners' perception. Additionally, mine owners had recently ceased payment and expected miners to do for no pay "dead work", which was the
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The age distribution was 18.4% (143) under the age of 18, 3.9% (30) from 18 to 24, 21.4% (167) from 25 to 44, 28.5% (222) from 45 to 64, and 25.3% (197) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and
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living together, 38 (12.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 21 (6.6%) had a male householder with no wife present, and 102 (32.2%) were non-families. 90 (28.4%) of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 48 (15.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of
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Hapgood’s arrests then gave him a venue to the judicial system, where Hapgood insisted on his – and the miners’ – procedural and Constitutional rights. Indeed, an important part of the Somerset County coal strike played out in the courtroom of Somerset County Judge John Berkey, where mine owners
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Jerome's wood frame houses were primarily of two designs—two-story semi-detached houses and smaller single-family cottages. Most of these initial dwellings still stand today. These houses, especially in the period before 1970, typically were surrounded by large vegetable gardens, fruit trees, and
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Jerome was turned into an occupied camp by a strike that lasted sixteen months. By mid-May 1922, for instance, 29 Somerset County sheriff's deputies patrolled Jerome, alongside a much larger contingent of company police and a unit of the Pennsylvania State police. The State Militia arrived a few
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On April 14, Jerome miners dressed for work and gathered at the shaft head, but refused to enter the mine. Blankenhorn, in his history of the strike, wrote, "The super began a conciliatory speech of promises of good treatment, 'What's the good of that? We've heard that bull for ten years,' cried
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Hapgood, as the strike continued, then made sure that the plight of Somerset County miners remained front-page news across the United States. From the strike's beginning, Hapgood, Brophy, Gregory, and other union leaders understood the powerful role public opinion could play; The men engaged in
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Scottsdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House. p. 213. However, note that, based on a town marker erected by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, the town was named for Jerome Hillman, a scion of the Hillman family. This marker stood at the eastern approach to Jerome at Route 601 (Penn
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Rumors of strikes at non-union mines, such as Jerome at that time, had been circulating for several weeks. Indeed, the General Policy Committee of the United Mine Workers Union issued a call on March 24 for the nation's 200,000 non-union miners to join a planned nationwide strike on April 1, to
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Most water runoff from the Jerome mine emptied into the South Fork of Bens Creek at Thomas Mills. Bens Creek used to be a robust trout habitat. Mine effluent contained high concentrations of iron, which rendered downstream sections of Bens Creek effectively sterile from about 1900 to 1994. A
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Only a few plant species were hardy enough to survive the hot, dry, nutrient-deficient conditions on the pile. Heavy metals, including arsenic and mercury, leached from the pile into the immediately adjacent area. The pile was removed in the 1970s when local electric generating stations found
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In August 1922, union miners agreed to a new contract that did not include non-union miners. The miners at Jerome and other Somerset County mines, left out of the contract, continued on for another twelve months, agreeing on August 14, 1923, to return to work finally having been exhausted by a
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from Pittsburgh, named Viscosky, who convinced Hillman to hire him as a guard just prior to the strike. Blackenhorn wrote, Viscosky "used his very special opportunity to line them up for a strike. The only man whom he reported to the company was one who refused to have anything to do with the
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The strike held together, despite its length and brutality; the Company said later that, of the approximately 750 miners on strike at its beginning, only about 100 broke ranks and returned to work early. In the last days of the strike in 1923, a number of buildings, railroad bridges, and other
1639:
Blankenhorn 1924, pp. 60-61. Note that the Johnstown Tribune reported the strike began on Thursday, April 13. Further research will be required to clear the contradiction. See "Somerset and Indiana County Miners Joining Union Men in Strike; Between 500 and 700 at Jerome Walked Out Yesterday
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court. The mine employed over 1000 men. Residents from that period claim Jerome's population stood at about 3,000 at its peak, although this information is yet to be documented. However, Jerome's population certainly was sufficient to justify the capital investment to tie the town into the
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building, bringing 200 needed jobs to Jerome. The factory continued operation until 1964. A lumber mill operated out of former mining operations buildings in the 1970s. A wind-whipped fire destroyed the lumber mill in 1975, and the remaining mining buildings were demolished subsequently.
456:, there were 779 people, 317 households, and 215 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 299.6 inhabitants per square mile (115.7/km). There were 348 housing units at an average density of 133.8 per square mile (51.7/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 763 (97.9%) white,
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near Jerome on July 19, 1923. Somerset County Sheriff J.W.Griffith told writer Blankenhorn that both strikers and company employees held responsibility for explosions. "There are guards who want to keep their jobs going and strikers who have been making threats," Sheriff Griffith said.
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The Assumption of the Holy Blessed Virgin Mary Russian Orthodox Church. Organized 1911. Building completed 1918, on plot between Front Avenue and Penn Avenue, to the west of current (2007) site of Jerome Church of the Nazarene. Congregation closed 1974 and building demolished.
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was proposed as early as 1908. In 1921, the project was financed through a public bond offering, construction was completed and service began. The streetcar tram left from the Jerome terminus every two hours for the 60-minute trip that ended on downtown Johnstown's Main Street.
1776:"Dwelling Dynamited, Several Hurt." The Washington Post. June 4, 1923. p. 3. The building destroyed stood at the corner of Jerome Avenue and Keim Street. The Washington Post reported that the blast was heard miles away and caused over 500 broken windows in nearby homes.
813:'union,' the company faithfully discharged that one." Later, when Viscosky thought it prudent to disappear from Jerome before Hillman caught on, he convinced police officials to give him free conduct pass through checkpoints, "so he could visit his sister in Jenners."
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University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 45. Hapgood went on to found the union local at Boswell and provide important support to miner Albert Armstrong at Gray and Acosta. See Bussel 1999, pp. 43-63, for entire history of Powers Hapgood in Somerset
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An underground explosion killed two miners instantly and two later from burns received at the Jerome mine on July 29, 1932, The single largest accident in the mine's history uncovered in research to date. The coal mine closed in the 1954. Jerome rapidly became a
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At least four different buildings have hosted an elementary school at Jerome, from 1904 to 2011. The final building opened Jan. 1961, renovated in 1991, closed May 2011 and was sold at auction by the school district to a private bidder in Dec. 2011 for $
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Organized 1849, from predecessor congregation in Berlin, Somerset County. First church at current site—northeast corner, Spring Road and Maple Springs Road—1875. Adopted current name, 1894. Current structure, 1905, enlarged 1950, enlarged again 1968.
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and at the head of marches, as the strike unfolded. (Hapgood, Gregory, and others also took picketing directly to various corporate headquarters on Wall Street, where they did not invite arrest but achieved considerable positive publicity and access.)
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loading tracks with a capacity of 80 cars. Within the tipple, coal was cleaned first by machine through shaker screens, then by hand, along a conveyor, and at loading. Refuse coal and rock was dumped in a hillside to the south of the tipple.
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For the first 70-some years of its history, Jerome's landscape was dominated by this black, man-made mountain of coal mining wastes. The "bony pile," as it was called, loomed from the hillside south of Penn Avenue and east of Cross and Fifth
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Property right-of-way was obtained to extend this tram service to the south to Boswell, Jenners, Somerset, and Rockwood, although track construction never commenced. Service to Johnstown ended in 1933. Separately, a branch line of the
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For a thorough discussion of the form, structure, development, and ultimate economic disposition of coal company towns such as Jerome, see M.M. Mulrooney. 1991. "A legacy of coal: the coal company towns in southwestern Pennsylvania."
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While the strike caused significant hardship, and even decayed into violence frequently from both sides, not all was grim. Blankenhorn, who was a writer for the magazine "The Nation", relayed the adventure of one young student and
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Blankenhorn 1924, p. 60. An earlier effort in 1906 failed here and elsewhere in Somerset County and no further organizing effort was directed at Somerset County until 1922, according to Beik,"The miners of Windber", which see
640:). Jerome native Brian Ferrari qualified for the 1992 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials. Ferrari also holds two NCAA Division II championships in 10,000 meters and one national cross-country championship. In 1998, Jerome natives
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at p. 25. Blankenhorn gives these dates for strikes in other Somerset County towns: Boswell, April 17; Jenners and Acosta, April 24. See also "Boswell Miners Walk Out; Union Activity in Somerset Is Extending."
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Narrative on Somerset County Coal Strike, including its violence, and its hardship for women in particular. Note also the photograph of miners' families being evicted from homes, which appears to be taken in
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aimed at increasing the number of fish that Bens Creek can hold. Bens Creek today again contains brook, brown and rainbow trout. Some of these fish are stocked while wild species can be found in headwaters.
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Organized 1913. Original building completed, 1913, rebuilt, on west side of Phillips Street near Coal Avenue, after fire 1935. Renovated 1985, 1996. Church is served as part of St. Mary’s church, Windber.
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property were destroyed by dynamite in acts of sabotage. A gunpowder or dynamite blast destroyed a shelter for homeless striking families. Dynamite destroyed a 200-foot steel railroad bridge spanning the
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Union. An important and the longest of these efforts was the strike that began on Good Friday morning, April 14, 1922, led by local miner George Gregory, with the assistance of outside union supporters.
1901:"...the alkaline discharge causes...a red carpet of ferric hydroxide that smothers aquatic insect life......makes survival of fish in the affected area impossible because of lack of a food source."
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Aerial view of Jerome and vicinity, May 4, 1939. Notice the mining buildings, railroad tracks, and bony piles, which now are removed. Also notice the expanse of farmed fields, now many reforested.
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Beik, Mildred A. 1989. "The miners of Windber: class, ethnicity and the labor movement in a Pennsylvania coal town, the 1890s-1930s." Ph.D. dissertation. Northern Illinois University, p. 557
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March 25, 1922. Mines in northern Somerset County generally were non-union at this point, while most mines in Cambria County were organized. See Blankenhorn 1924, map inserts, for details.
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At its economic peak, Jerome boasted a 300-seat movie theatre, a bank, a hotel, an auto dealership, several dry goods and grocery stores, several taverns, an electrical appliance store, a
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Poster, printed by District 2, United Mine Workers of America, October 1922. Available for .pdf download from Contentdm Collection, Digital Archives, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
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36, 417-423. Also see Baig, M.N. 1992. "Natural revegetation of coal mine spoils in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and its significance for species selection in land restoration."
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Avenue) for several decades in the mid-20th century. The marker was removed by the State as part of road realignment and construction for US Route 219 in the late 1960s.
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29.1, at pp. 60-61, which describes, "a period of operator-operated Ku Klux Klan activity that attempted to drive a wedge between...Catholic and Protestant miners ."
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Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 15. Also see M.M. Mulrooney. 1991. "A legacy of coal: the coal company towns of southwestern Pennsylvania."
910:. Organized 1928. Building, on north side of Penn Avenue at Front Avenue, completed 1969. Church closed circa 2014, members moving to New Life Church in Boswell.
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876:. Organized 1911. Building, southeast corner, School Street and First Avenue, completed 1913. Parish merged with St. Anne’s Roman Catholic Church, Davidsville,
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The Strike for Union: A Study of the Non-union Question in Coal and the Problems of a Democratic Movement; Based on the Record of the Somerset Strike, 1922-23.
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Handbill, printed by District 2, United Mine Workers of America, n.d. Available as a .jpg from Labor Legacy Digital Archives, University of Pittsburgh.
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842:. SCRIP later restored other creeks and rivers in Somerset and Cambria Counties. Supplemental to the efforts of SCRIP, the Mountain Laurel Chapter of
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Blankenhorn 1924, p.49. See also, Singer, Alan J. 1988. "Class-conscious coal miners: Nanty-Glo versus the open shop in the post World War I era."
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coincide with the expiration of the current union contract. Organizers slid past armed company police to circulate pamphlets and leaflets, as seen
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4, 130-137. "Faced with increasing competition from cheaper fuels, the American coal industry went into sharp decline after World War II." at 136.
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on vote of congregation, 1925. Building enlarged 1974. Jerome building closed 1997, members moving to St. David Evangelical Lutheran Church
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632:(career 1985-1997) grew up on a farm just outside Jerome. Hostetler led the New York Giants to their 20-19 win over the Buffalo Bills in
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2010 income data has not yet been made available for income figures, so these income figures are still based on the 2000 census: The
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2001:
1913:"...the alkaline nature of the discharge...simplified the treatment to a simple process of oxidation and settlement of iron oxide."
1965:
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was $ 26,667, and the median family income was $ 33,872. Males had a median income of $ 36,528 versus $ 16,553 for females. The
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Northern Somerset County Target Association, an organization to promote regional youth shooting sports and competition.
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172, 1027-1028. Finkelman, R.B. 1995. "Models of occurrence of environmentally-sensitive trace elements in coal." In:
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For much of its history, Jerome’s social life revolved around its churches. These churches are, in order of founding:
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There were 317 households, of which 75 (23.7%) had children under the age of 18 living with them, 156 (49.2%) were
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In addition to direct work as a miner, Hapgood relied on three approaches to organize the Somerset coalfields –
534:, and named for Jerome Coulson, the son of a coal company official. The town filled mostly with immigrants from
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761:, Acosta, Ralphton and Randolph. Gregory and other miners later traveled to Washington to meet with President
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United States. Bureau of Mines. 1914. Bulletin. Issues 83-85. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 307-308.
1197:"Pennsylvania Interurbans and Streetcar Railroads. Johnstown & Somerset Railway. Accessed Jan. 8, 2012.
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The Strike for Union: A Study of the Non-Union Question in Coal and the Problems of the Democratic Movement.
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cost-effective ways to render additional coal out of the pile. A much smaller scar remains on the hillside.
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Indiana University of Pennsylvania Special Collections and Archives "That Magnificent Fight for Unionism".
1818:"Our battle for industrial freedom": radical politics in the coalfield of central Pennsylvania, 1916-1920.
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Commemorative book. 2000. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. (Spiral-bound book, published privately, Jerome).
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California University of Pennsylvania's Athletic Hall of Fame: Brian Ferrari. Accessed July 16, 2007.
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Conemaugh Township Area Primary School, formerly Jerome Elementary School, 1910 Penn Avenue, Jerome.
1393:”Jerome Is Swept by $ 100,000 Fire: Blaze Destroys Y.M.C.A., Hillman Company Store and Residence.”
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Bramble, W.C and R.H. Ashley. 1955. "Natural revegetation of spoil banks in central Pennsylvania."
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For its part, Hillman Coal and Coke believed it provided a willful benevolence within Jerome and
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From the Miner's Doublehouse: Archeology and Landscape in a Pennsylvania Coal Company Town.
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for the CDP was $ 13,033. About 5.3% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the
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915:(All street names verified via Google Maps, accessed 14 July 2007; link provided below.)
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interurban transit system. Electric streetcar service from Jerome to the nearby city of
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age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.85.
846:, a non-governmental organization, completed a substantial habitat improvement project
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of Boswell, operating under the subsidiary Merchants Coal, was also a Hillman concern,
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sometimes, but not always, prevailed under Judge Berkey’s often even-handed rulings.
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See for instance, "Mine Strike Develops Into Tug Of War for Support of the Public."
1339:
The miners of Windber: the struggles of new immigrants for unionization 1980s-1930s.
2123:
One housewife's story: an informal oral history as told by Rose Orlandi Pellizzari.
1364:
661:
641:
572:
492:
181:
83:
1994:
From Harvard to the Ranks of Labor: Powers Hapgood and the American Working Class.
1534:
From Harvard to the Ranks of Labor: Powers Hapgood and the American Working Class.
1269:
579:
stock. Jerome was the largest single coal mine in the Cambria-Somerset district.
2184:
1072:
897:
2071:
Map of Windber coal field showing Jerome's proximity to other local coal mines.
2076:
University of Pittsburgh Labor Legacy Digital Archives "Somerset Coal Strike".
732:, litigation, and publicity. First, in pioneering methods evocative later of
565:
531:
176:
374:
361:
149:
136:
250:
891:
495:, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those aged 65 or over.
1922:
Mountain Laurel Chapter Trout Unlimited website. Accessed July 14, 2007.
2667:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
1989:(University of Wisconsin Press). Chapter 14: The Somerset County Strike.
877:
555:
472:
284:
2080:
1910:
Stonycreek-Conemaugh River Improvement Project Rock Hill Tunnel Project
940:
394:, the CDP has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km), all land.
1996:(Pennsylvania State University Press). Chapter 3: The Somerset Strike.
576:
543:
535:
903:
in Davidsville or to St. Andrew Evangelical Lutheran Church, Boswell.
847:
757:, whose family owned strike-bound Somerset County coal mines in Gray,
2118:
One miner's story: an informal oral history as told by James Orlandi.
2053:
2043:
1881:
Joensuu, O.I. 1971. "Fossil fuels as a source of mercury pollution."
1286:
McConnell, Pat. 2007. "What I've Learned -- Dick Trackok '49 54M.A."
547:
539:
453:
47:
397:
The elevation of Jerome is 1796 feet (547 meters) above sea level.
1341:
University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 268-272.
901:
591:
551:
515:
Aerial view of Jerome and vicinity, Sept. 12, 1967. To see a 1993
510:
502:
276:
255:
866:
1303:
Horn Man: The Polish-American Musician in the Twentieth-Century.
587:
516:
2141:
1982:(H.W. Wilson Co., reprint Arno & The New York Times, 1969).
526:
Jerome was built in 1904 as a company town for what became the
2038:
1960:
Siway, Bruce. "Hollsopple business owner buys Jerome school"
2340:
2048:
1936:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. pp. 22-27.
1889:
D.J Swaine and F. Goodzari, eds. Boston: Kluwer. pp. 24-50.
1729:"Worse Than Slaves, Says Berwind Mine Committee's Report."
1199:
http://www.american-rails.com/pennsylvania-interurbans.html
1172:
Hilton, George W., John Fitzgerald Due and John Due. 1960.
717:, president of United Mine Workers Union District 2, asked
590:, and a bowling alley. A local tavern maintained a popular
1763:
1761:
1470:"Worse Than Slaves Says Berwind Mine Committee's Report."
2707:
Census-designated places in Somerset County, Pennsylvania
1820:
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Emory University. p. 465.
1060:
Rand McNally Commercial Atlas & Marketing Guide 2007.
1009:
933:
Jerome Volunteer Fire Department, chartered June 2, 1952.
2094:"Somerset Coal Miners' Strike Now in Its Seventh Month".
2033:
1951:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 15.
1720:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 10.
1248:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 16.
1188:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 12.
1150:
Commemorative book. Year 2000 Jerome Homecoming. p. 5.
927:
Jerome American Legion Ladies Auxiliary, organized 1947.
821:
Environmental impact of coal mining activities at Jerome
328:. The population was 779 as of 2010. It is part of the
1923:
1899:
1324:"Calls on 200,000 Non-Union Miners To Join in Strike"
939:
Polish Falcons of America, Nest 556, organized 1914.
1216:"Two Killed, Two Others Burned in Mine Explosion."
2662:
2537:
2489:
2351:
2201:
1371:
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, pp.37-40.
1305:
Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 241-244.
583:grape arbors. Homemade wine was a local specialty.
554:—particularly Italians from the Alpine province of
305:
295:
283:
266:
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241:
233:
228:
220:
212:
204:
199:
187:
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23:
2066:Photo documentation of Jerome's coal mining past.
1872:requirements, and/or N-fixing ability." (at 285).
1258:pro-football-reference.com Accessed July 16, 2007
924:American Legion Post 802, chartered Jan. 5, 1946.
338:Conemaugh Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania
1887:Environmental aspects of trace elements in coal.
2054:Stonycreek-Conemaugh River Improvement Project.
1523:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 184.
886:Ss. Peter and Paul Byzantine Catholic Church.
2153:
2028:Local public and non-government organizations
8:
1944:
1942:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1174:The Electric Interurban Railways in America.
1686:
1684:
1682:
1510:Blackenhorn, 1924, pp. 18-20; Beik, p. 510.
1094:Hillman Coal and Coke, Annual Report, 1919.
896:1919. Union Church affiliated solely with
468:and 4 (0.5%) of other miscellaneous races.
2160:
2146:
2138:
1626:"Miners' Delegation Calls on President."
1035:"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"
404:
20:
1898:Mountain Laurel Chapter, Trout Unlimited
1742:"Rockefeller Sides With Coal Strikers."
2712:Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
2034:Conemaugh Township Area School District.
1850:
1848:
1559:New York: Farrar & Rinehart. p. 111.
1234:Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture.
1136:Perspectives on Vernacular Architecture.
879:1995. Jerome building closed and sold.
336:. Jerome is part of the municipality of
954:
304:
282:
248:
227:
198:
164:
129:
54:
38:
1367:, see Metheny, Karen Bescherer. 2007.
424:
2060:Jerome history websites and downloads
1062:138th edition. Vol. 2: Index, p. 241.
1004:
1002:
919:Fraternal and community organizations
681:, to encourage the miners' walk out.
628:National Football League quarterback
562:(part of the Dolomiti di Brenta area)
294:
265:
240:
232:
219:
211:
203:
186:
174:
7:
1448:Hillman Coal and Coke Company 1921.
1435:Hillman Coal and Coke Company 1919,
1413:Hillman Coal and Coke Company 1921.
1380:Hillman Coal and Coke Company 1921.
1176:Stanford, Ca.: Stanford Univ. Press.
2128:Photos from Jerome's first decades.
344:, Thomas Mills, Tire Hill, Seanor,
224:0.00 sq mi (0.00 km)
216:2.60 sq mi (6.74 km)
208:2.60 sq mi (6.74 km)
2168:Municipalities and communities of
1869:Mountain Research and Development.
1450:Annual Report to Its Stockholders.
1437:Annual Report to Its Stockholders.
1073:"Census of Population and Housing"
655:
414:
18:CDP in Pennsylvania, United States
14:
1816:Ricketts, Elizabeth Cocke. 1996.
1415:Annual Report to Its Stockholders
1382:Annual Report to Its Stockholders
1124:New York: H.W. Wilson Co. p. 89.
963:"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"
660:Jerome was the scene of several
104:
97:
68:
61:
40:
1301:Palazzolo, Laurie A.G.. 2003.
930:Jerome Sportsmen's Association.
803:Results of the strike at Jerome
656:The miners' strike of 1922-1923
2106:"Case of the Somerset Miners".
2044:Jerome Volunteer Fire Company.
2039:Conemaugh Township government.
519:aerial image of Jerome, click
105:
69:
1:
2171:Somerset County, Pennsylvania
2016:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1949:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1934:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1785:"Arrest 7 in Bridge Blast."
1718:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1699:Blankenhorn 1924, pp. 89-105.
1359:For an excellent overview of
1246:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1230:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1186:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
1148:Jerome: A Stroll in the Past.
987:. United States Census Bureau
965:. United States Census Bureau
528:Hillman Coal and Coke Company
480:over, there were 87.6 males.
340:, as are the nearby towns of
334:Metropolitan Statistical Area
326:Somerset County, Pennsylvania
245:361.89/sq mi (139.74/km)
121:Show map of the United States
1350:Blankenhorn 1924, pp. 15-17.
1108:The Somerset County Outline.
648:each were inducted into the
50:(Penn Avenue) through Jerome
1337:Beik, Mildred Allen. 1996.
1039:United States Census Bureau
1014:United States Census Bureau
769:The strike at Jerome begins
709:Powers Hapgood and his work
638:1990 New York Giants season
606:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
2728:
1555:Coleman, McAlister. 1943.
1120:Blankenhorn, Heber. 1924.
650:University of Nevada, Reno
118:Jerome (the United States)
2672:
2338:
2182:
1798:Blankenhorn 1924, p. 212.
1501:Blankenhorn, 1924, p. 17.
1492:Blankenhorn, 1924, p. 60.
684:
445:
430:
423:
418:
413:
410:
387:(40.210047, -78.985652).
130:
55:
39:
30:
1807:Blankenhorn 1924, p. 60.
1767:Blankenhorn 1924, p. xx.
1708:Blankenhorn 1924, p. 106
1426:Blankenhorn 1924, p. 116
1363:in western Pennsylvania
853:
685:Hillman Coal's viewpoint
88:Show map of Pennsylvania
1973:Selected key references
1755:Blankenhorn 1924 p. 99.
1630:November 21, 1922, p.2.
1604:Bussel 1999, pp. 46-49.
1461:Blankenhorn 1924, p. 50
1288:Nevada Silver and Blue.
1106:Cassady, John C. 1932.
985:"Census Population API"
788:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
755:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
485:median household income
348:and part of Holsopple.
330:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
322:census-designated place
2345:
2049:Conemaugh Township EMS
1978:Blankenhorn, H. 1924.
1577:Blankenhorn, pp. 60-62
1532:Bussel, Robert. 1999.
1218:Chicago Daily Tribune.
1163:. Jan. 2, 1909, p. 81.
908:Church of the Nazarene
863:Church of the Brethren
738:Martin Luther King Jr.
567:—in addition to local
523:
508:
82:Location of Jerome in
2344:
1842:Ricketts 1996, p.132.
1644:April 14, 1922, p. 1.
1397:April 3, 1922, p. 18.
1361:corporate paternalism
1010:"U.S. Census website"
874:Roman Catholic Church
560:San Lorenzo in Banale
514:
506:
446:U.S. Decennial Census
406:Historical population
375:40.21000°N 78.98556°W
356:Jerome is located at
268: • Summer (
150:40.21000°N 78.98556°W
2685:United States portal
2629:Reading Number Three
1667:April 18, 1922, p.1.
1653:Brophy, pp. 185-186.
1628:The Washington Post.
1617:, April 4, 1922, p.1
1519:Brophy, John. 1964.
1220:July 30, 1932, p. 8.
242: • Density
2678:Pennsylvania portal
1985:Brophy, J. 1964.
1787:The New York Times.
1744:The New York Times.
1731:The New York Times.
1676:Bussel 1999, p. 45.
1595:Bussel 1999, p. 46.
1472:The New York Times.
1326:The New York Times.
1041:. February 12, 2011
666:United Mine Workers
407:
380:40.21000; -78.98556
371: /
155:40.21000; -78.98556
146: /
2346:
1992:Bussel, R. 1999.
1665:Johnstown Tribune.
1642:Johnstown Tribune.
1483:Blankenhorn, p. 89
1395:Johnstown Tribune.
1290:Summer, pp. 18-19.
1274:2007-09-28 at the
1204:2012-05-04 at the
730:civil disobedience
524:
509:
464:, 5 (0.6%) Latino
460:. 2 (0.3%) Asian (
405:
392:U.S. Census Bureau
234: • Total
221: • Water
205: • Total
2694:
2693:
1746:October 26, 1922.
1615:Johnstown Tribune
854:Jerome's churches
763:Warren G. Harding
618:bedroom community
489:per capita income
450:
449:
390:According to the
315:
314:
213: • Land
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2421:Lower Turkeyfoot
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1987:A Miner's Life.
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428:
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210:
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197:
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185:
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163:
162:
128:
127:
117:
111:
110:
103:
102:
96:
95:
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81:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
31:
28:
27:
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2724:
2713:
2710:
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2704:
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2687:
2682:
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2675:
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2640:
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2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Lambertsville
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Hidden Valley
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
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2530:
2527:
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2522:
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2517:
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2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
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2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:Seven Springs
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:New Baltimore
2274:
2272:
2269:
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2264:
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2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
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2229:
2227:
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2222:
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2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2176:United States
2173:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
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2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
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2099:
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2032:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:0-271-01898-4
2007:
2003:
2002:0-271-01897-6
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
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1643:
1640:Afternoon."
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1601:
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1592:
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1574:
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1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:Men and Coal.
1552:
1549:
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1535:
1529:
1526:
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1513:
1507:
1504:
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1396:
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1365:company towns
1362:
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1123:
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986:
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909:
904:
902:
899:
893:
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888:
884:
880:
878:
875:
870:
867:
864:
861:Maple Spring
859:
851:
848:
845:
841:
835:
832:
827:
820:
818:
814:
811:
802:
800:
797:
791:
789:
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781:
777:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
720:
716:
713:On April 11,
708:
706:
702:
700:
694:
692:
682:
680:
676:
670:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
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631:
626:
623:
622:company store
619:
613:
611:
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589:
584:
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541:
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429:
409:
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351:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
310:
308:
300:
298:
288:
286:
278:
275:
271:
261:
260:Eastern (EST)
257:
254:
252:
244:
236:
223:
215:
207:
195:
192:
190:
183:
180:
178:
171:United States
170:
168:
159:
131:Coordinates:
100:
85:
64:
49:
43:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2528:
2256:Hooversville
2236:Central City
2190:
2015:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1786:
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1713:
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1614:
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1600:
1591:
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1564:
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1542:
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1528:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1287:
1282:
1264:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1075:. Census.gov
1067:
1059:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
989:. Retrieved
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
914:
905:
894:
885:
881:
871:
860:
857:
836:
828:
824:
815:
806:
792:
784:
772:
751:
747:
727:
723:
712:
703:
698:
695:
688:
671:
662:unionization
659:
642:Dick Trachok
627:
614:
602:
585:
581:
525:
493:poverty line
482:
478:
470:
452:At the 2010
451:
401:Demographics
396:
389:
355:
317:
316:
182:Pennsylvania
84:Pennsylvania
15:
2541:communities
2509:Davidsville
2466:Southampton
2451:Quemahoning
2436:Northampton
2426:Middlecreek
2327:Wellersburg
2307:Shanksville
2266:Jennerstown
2261:Indian Lake
2186:County seat
2012:(paperback)
1586:Bussel, p.x
1138:4, 130-137.
1019:January 31,
991:October 12,
969:October 12,
898:Lutheranism
872:Holy Cross
840:Bens Creek)
742:picket line
715:John Brophy
569:Scots-Irish
530:Company of
378: /
342:Davidsville
153: /
46:Southbound
2701:Categories
2639:Sipesville
2504:Cairnbrook
2471:Stonycreek
2396:Greenville
2271:Meyersdale
2251:Hollsopple
2241:Confluence
532:Pittsburgh
363:40°12′36″N
229:Population
138:40°12′36″N
2663:Footnotes
2654:Zimmerman
2609:Markleton
2569:Fort Hill
2401:Jefferson
2381:Conemaugh
2366:Allegheny
2353:Townships
2317:Stoystown
2296:Salisbury
2231:Casselman
2226:Callimont
2004:(cloth);
1045:April 23,
950:Footnotes
597:Johnstown
366:78°59′8″W
352:Geography
324:(CDP) in
307:FIPS code
297:Area code
285:ZIP codes
251:Time zone
141:78°59′8″W
2624:Randolph
2619:Ralphton
2614:Quecreek
2579:Hiyasota
2564:Fairhope
2519:Friedens
2461:Somerset
2391:Fairhope
2386:Elk Lick
2312:Somerset
2291:Rockwood
2203:Boroughs
2193:Somerset
1272:Archived
1202:Archived
945:200,000.
830:Avenues.
556:Trentino
346:Hiyasota
311:42-38104
194:Somerset
2644:Springs
2594:Kantner
2589:Jenners
2584:Husband
2554:Boynton
2431:Milford
2416:Lincoln
2411:Larimer
2361:Addison
2332:Windber
2246:Garrett
2221:Boswell
2211:Addison
2088:Jerome.
1883:Science
1865:Ecology
1537:County.
1079:June 4,
906:Jerome
780:Jenners
776:Boswell
759:Jenners
691:Boswell
544:Hungary
536:Croatia
499:History
167:Country
2634:Seanor
2604:Listie
2549:Blough
2529:Jerome
2499:Acosta
2476:Summit
2406:Jenner
2322:Ursina
2216:Berlin
2008:
2000:
1315:below.
1159:Anon.
610:Benson
577:German
548:Russia
540:Poland
466:Latino
454:census
411:Census
318:Jerome
189:County
112:Jerome
76:Jerome
48:PA 601
25:Jerome
2456:Shade
2446:Paint
2371:Black
2286:Paint
1452:p. 7.
1417:p. 3.
636:(see
592:bocce
573:Welsh
552:Italy
462:Asian
458:White
320:is a
290:15937
279:(EDT)
277:UTC-4
256:UTC-5
177:State
2559:Deal
2524:Gray
2514:Edie
2491:CDPs
2441:Ogle
2006:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1439:p. 8
1081:2016
1047:2011
1021:2008
993:2022
971:2022
736:and
699:week
679:here
677:and
675:here
644:and
588:YMCA
575:and
550:and
521:here
517:USGS
432:2020
420:Note
415:Pop.
200:Area
1384:p.4
436:942
301:814
270:DST
237:942
33:CDP
2703::
2189::
2174:,
1941:^
1847:^
1760:^
1681:^
1402:^
1037:.
1012:.
1001:^
778:,
765:.
612:.
571:,
546:,
542:,
538:,
425:%±
332:,
2303:‡
2161:e
2154:t
2147:v
1083:.
1049:.
1023:.
995:.
973:.
865:.
441:—
272:)
262:)
258:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
