110:
126:
417:
22:
192:
1824:
1834:
383:
364:
the
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, which included the former Publishing House of Henry C. Lea, Co. at 706 Sansom Street and a former Electrotype Foundry at 704 Sansom Street. This decision has been met with fierce local opposition, with signs denouncing the project appearing in the windows of several buildings on Sansom Street, as well as criticism from
133:
336:
Sansom bought (at sheriff's sale) the property and unfinished house of Robert Morris, on Walnut St. between 7th and 8th Sts. He bisected the land with a new east-west eponymous street. Carstairs purchased the south side of Sansom St. and erected 22 look-alike dwellings. Prior to this time houses had
363:
obtained a zoning and demolition permit to construct a twenty-nine story tower of condominiums on the 700 block of Sansom Street. Specifically, five buildings from 702 to 710 Sansom would be demolished. The
Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia nominated two of the buildings for listing in
298:
109:
390:
Alterations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries changed most of the row – only 700, 730 and 732 Sansom retained their original experience. 710 Sansom, built in 1870, is a three-story commercial building with stone
348:
and continued by subsequent planners and surveyors heavily influenced the row house form of architecture. The block of row houses is an important example of
Philadelphia’s architectural and developmental history.
356:
to design another row on the 700 block of Walnut Street. A prominent feature of the street is the repetitive flat expanse of the buildings, which made it ideal for commercial conversion.
1809:
1204:
811:
125:
395:. Its Victorian style is typical of the buildings that became the center for jewelry and diamond merchants who developed Jewelers’ Row in the mid-19th century (1860–1879).
154:
398:
722 Sansom was originally built in the 1860s and was redesigned in the early 1900s when steel became available. 724 Sansom, built in 1875, has a cast iron first floor.
51:
1364:
1149:
669:
626:
1526:
1878:
1521:
1199:
1576:
352:
Sansom erected the buildings on what was then the outskirts of
Philadelphia. To attract tenants he paved Sansom Street at his own expense. He then hired
1211:
524:
1369:
954:
804:
1858:
1429:
1097:
483:
1646:
1581:
1499:
1060:
1039:
430:
998:
906:
704:
1799:
1024:
1873:
1494:
1379:
1284:
1254:
828:
797:
100:
1636:
1556:
1479:
1249:
217:
73:
752:
1868:
1745:
1656:
1409:
1189:
944:
901:
851:
599:"Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: The Publishing House of Henry C. Lea, 706 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA"
499:
1596:
1489:
1356:
1274:
1034:
1730:
1536:
1439:
1414:
1399:
1374:
1269:
1216:
993:
929:
401:
After the homes were sold for commercial interests, several engravers of plates for books moved in. At 732, the engraver for
641:
598:
310:
309:
Jeweler’s Row (Carstairs Row) was designed by builder and architect Thomas
Carstairs circa 1799 through 1820, for developer
1194:
866:
572:
1863:
1621:
1566:
1312:
1264:
1259:
1164:
1144:
1139:
239:
266:
located on Sansom Street between
Seventh and Eighth Streets, and on Eighth Street between Chestnut and Walnut Streets.
34:
1735:
1586:
1551:
1511:
1484:
934:
896:
846:
44:
38:
30:
1591:
1516:
1464:
1419:
1090:
967:
891:
861:
330:
255:
1631:
1384:
1324:
1292:
1244:
1174:
876:
820:
366:
251:
55:
1611:
1307:
1302:
1127:
1014:
642:"Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Electrotype Foundry, 704 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA"
326:
234:
325:
in the United States. Carstairs Row was built on the southern part of the site occupied by "Morris' Folly" –
1571:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1122:
1029:
1019:
836:
341:
where all the house are of varying heights and widths, with different street lines, doorways and brickwork.
302:
1676:
1459:
1424:
1341:
1331:
1319:
1234:
962:
871:
684:
1827:
1704:
1699:
1546:
1444:
1239:
1184:
1179:
1083:
728:
548:
1134:
1106:
469:
1837:
1766:
1694:
1689:
1661:
1601:
1394:
480:
422:
314:
1833:
1740:
1709:
1684:
1454:
1336:
1297:
939:
886:
1434:
841:
338:
114:
Jewelers' Row: The west side of S. 8th Street between Sansom and
Chestnut Streets looking north.
1804:
1771:
1641:
1504:
1389:
1346:
881:
663:
620:
1791:
1561:
1404:
353:
274:
270:
263:
1761:
1531:
1469:
1055:
487:
402:
392:
1626:
983:
322:
1852:
1786:
1776:
1725:
1474:
924:
503:
445:
360:
318:
197:
1781:
1616:
1449:
1226:
988:
405:
lived and worked. His customer, Poe, ate dinner in the house on several occasions.
371:
345:
227:
207:
1651:
1606:
916:
440:
1666:
1541:
412:
382:
286:
259:
169:
156:
789:
435:
282:
685:"Proposed Building Gets Bigger In Battle Over Jewelers' Row Condo Project"
297:
784:
1075:
525:"Toll now planning 29-story tower on Jewelers Row for more condo units"
470:
Carstairs, Thomas (1759?-1830) - Philadelphia
Architects and Buildings
780:
Center City
District and Central Philadelphia Development Corporation
278:
337:
been built not in rows, but individually. It can be contrasted with
481:
National Park
Service - Signers of the Declaration (Robert Morris)
381:
296:
779:
1079:
793:
753:"Toll's two-faced Jewelers Row tower is no gem as architecture"
705:"Saffron: Development threatens Jewelers Row history, heritage"
640:
Beisert, Oscar, and Wunsch, Aaron, Ph.D. (November 26, 2020).
15:
597:
Beisert, Oscar, and Wunsch, Aaron, Ph.D. (August 18, 2016).
729:"After Jewelers Row, what's the next preservation tragedy?"
549:"After Jewelers Row, what's the next preservation tragedy?"
86:
Neighborhood of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, United States
285:
businesses have been owned by the same families for five
258:, United States, is composed of more than 300 retailers,
1470:
Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library
573:"Why this Jewelers Row landlord sold to Toll Brothers"
1810:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
1754:
1718:
1675:
1355:
1283:
1225:
1115:
1048:
1007:
976:
953:
915:
827:
233:
223:
213:
203:
185:
91:
1365:Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1091:
805:
8:
683:says, Maryanne S. Ritter (9 February 2017).
668:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1577:National Museum of American Jewish History
1098:
1084:
1076:
1045:
812:
798:
790:
88:
132:
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
1370:African American Museum in Philadelphia
462:
232:
184:
149:
118:
106:
1430:Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
661:
618:
301:Morris' folly. Engraving from 1800 by
273:in America and second in size only to
1879:Jewelry industry in the United States
1647:Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial
1582:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
1500:Independence National Historical Park
1040:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
431:Independence National Historical Park
222:
212:
202:
7:
999:Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
1800:2016 Democratic National Convention
1552:Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum
313:, as part of the first speculative
1495:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
1380:American Swedish Historical Museum
14:
1637:Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
1557:Museum of the American Revolution
785:Jewelers Row Philadelphia Website
329:’ unfinished mansion designed by
1832:
1823:
1822:
1657:Wagner Free Institute of Science
1547:Marian Anderson Residence Museum
415:
190:
131:
124:
108:
20:
1490:Historical Society of Frankford
1035:Moore College of Art and Design
649:Keeping Society of Philadelphia
606:Keeping Society of Philadelphia
1537:La Salle University Art Museum
1375:American Philosophical Society
994:Pennsylvania Convention Center
344:The grid pattern laid down by
1:
1859:Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
1522:Institute of Contemporary Art
359:In 2016, real estate company
1622:Rosenbach Museum and Library
1597:Philadelphia's Magic Gardens
1567:National Constitution Center
378:Changes throughout the years
101:Neighborhood of Philadelphia
1587:Philadelphia History Museum
1512:Independence Seaport Museum
1485:Historic Strawberry Mansion
1895:
1592:Philadelphia Museum of Art
1465:Glen Foerd on the Delaware
1440:Fabric Workshop and Museum
1420:Eastern State Penitentiary
256:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1874:Center City, Philadelphia
1818:
1632:Science History Institute
1627:Ryerss Museum and Library
1385:Athenaeum of Philadelphia
821:Center City, Philadelphia
150:
119:
107:
98:
1480:Hill–Physick–Keith House
1425:Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion
321:and introduction of the
275:the one in New York City
29:This article includes a
1869:Economy of Philadelphia
1572:National Liberty Museum
1030:Parkway Central Library
1020:George A. McCall School
370:architecture columnist
331:Pierre Charles L'Enfant
58:more precise citations.
1460:Germantown White House
1342:Southwest Philadelphia
1332:Northwest Philadelphia
1320:Northeast Philadelphia
1061:University of the Arts
907:Washington Square West
387:
306:
1445:Fairmount Water Works
385:
367:Philadelphia Inquirer
300:
281:, jewelrymaking, and
277:. Many of the area's
170:39.94853°N 75.15261°W
1108:City of Philadelphia
500:"Location, Location"
315:housing developments
1864:Jewellery districts
1662:Woodmere Art Museum
1602:Please Touch Museum
423:Philadelphia portal
175:39.94853; -75.15261
166: /
1527:John Johnson House
1455:Franklin Institute
1337:South Philadelphia
1298:North Philadelphia
1205:Historic Landmarks
1025:St. Peter's School
955:Historic districts
940:Rittenhouse Square
887:Rittenhouse Square
486:2012-10-18 at the
388:
307:
31:list of references
1846:
1845:
1805:Philadelphia Mint
1772:Independence Hall
1505:Independence Hall
1390:Barnes Foundation
1347:West Philadelphia
1270:Police Department
1250:District Attorney
1200:Sites of interest
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
945:Washington Square
902:Washington Square
852:Independence Mall
269:It is the oldest
250:, located in the
245:
244:
84:
83:
76:
1886:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1767:Carpenters' Hall
1410:Civil War Museum
1405:Betsy Ross House
1395:Bartram's Garden
1109:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1046:
814:
807:
800:
791:
767:
766:
764:
763:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
680:
674:
673:
667:
659:
657:
655:
646:
637:
631:
630:
624:
616:
614:
612:
603:
594:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:. 6 January 2017
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
545:
539:
538:
536:
535:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
502:. Archived from
496:
490:
478:
472:
467:
425:
420:
419:
418:
354:Benjamin Latrobe
271:diamond district
240:215, 267 and 445
196:
194:
193:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
135:
134:
128:
112:
89:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1814:
1762:Delaware Valley
1750:
1714:
1671:
1612:RittenhouseTown
1532:John Ruan House
1435:Elfreth's Alley
1400:Belmont Mansion
1351:
1279:
1275:School district
1260:Fire Department
1221:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1074:
1065:
1056:Hussian College
1044:
1015:Constitution HS
1003:
972:
949:
930:Franklin Square
911:
867:Museum District
842:Elfreth's Alley
823:
818:
776:
771:
770:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
703:
702:
698:
689:
687:
682:
681:
677:
660:
653:
651:
644:
639:
638:
634:
617:
610:
608:
601:
596:
595:
591:
582:
580:
571:
570:
566:
557:
555:
547:
546:
542:
533:
531:
523:
522:
518:
509:
507:
498:
497:
493:
488:Wayback Machine
479:
475:
468:
464:
454:
421:
416:
414:
411:
403:Edgar Allan Poe
380:
339:Elfreth's Alley
295:
191:
189:
174:
172:
168:
165:
160:
157:
155:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
136:
115:
103:
94:
87:
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:Olney-Oak Lane
1310:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1217:Transportation
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1190:Notable people
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
984:Comcast Center
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
882:Penn's Landing
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
825:
824:
819:
817:
816:
809:
802:
794:
788:
787:
782:
775:
774:External links
772:
769:
768:
744:
720:
696:
675:
632:
589:
564:
540:
516:
491:
473:
461:
460:
453:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
426:
410:
407:
386:Street signage
379:
376:
311:William Sansom
294:
291:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
187:
183:
182:
148:
147:
138:
137:
130:
129:
123:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
105:
104:
99:
96:
95:
92:
85:
82:
81:
39:external links
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:United States
1790:
1788:
1787:Syng inkstand
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Congress Hall
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Mütter Museum
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Grumblethorpe
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1285:Neighborhoods
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
925:Dilworth Park
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Jewelers' Row
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Fitler Square
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
829:Neighborhoods
826:
822:
815:
810:
808:
803:
801:
796:
795:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
758:
754:
748:
745:
734:
730:
724:
721:
710:
706:
700:
697:
686:
679:
676:
671:
665:
650:
643:
636:
633:
628:
622:
607:
600:
593:
590:
578:
574:
568:
565:
554:
550:
544:
541:
530:
526:
520:
517:
506:on 2007-09-27
505:
501:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
477:
474:
471:
466:
463:
459:
458:
451:
447:
446:Bench Jeweler
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
413:
408:
406:
404:
399:
396:
394:
384:
377:
375:
373:
369:
368:
362:
361:Toll Brothers
357:
355:
350:
347:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
327:Robert Morris
324:
320:
319:United States
316:
312:
304:
303:William Birch
299:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Jewelers' Row
241:
238:
236:
229:
226:
219:
216:
209:
206:
199:
198:United States
188:
179:
151:Coordinates:
139:Jewelers' Row
127:
111:
102:
97:
93:Jewelers' Row
90:
78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1793:
1782:Liberty Bell
1617:Rodin Museum
1450:Fort Mifflin
1265:Free Library
1245:City Council
1165:Demographics
1145:Bibliography
1140:Architecture
989:Liberty Bell
968:Society Hill
935:Logan Circle
897:South Street
892:Society Hill
862:Logan Square
856:
760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
736:. Retrieved
732:
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:
699:
688:. Retrieved
678:
654:November 26,
652:. Retrieved
648:
635:
611:November 26,
609:. Retrieved
605:
592:
581:. Retrieved
576:
567:
556:. Retrieved
552:
543:
532:. Retrieved
528:
519:
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
494:
476:
465:
456:
455:
400:
397:
389:
372:Inga Saffron
365:
358:
351:
346:William Penn
343:
335:
308:
268:
247:
246:
235:Area code(s)
228:Philadelphia
218:Philadelphia
208:Pennsylvania
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
1741:Rittenhouse
1652:Penn Museum
1607:Powel House
1517:Insectarium
1325:River Wards
1308:Upper North
1303:Lower North
1293:Center City
1212:Skyscrapers
877:Penn Center
441:Silversmith
287:generations
260:wholesalers
254:section of
252:Center City
173: /
56:introducing
1853:Categories
1746:Washington
1667:Wyck House
1542:Lemon Hill
1227:Government
762:2017-07-15
757:Philly.com
738:2017-07-15
733:Philly.com
714:2017-07-15
709:Philly.com
690:2017-07-15
583:2017-07-15
577:Billy Penn
558:2017-07-15
553:Philly.com
534:2017-07-15
529:Philly.com
510:2007-04-19
452:References
161:75°09′09″W
158:39°56′55″N
1235:City Hall
1175:Education
1150:Companies
1008:Education
977:Landmarks
837:Chinatown
436:Goldsmith
323:Row house
283:appraisal
264:craftsmen
64:June 2024
1828:Category
1731:Franklin
1705:Phillies
1700:Freedoms
1415:Cliveden
1128:Timeline
963:Old City
872:Old City
664:cite web
621:cite web
484:Archived
409:See also
1755:Related
1719:Squares
1642:Stenton
1357:Museums
1255:Airport
1170:Economy
1160:Culture
1155:Cuisine
1123:History
917:Squares
393:lintels
317:in the
293:History
186:Country
52:improve
1838:Portal
1726:Centre
1695:Flyers
1690:Eagles
1677:Sports
1135:Accent
1116:Topics
1049:Closed
279:retail
262:, and
214:County
195:
1736:Logan
1710:Union
1685:76ers
1240:Mayor
1195:Riots
1185:Music
1180:Media
645:(PDF)
602:(PDF)
457:Notes
204:State
37:, or
670:link
656:2020
627:link
613:2020
224:City
1792:SS
1855::
755:.
731:.
707:.
666:}}
662:{{
647:.
623:}}
619:{{
604:.
575:.
551:.
527:.
374:.
333:.
289:.
41:,
33:,
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
813:e
806:t
799:v
765:.
741:.
717:.
693:.
672:)
658:.
629:)
615:.
586:.
561:.
537:.
513:.
305:.
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.