Insurance fraud - Knowledge

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and gather evidence from available sources. Then, in the "post-contact" stage, they interview the suspect to gather more information and, ideally, obtain an incriminating statement. Insurance fraud investigators are trained to question the suspect in a way that precludes the suspect raising a valid defense at a later time. For example, questions about access to claim forms preclude the defense of another individual filling out the fraudulent documents. Common defenses that the suspect interview may preclude include the suspect lacking either the knowledge that their statement was false or the intention to defraud, or the suspect making an ambiguous statement that was later misinterpreted. Full disclosure may add credibility to a suspect's account of events, but omissions from disclosure or false statements may detract from the suspect's credibility in later interviews or proceedings.

1215:, insurance fraud accounts for about 10 percent of the property/casualty insurance industry's incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association estimates that 3% of the health care industry's expenditures in the United States are due to fraudulent activities, amounting to a cost of about $ 51 billion. Other estimates attribute as much as 10% of the total healthcare spending in the United States to fraud—about $ 115 billion annually. According to the FBI, non-health insurance fraud costs an estimated $ 40 billion per year, which increases the premiums for the average U.S. family between $ 400 and $ 700 annually. Another study of all 1198:, the causes vary, but are usually centered on greed, and on holes in the protections against fraud. Often, those who commit insurance fraud view it as a low-risk, lucrative enterprise. For example, drug dealers who have entered insurance fraud think it is safer and more profitable than working street corners. Compared to those for other crimes, court sentences for insurance fraud can be lenient, reducing the risk of extended punishment. Though insurers fight fraud, some pay suspicious claims anyway, as settling such claims is often cheaper than legal action. 1607:" or "runners", the middlemen who obtain the cars to crash, farm out the claims to the professionals at the top, and recruit participants. These participants at the bottom-rung of the scheme are desperate people (poor immigrants or others in need of quick cash) who are paid around US$ 1000 to place their bodies in the paths of cars and trucks, playing a kind of Russian roulette with their lives and those of unsuspecting motorists around them. According to investigators, cappers usually hire within their own ethnic groups. What makes busting these 1595:. In this scheme, known as a "swoop-and-squat", one or more drivers in "swoop" cars force an unsuspecting driver into position behind a "squat" car. This squat car, which is usually filled with several passengers, then slows abruptly, forcing the driver of the chosen car to collide with the squat car. The passengers in the squat car then file a claim with the other driver's insurance company. This claim often includes bills for medical treatments that were not necessary or not received. 3260: 4826: 1144:

crimes also range in severity, from slightly exaggerating claims to deliberately causing accidents or damage. Fraudulent activities affect the lives of innocent people, both directly through accidental or intentional injury or damage, and indirectly by the crimes leading to higher insurance premiums. Insurance fraud poses a significant problem, and governments and other organizations try to deter such activity.

38: 139: 1406:, is that the historically-prevailing attitude in the medical profession is one of "fidelity to patients". This incentive can lead to fraudulent practices such as billing insurers for treatments that are not covered by the patient's insurance policy. To do this, physicians bill for a different service, which the policy covers, rather than the service they rendered. 1277:, which is far more common than hard fraud, is sometimes also referred to as opportunistic fraud. This type of fraud consists of policyholders exaggerating otherwise legitimate claims. For example, when involved in an automotive collision an insured person might claim more damage than actually occurred. Soft fraud can also occur when, while obtaining a new health 1491:

denying claims. Two-way insurance coverage is very expensive and almost completely unavailable for vehicles over ten years old–the drivers can only obtain basic liability. Because Russian courts do not like using verbal claims, most people have dashboard cameras installed to warn would-be perpetrators or provide evidence for/against claims.

1864:'s Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act of 1997 states that any person who submits a motor vehicle insurance claim that contains false or misleading information may on the first offence be fined C$ 25,000, imprisoned for two years, or both. On the second offense, that person may be fined C$ 50,000, imprisoned for two years, or both. 1766:

with special training in investigating fraudulent claims. These investigators look for certain symptoms associated with fraudulent claims, or otherwise look for evidence of falsification of some kind. This evidence can then be used to deny payment of the claims or to prosecute fraudsters if the violation is serious enough.

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extra visits for patients; referring patients to other physicians when no further treatment is actually necessary; "phantom billing", billing for services not rendered; and "ganging", billing for services to family members or other individuals who are accompanying the patient but who did not personally receive any services.

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was founded in 1973 to help fight insurance fraud. This organization collects information on insurance fraud, and also carries out investigations. Approximately one third of these investigations result in criminal conviction, one third result in denial of the claim, and one third result in payment of

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was founded in 1993 to help fight insurance fraud. This organization collects information on insurance fraud, and is the only anti-fraud alliance speaking for consumers, insurance companies, government agencies and others. Through its unique work, the Coalition empowers consumers to fight back, helps

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When an insurance company's fraud department investigates a fraud claim, they frequently proceed in two stages: pre-contact and post-contact. In the pre-contact stage they analyze all available evidence before they contact the suspect. They may review submitted paperwork, reach out to third parties,

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Other examples include jumping in front of cars as done in Russia. The driving conditions and roads are dangerous with many people trying to scam drivers by jumping in front of expensive-looking cars or crashing into them. Hit and runs are very common and insurance companies notoriously specialize in

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Perhaps the greatest total dollar amount of fraud is committed by the health insurance companies themselves. There are numerous studies and articles detailing examples of insurance companies intentionally not paying claims and deleting them from their systems, denying and cancelling coverage, and the

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structure. Physicians use several fraudulent techniques to achieve this end. These can include "up-coding" or "upgrading", which involve billing for more expensive treatments than those actually provided; providing, and subsequently billing for, treatments that are not medically necessary; scheduling

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Another basis for fraud is over-insurance, in which someone insures property for more than its real value. This condition can be difficult to avoid, especially since an insurance provider might sometimes encourage it to obtain greater profits. This lets fraudsters profit by destroying their property,

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specifically defines fraud as a crime. This act defines fraud as being committed when a person "makes a false representation", "fails to disclose to another person information which he is under a legal duty to disclose", or abuses a position in which a person is "expected to safeguard, or not to act

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states that whoever attempts or carries out a "scheme or artifice" to "defraud a health care benefit program" will be "fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both". If a scheme results in bodily injury, the violator may be imprisoned up to 20 years, and if the scheme results

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Due to the sheer number of claims submitted each day, it would be far too expensive for insurance companies to have employees check each claim for symptoms of fraud. Instead, many companies use computers and statistical analysis to identify suspicious claims for further investigation. There are two

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The majority of life insurance fraud occurs at the application stage, involving applicants misrepresenting their health, their income, and other personal information in order to get a cheaper premium. As more and more insurance amendments can be performed online or over the telephone, identity theft

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Insurance fraud has existed since the beginning of insurance as a commercial enterprise. Fraudulent claims account for a significant portion of all claims received by insurers, and cost billions of dollars annually. Types of insurance fraud are diverse and occur in all areas of insurance. Insurance

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in the UK estimated there were more than 20,000 staged collisions and false insurance claims across the UK from 1999 to 2006. One tactic fraudsters use is to drive to a busy junction or roundabout and brake sharply causing a motorist to drive into the back of them. They claim the other motorist was

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committed. The best that can be done is to provide an estimate for the losses that insurers suffer due to insurance fraud. The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud estimates that in 2006 a total of about $ 80 billion was lost in the United States due to insurance fraud. According to estimates by the

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Within the context of health insurance, fraud by health insurance companies is sometimes found by comparing revenues from premiums paid against the expenditure by the health insurance companies on claims. For example, in 2006 the Harris County Medical Society, in Texas, had a health insurance rate

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Unsupervised methods of statistical detection, on the other hand, involve detecting claims that are abnormal. Both claims adjusters and computers can also be trained to identify "red flags", or symptoms that in the past have often been associated with fraudulent claims. Statistical detection does

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or insurance agents. Additionally, members of the public can provide tips to insurance companies, law enforcement and other organizations regarding suspected, observed, or admitted insurance fraud perpetrated by other individuals. Regardless of the source, the next step is to refer these claims to

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Once a built up claim is identified, insurance companies usually try to negotiate the claim down to the appropriate amount. Suspicious claims can also be submitted to "special investigative units", or SIUs, for further investigation. These units generally consist of experienced claims adjusters

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June 17, 1992, brought public attention to the existence of organized crime rings that stage auto accidents for insurance fraud. These schemes generally consist of three different levels. At the top, there are the professionals—doctors or lawyers who diagnose false injuries and/or file fraudulent

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It is hard to place an exact value on the money stolen through insurance fraud. Insurance fraud is deliberately undetectable, unlike visible crimes such as robbery or murder. As such, the number of cases of insurance fraud that are detected is much lower than the number of acts that are actually

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In addition to fraudulent claims, insurers can lose premium because customers inaccurately describe the risk, causing less premium to be charged. This can happen for any type of insurable risk and is most noteworthy in workers compensation insurance, where insureds report fewer employees, less

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Possible motivations for property insurance fraud can include obtaining payment that is worth more than the value of the property destroyed, or to destroy and subsequently receive payment for goods that could not otherwise be sold. According to Alfred Manes, the majority of fraudulent property

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see it as necessary to provide quality care for their patients. Many patients, although disapproving of the idea of fraud, are sometimes more willing to accept it when it affects their own medical care. Program administrators are often lenient on the issue of insurance fraud, as they want to

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In staged collision fraud, fraudsters use a motor vehicle to stage an accident with an innocent party. Typically, the fraudsters' vehicle carries four or five passengers. Its driver makes an unexpected manoeuvre, forcing an innocent party to collide with the fraudster's vehicle. Each of the

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fraud fighters better detect this crime and deters more people from committing fraud. The Coalition supports this mission with a large and continually expanding armory of practical tools: Information, research and data, services and insight as a leading voice of the anti-fraud community.

1383:, health insurance fraud depletes taxpayer-funded programs like Medicare, and may victimize patients in the hands of certain doctors. Some scams involve double-billing by doctors who charge insurers for treatments that never occurred, and surgeons who perform unnecessary surgery. 1426:

blatant underpayment to hospitals and physicians beneath what are normal fees for care they provide. Although difficult to obtain the information, this fraud by insurance companies can be estimated by comparing revenues from premium payments and expenditures on health claims.

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Unemployment insurance fraud can occur when someone who is not unemployed or who steals the identity of another individual obtains unemployment benefits to which he or she is not entitled. During 2020, there was a significant spike of unemployment fraud in the United States.

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occurs when someone deliberately plans or invents a loss, such as a collision, auto theft, or fire that is covered by their insurance policy in order to claim payment for damages. Criminal rings are sometimes involved in hard fraud schemes that can steal millions of dollars.

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at fault because they were driving too fast or too close behind them, and make a false and inflated claim to the motorist's insurer for whiplash and damage, which can pay the fraudsters up to £30,000. In the Insurance Fraud Bureau's first year of operation, the usage of

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main types of statistical analysis tools used: supervised and unsupervised. In either case, suspicious claims are identified by comparing data about the claim to expected values. The main difference between the two methods is how the expected values are derived.

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A real accident may occur, but the dishonest owner may take the opportunity to incorporate a whole range of previous minor damage to the vehicle into the garage bill associated with the real accident. Personal injuries may also be exaggerated, particularly

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Fraud rings or groups may fake traffic deaths or stage collisions to make false insurance or exaggerated claims and collect insurance money. The ring may involve insurance claims adjusters and other people who create phony police reports to process claims.

1560:, known as "fronting", involves registering someone other than the real primary driver of a car as the primary driver of the car. For example, parents might list themselves as the primary driver of their children's vehicles to avoid young driver premiums. 1782:

National and local governments, especially in the last half of the twentieth century, have recognized insurance fraud as a serious crime, and have made efforts to punish and prevent this practice. Some major developments are listed below by jurisdiction:

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Fraud can be committed either by an insured person or by a provider. Member fraud consists of claims on behalf of ineligible members and/or dependents, alterations on enrollment forms, concealing pre-existing conditions, failure to report other coverage,

1747:, this method has some drawbacks as it requires absolute certainty that those claims analyzed are actually either fraudulent or non-fraudulent, and because it can only be used to detect types of fraud that have been committed and identified before. 3119: 1469:

estimated that in 1996, 21 to 36 percent of auto-insurance claims contained elements of suspected fraud. There is a wide variety of schemes used to defraud automobile insurance providers. These ploys can differ greatly in complexity and severity.

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committed in the United States insurance institutions (property-and-casualty, business liability, healthcare, social security, etc.) put the true cost at 33% to 38% of the total cash flow through the system. This study resulted in the book title

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increase of 22 percent for "consumer-driven" health plans from Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas. This was despite the fact that during the previous year, Blue Cross had paid out only 9 percent of the collected premium dollars for claims.

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because they receive an insurance payout greater that the value of the property. The most common forms of insurance fraud are re-framing a non-insured damage to make it an event covered by insurance, and inflating the value of the loss.

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can include activities such as staging automobile collisions, filing claims when the claimant was not actually involved in the accident, submitting claims for medical treatments that were not received, or inventing injuries.

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Besides making laws more severe, legislation has also come up with a list for management that should be implemented so that companies are better suited to combat the possibility of being scammed. That list includes:

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The insurer may also treat the insurance contract as if it had been terminated at the time of the "fraudulent act". This is dependent on the insurer giving notice of their election to do so to the insured.

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process. It occurs when a claimant attempts to obtain some benefit or advantage they are not entitled to, or when an insurer knowingly denies some benefit that is due. According to the United States

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Health insurance fraud is described as an intentional act of deceiving, concealing, or misrepresenting information that results in health care benefits being paid to an individual or group.

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The detection of insurance fraud generally occurs in two steps. The first step is to identify suspicious claims that have a higher possibility of being fraudulent. This can be done by

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In a supervised method, expected values are obtained by analyzing records of both fraudulent and non-fraudulent claims. According to Richard J. Bolton and David B. Hand, both of

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has become an enabling crime that can lead to the amendment of life insurance terms to benefit a fraudster; for example, by adding a second stolen identity as a new beneficiary.

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difficult is how quickly they move into jurisdictions with lesser enforcement, after a crackdown in a particular region. As a result, in the US several levels of police and the

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Another example is that a person may illegally register their car to a location that would net them cheaper insurance rates than where they actually live, sometimes called

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19 states require mandatory insurer fraud plans. This requires companies to form programs to combat fraud and in some cases to develop investigation units to detect fraud.

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fraudsters then files claims for injuries sustained in the vehicle. A "recruited" doctor diagnoses whiplash or other soft-tissue injuries which are hard to dispute later.

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or treatments that are outside the scope of practice, alterations on claims submissions, and providing services while medical licenses are either suspended or revoked.

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Approximately one third of these investigations result in criminal conviction, one third result in denial of the claim, and one third result in payment of the claim.

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Learn to deal with the economic side of business. That means putting procedures and policies in place to catch and deal with individuals trying to commit fraud.

1716:' insurers suppose staging damages blamable on the local authorities (mostly falls and trips on council owned land) or inflating the value of existing damages. 2359: 3420: 4170: 1549: 2641: 1925:

Where the insurer has already paid out insurance monies on the claim and later discovers the fraud, the insurer may recover those monies from the insured.

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in December 2007, five years after he was thought to have died in a canoeing accident, claiming to have no memory of the period after his disappearance.

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against, the financial interests of another person". This act also defines the penalties for fraud as imprisonment up to ten years, a fine, or both.

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holds that fraudulent claims need not be paid and that insurance premiums paid are forfeited: this "fraudulent claims rule" was incorporated into

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rings can also be involved in auto-insurance fraud, sometimes carrying out schemes that are very complex. An example of one such ploy is given by

3344: 4180: 2520: 1901: 1504:. Insurance fraud cases of exaggerated claims can also include claiming damage to the car that is not from the accident reported in the claim. 1100: 1817:

41 states have fraud bureaus. These are law enforcement agencies where "investigators review fraud reports and begin the prosecution process".

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Provider fraud consists of claims submitted by bogus physicians, billing for services not rendered, billing for higher level of services,

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Where the insured commits a fraud against the insurer, the insurer is not liable to pay the insurance claim to which the fraud relates.

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debunk false insurance claims and allow the insurance company or claimant to seek a non-partial medical view for injury-related cases.

3576: 3169: 2878: 2429: 1567:" scams may involve random unaware strangers, set to appear as the perpetrators of the orchestrated crashes. Such techniques are the 4875: 3505: 3338: 3298: 1804: 1683: 1682:. One reason for this is that any evidence that a fire was started by arson is often destroyed by the fire itself. According to the 1380: 1195: 121: 3058: 2044: 3571: 2078: 736: 500: 55: 4385: 4150: 3541: 3531: 3313: 3288: 1940: 1373: 1212: 1125: 1575:(when following one car, another one pulls in front of it, causing it to brake sharply, then the first car drives off) or the 102: 4458: 4155: 1475: 1306: 972: 225: 59: 2950: 2849: 2341: 1686:, in the United States there were approximately 31,000 fires caused by arson in 2006, resulting in losses of $ 755 million. 74: 3085: 982: 2075:"Kendall, Marisa. Southwest Florida gangs eschew street for Internet, The News Press - Fort Myers, Fla. January 17, 2012" 4313: 3561: 3462: 1174: 1057: 966: 2698: 1854: 81: 4130: 3827: 3773: 3447: 1950: 1875: 3612: 2611: 1302:

to claim life insurance. Fraudsters may sometimes turn up a few years after disappearing, claiming a loss of memory.

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not prove that claims are fraudulent; it merely identifies suspicious claims that must be investigated further.

1557: 1466: 4870: 4850: 4230: 3982: 3852: 3832: 3500: 3452: 1525: 1513: 997: 220: 3887: 1604: 1579:(the driver is waved into a line of queuing traffic by the scammer who promptly crashes, then denies waving). 1281:, an individual misreports previous or existing conditions to obtain a lower premium on the insurance policy. 4033: 3822: 3690: 3637: 3495: 3485: 3374: 3264: 3259: 1744: 1454: 1387: 815: 70: 48: 1462:

initiatives exposed insurance fraud networks and led to 74 arrests and a five-to-one return on investment.

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Another motivation for insurance fraud is a desire for financial gain. Public healthcare programs such as

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Understanding the importance of the hiring process and how important it is to hire honest individuals.

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include filing more than one claim for a single injury, filing claims for injuries not related to an

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went missing in 1974 from a beach in Miami but was discovered living under an assumed name in

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with punishment of up to ten years of prison in addition to significant financial penalties.

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Understanding that fraud does exist and that there is a high possibility for it happening.

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payroll, and less risky employees than is actually intended to be covered by the policy.

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500 million annually. Indiaforensic Center of Studies estimates that Insurance frauds in

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Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. "United States Code."

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provides clear evidence that the phenomenon of insurance fraud was already known in the

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have cooperated in forming task forces and sharing databases to track claim histories.

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Viaene, Stijn; Dedene, Guido (April 2005). "Insurance Fraud: Issues and Challenges".

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fraud, and failure to disclose claims that were a result of a work-related injury.

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to Britain and imprisoned for seven years on charges of fraud, theft, and forgery.

1228:, the Insurance Fraud Bureau estimates that the loss due to insurance fraud in the 1156: 1038: 601: 525: 515: 398: 383: 295: 146: 3197:

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. "Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act."

2299: 2273: 1638:(for instance; a shunt). Because the mechanism of injury is not fully understood, 3269:

Insurance Act 2015: Explanatory Notes, Section 12: Remedies for Fraudulent Claims

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National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem of Health Care Fraud."

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1.5 billion ($ 3.08 billion), causing a 5% increase in insurance premiums. The

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Accidentally, on Purpose: The Making of a Personal Injury Underworld in America

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In response to the increased amount of health care fraud in the United States,

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they can be false claims in which the damages claimed never actually occurred.

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they can be otherwise legitimate claims that are exaggerated or "built up", or

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are especially conducive to fraudulent activities, as they are often run on a

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provide both the insured and the insurer with opportunities for exploitation.

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of 1996 (HIPAA), has specifically established health care fraud as a federal

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claims and these earn the bulk of the profits from the fraud. Next are the "

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According to Roger Feldman, Blue Cross Professor of Health Insurance at the

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external symptoms (which are easy to fake). Resultingly, "no win no fee"

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money (often a £2500 payout). Ultimately this has resulted in increased

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can also occur when claimants falsely report their vehicle as stolen.

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Insurance fraud can be classified as either hard fraud or soft fraud.

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The One Show Team - September 15, 2008 3:50 PM (September 15, 2008).

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California: Department of Insurance; Fraud: What is Insurance Fraud?

1402:. One reason for this, according to David Hyman, a Professor at the 2875:"Housing and Council Tax Benefit fraud - Allerdale Borough Council" 2348:"Health Fraud" Scam Alerts. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, 2011 1478:, lists several ways that auto-insurance fraud can occur, such as: 4658: 4395: 4241: 1679: 1249: 1137: 1117: 676: 621: 571: 4363: 3294: 3263: This article incorporates text published under the British 2957:. Centre for Applied Psychology & Criminology. Archived from 2521:"Insurance Fraud Bureau's data-mining initiatives net fraudsters" 4774: 4752: 3936: 2949:

Lincoln, Robyn; Wells, Helene; Petherick, Wayne (July 1, 2003).

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The "chief motive in all insurance crimes is financial profit".

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2009 Florida report: Impacts of the Economy and Insurance Fraud

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accounts for the majority of fraudulent auto-insurance claims.

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The most common perpetrators of healthcare insurance fraud are

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Insurance Fraud Bureau. "Fighting Organized Insurance Fraud."

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Being fully aware of the dangers and severity of the problem.

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Insurance Fraud is specifically classified as a crime in all

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Insurance Bureau of Canada. "Cost of Personal Injury Fraud."

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only outlaws Worker Compensation and Property Claim fraud).

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Silverstone, Howard; Davia, Horward R. (April 13, 2005).

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are much less than they are in Brooklyn. Another form of

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Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection."

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Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection."

2430:"Metro Business; New York State Fines Insurer $ 500,000" 3309: 2261:

Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud."

2032:

As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History

3284: 2101:"Soft Fraud and Possibilities for Prevention | Gen Re" 1169:

You collected ten times more. Doesn't it seem, I pray,

3319: 2768:

Robertson, Grant; Perkins, Tara (December 27, 2010).

2877:. Allerdale.gov.uk. November 2, 2009. Archived from 1778:

National legislation and practice on insurance fraud

4708: 4672: 4575: 4549: 4402: 4191: 4116: 3900: 3729: 3671: 3600: 3519: 3471: 3406: 3397: 2850:"Understanding Workers' Compensation Premium Fraud" 2136:

Insurance Information Institute. "Insurance Fraud."

2051:. Insurancefraud.org. April 4, 2012. Archived from 1435:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

1305:An example of life insurance fraud occurred in the 1163:"Tongilianus, you paid two hundred for your house; 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3162:Fraud 101: Techniques and Strategies for Detection 3118:Parker, Jessica; Smith, Andrew (January 4, 2017). 2811:U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics." 2135: 1172:That you set fire to your own house, Tongilianus?" 3185:Clarke, Michael. "The Control of Insurance Fraud" 2913:Bolton, Richard J. "Statistical Fraud Detection." 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2125:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report. 1825:in death the violator may be imprisoned for life. 1166:An accident too common in this city destroyed it. 2416:Pontell, Henry N., et al. "Policing Physicians." 2124: 3113: 3111: 3059:"Fraud: The Necessity for an Intent to Deceive" 2260: 2951:"An Exploration of Automobile Insurance Fraud" 2733: 2543: 2541: 2401:Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." 2389:Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." 2158:Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud and Abuse." 2034:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 65. 4379: 3375: 3222: 2547: 2445: 2443: 2411: 2409: 1094: 8: 3211:Staple, George. "Serious and Complex Fraud." 3206: 3204: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2676:"BBC News - Car crash scams at record level" 2415: 2376: 1622:, there is an increasing incidence of false 3305:National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association 3210: 3184: 3148: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2719:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2662: 1881:The Serious Fraud Office, set up under the 1754:Fraudulent claims can be one of two types: 4386: 4372: 4364: 3403: 3382: 3368: 3360: 3196: 3004:Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. " Private Network." 2798: 2586:"Why Russians Are Obsessed With Dash-Cams" 2400: 2388: 2157: 1395:maximize the services of their providers. 1309:, a former teacher and prison officer who 1101: 1087: 133: 2810: 2548:Tennyson, Sharon et al. "Claims Auditing" 2215:Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud." 2214: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1669:of pricing younger drivers off the road. 1140:intention towards an insurance provider. 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 2734:Dornstein, Ken. Accidentally on Purpose. 2358:U.S. Attorney's Office (July 26, 2011). 1240:estimates that personal injury fraud in 3126:. Law Business Research. Archived from 2610:Press Association (December 11, 2012). 2377:Feldman, Roger. "Economic Explanation." 2228:The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance 1977: 1961:United States Postal Inspection Service 1476:Insurance Fraud Bureau of Massachusetts 1066: 1015: 920: 879: 848: 744: 698: 563: 465: 303: 270: 233: 189: 152: 145: 3223:Ministry of Justice. "Fraud Act 2006." 2712: 2477:. Insurance Journal. December 20, 2002 2146: 1902:Insurance Fraud Enforcement Department 2980:Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." 2925:Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." 2663:Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." 1474:, vice president of research for the 7: 2298:Summers, Chris (November 17, 2004). 2181: 2169: 1983: 1981: 1736:investigators for further analysis. 1524:than those that were actually paid. 1404:University of Maryland School of Law 60:adding citations to reliable sources 2848:Cruz, Kevin M. (February 1, 2014). 2584:Galperina, Marina (June 13, 2012). 2428:Fried, Joseph P. (August 2, 2000). 2300:"Couple face 'fake drowning' trial" 1946:Florida Division of Insurance Fraud 1878:was intended to help prevent fraud. 1222:The Trillion Dollar Insurance Crook 3421:Accidental death and dismemberment 2799:Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." 2019:Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." 25: 3339:United States Fire Administration 3299:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 3295:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 3265:Open Government Licence 3015:Ball, Lindon (January 31, 2006). 2498:"Fraud body warns of crash scams" 2496:Howard, Bob (December 16, 2006). 2049:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 1855:Insurance Crime Prevention Bureau 1805:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 1684:United States Fire Administration 1381:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 1298:Life insurance fraud may involve 1196:Coalition Against Insurance Fraud 4825: 4824: 3547:Directors and officers liability 3258: 2749:. motherjones.com. June 17, 1992 2240:10.1111/j.1468-0440.2004.00290.x 1820:Section 1347 of Title 18 of the 1712:Fraud involving claims from the 1374:Independent medical examinations 737:Perverting the course of justice 137: 36: 3314:National Insurance Crime Bureau 3310:National Insurance Crime Bureau 3289:Insurance Information Institute 3285:Insurance Information Institute 2640:. March 2, 2016. Archived from 1941:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1598:An incident that took place on 1544:. For example, some drivers in 1213:Insurance Information Institute 1126:Federal Bureau of Investigation 632:Intellectual property violation 47:needs additional citations for 3090:American University Law Review 2475:"San Diego Fraud Ring Cracked" 1731:analysis or by referrals from 1335:Another case would be that of 1: 2519:Grant, Ian (August 9, 2007). 1206:Losses due to insurance fraud 1159:during the first century AD: 4314:Savings and loan association 3124:Global Investigations Review 3036:10.1080/10683160512331316325 2678:. Bbc.co.uk. August 21, 2010 1991:. Fbi.gov. September 8, 2005 1665:premiums, which has had the 967:Ignorantia juris non excusat 3747:Insurance-linked securities 3355:UK Insurance Fraud Register 3235:"Insurance Fraud Taskforce" 2344:September 25, 2011, at the 2322:"FBI — Jack Gilbert Graham" 1951:Show jumping horse killings 1876:Financial Services Act 1986 1708:Council compensation claims 1609:staged-accident crime rings 1550:Pennsylvania license plates 4892: 3436:Total permanent disability 3330:Insurance Research Council 3320:Insurance Bureau of Canada 2634:"Types of insurance fraud" 1642:doctors have to rely on a 1558:automobile insurance fraud 1467:Insurance Research Council 1346: 1238:Insurance Bureau of Canada 1194:According to the American 657:Possessing stolen property 305:Offense against the person 4815: 4339: 4176:Health insurance coverage 3441:Business overhead expense 3325:UK Insurance Fraud Bureau 3084:Podgor, Ellen S. (1999). 3024:Psychology, Crime and Law 2776:. Toronto. Archived from 1883:Criminal Justice Act 1987 1720:Detecting insurance fraud 1678:insurance crimes involve 1526:Hard auto-insurance fraud 1514:soft auto-insurance fraud 951:Diminished responsibility 745:Crimes against the public 4876:Organized crime activity 3577:Protection and indemnity 3335:U.S. Fire Administration 1915:by section 12(1) of the 1285:Types of insurance fraud 1116:is any act committed to 880:Crimes against the state 800:(such as prohibition of 4034:Explanation of benefits 3506:Variable universal life 1989:"FBI — Insurance Fraud" 1874:A major portion of the 1745:Imperial College London 1388:University of Minnesota 1256:6.25 billion annually. 564:Crimes against property 254:(also called violation) 27:Defrauding of insurance 4171:Health insurance costs 3572:Professional liability 3271:, accessed 4 June 2024 1690:Unemployment insurance 1569:classic rear-end shunt 1455:Insurance Fraud Bureau 1328:. He was subsequently 1224:by J.E. Smith. In the 1136:claims filed with the 1130:False insurance claims 1016:Other common-law areas 849:Crimes against animals 717:Miscarriage of justice 699:Crimes against justice 4459:Intellectual property 4027:Out-of-pocket expense 3888:Workers' compensation 3542:Collateral protection 3532:Business interruption 3057:Keeton, Page (1958). 2638:City of London Police 2328:on February 15, 2015. 1898:City of London Police 1400:health care providers 1343:Health care insurance 922:Defenses to liability 712:Malfeasance in office 4250:Corpus Juris Civilis 2644:on November 10, 2018 2045:"Why Fraud Persists" 1600:Golden State Freeway 1573:decoy rear-end shunt 1445:Automobile insurance 768:Censorship violation 491:Cybersex trafficking 56:improve this article 4309:Rochdale Principles 4304:Mutual savings bank 4299:Mutual organization 4284:Cooperative banking 4201:Mesopotamian banker 3481:Longevity insurance 2961:on October 20, 2018 2829:. December 30, 2020 2272:White, Alexandria. 1518:automobile accident 1337:Jack Gilbert Graham 1307:case of John Darwin 1260:Hard and soft fraud 1189:Insurance contracts 946:Defense of property 798:Illegal consumption 334:Criminal negligence 234:Severity of offense 4807:White-collar crime 4673:Government-related 4061:Insurable interest 3562:Payment protection 3463:Payment protection 3267:: UK Legislation, 2774:The Globe and Mail 2434:The New York Times 2105:Gen Re Perspective 1917:Insurance Act 2015 1822:United States Code 1673:Property insurance 1634:involved in minor 1613:insurance industry 1577:helpful wave shunt 1495:Exaggerated claims 1318:British Government 1316:Similarly, former 1151:by the Roman poet 867:Wildlife smuggling 857:Cruelty to animals 486:Child sexual abuse 438:Negligent homicide 349:False imprisonment 246:Indictable offense 190:Scope of criminal 4838: 4837: 4576:Financial-related 4361: 4360: 4206:Code of Hammurabi 4181:Vehicle insurance 4076:Replacement value 3968:Actual cash value 3932:Adverse selection 3922:Actuarial science 3896: 3895: 3828:Kidnap and ransom 3801:Extended warranty 3448:Income protection 3130:on August 1, 2017 2747:"motherjones.com" 2561:"Insurance Fraud" 1482:Staged collisions 1472:Richard A. Derrig 1379:According to the 1363:prescription drug 1353:Health care fraud 1111: 1110: 511:Indecent exposure 379:Human trafficking 344:Domestic violence 272:Inchoate offenses 132: 131: 124: 106: 71:"Insurance fraud" 16:(Redirected from 4883: 4828: 4827: 4403:Business-related 4388: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4319:Social insurance 4274:Friendly society 4166:Health insurance 3994:Short rate table 3742:Catastrophe bond 3643:Lenders mortgage 3404: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3361: 3272: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086:"Criminal Fraud" 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3021: 3012: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2881:on June 22, 2009 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2827:www.usatoday.com 2819: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2780:on March 4, 2016 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2451:"hcfan.3cdn.net" 2447: 2438: 2437: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2355: 2349: 2338:Quiggle, James. 2336: 2330: 2329: 2324:. Archived from 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2223: 2217: 2212: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2081:on July 24, 2012 2077:. Archived from 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2041: 2035: 2030:Jo-Ann Shelton, 2028: 2022: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1985: 1862:British Columbia 1733:claims adjusters 1439:criminal offense 1279:insurance policy 1176:Book III, No. 52 1103: 1096: 1089: 1060: 931:Actual innocence 788:Ethnic cleansing 682:Trespass to land 577:Arms trafficking 141: 134: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 18:Jewish Lightning 4891: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4871:Property crimes 4851:Insurance fraud 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4811: 4768:honest services 4704: 4668: 4571: 4545: 4398: 4392: 4362: 4357: 4335: 4331:Insurance cycle 4294:Fraternal order 4187: 4118: 4112: 4071:Proximate cause 4066:Insurance fraud 4046:General average 4005:Claims adjuster 3947:Risk management 3942:Risk assessment 3906: 3903: 3892: 3858:Prize indemnity 3725: 3673: 3667: 3596: 3557:Over-redemption 3515: 3467: 3458:National health 3399: 3393: 3388: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3221: 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4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4726:Counterfeiting 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4550:Family-related 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4429:Pharmaceutical 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4352:List of topics 4348: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237:Burial society 4227: 4226: 4225: 4219:§235–238; §240 4211:§100–105; §126 4203: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Climate change 4153: 4151:United Kingdom 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4096:Underinsurance 4093: 4088: 4086:Self-insurance 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3853:Political risk 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833:Legal expenses 3830: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3613:Builder's risk 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 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4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4156:United States 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4040:Force majeure 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961:Value of life 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3823:Interest rate 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691:Inland marine 3689: 3687: 3686:GAP insurance 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674:Communication 3670: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3496:Unitised fund 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3486:Mortgage life 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3064: 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1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587:Ken Dornstein 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 993: 989: 986: 984: 983:Justification 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 968: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 923: 919: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 878: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 847: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 816:Miscegenation 814: 811: 807: 803: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:Pickpocketing 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 567: 562: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:Homosexuality 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 468: 464: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 432: 429: 428: 427: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 412: 410: 407: 404: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 364:Home invasion 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 314:Assassination 312: 311: 310: 309: 306: 302: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276: 273: 269: 263: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 193: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 172: 168: 166: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 4628: 4588:lottery scam 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Bbc.co.uk 2530:December 2, 2504:December 2, 2459:February 3, 2379:p. 569-570. 1995:February 7, 1913:statute law 1729:statistical 1657:" for easy 1522:car repairs 1460:data mining 1003:Provocation 727:Obstruction 707:Compounding 672:Tax evasion 496:Fornication 329:Child abuse 258:Misdemeanor 182:Concurrence 4845:Categories 4792:Scientific 4654:Securities 4639:Mismarking 4605:Chargeback 4600:Bankruptcy 4439:Employment 4420:Disability 4119:by country 4117:Insurance 4091:Total loss 4012:Deductible 3973:Cash value 3917:Act of God 3902:Insurance 3816:Parametric 3796:Expatriate 3672:Transport/ 3638:Landlords' 3623:Earthquake 3511:Whole life 3431:Disability 2885:August 21, 2859:January 3, 2705:August 21, 2682:August 21, 2614:. Guardian 2234:(2): 316. 1972:References 1966:Anti-fraud 1909:common law 1858:the claim. 1651:solicitors 1626:claims to 1535:Soft fraud 1531:Hard fraud 1392:physicians 1347:See also: 1330:extradited 1275:Soft fraud 1268:Hard fraud 1138:fraudulent 961:Entrapment 936:Automatism 913:Subversion 872:Bestiality 841:War crimes 836:Usurpation 763:Corruption 722:Misprision 597:Cybercrime 389:Kidnapping 369:Hate crime 359:Harassment 339:Defamation 291:Incitement 286:Conspiracy 252:Infraction 211:Complicity 206:Accomplice 164:Actus reus 82:newspapers 4685:Electoral 4629:Insurance 4567:Paternity 4557:Fertility 4494:fertility 4474:Long firm 4394:Types of 4265:Syndicate 4231:Collegium 4126:Australia 4081:Risk pool 4051:Indemnity 4022:Copayment 3956:Knightian 3868:Terrorism 3838:Liability 3706:Satellite 3567:Pollution 3491:Term life 3400:insurance 3398:Types of 3391:Insurance 3244:March 13, 3134:August 1, 2569:August 8, 2481:April 24, 2283:March 26, 1644:patient's 1632:motorists 1370:diagnosis 1326:Australia 1320:minister 1232:is about 1134:insurance 1122:insurance 1024:Contracts 998:Necessity 903:Secession 898:Espionage 831:Terrorism 793:Smuggling 687:Vandalism 667:Smuggling 607:Extortion 582:Blackmail 556:Voyeurism 536:Pederasty 521:Obscenity 403:corporate 226:Vicarious 221:Principal 216:Corporate 201:Accessory 192:liability 177:Causation 4830:Category 4716:Affinity 4690:Medicare 4644:Mortgage 4562:Marriage 4526:Slamming 4504:quackery 4479:Odometer 4464:Internet 4415:Cramming 4345:Category 4223:§275–277 4141:Pakistan 3989:Pro rata 3878:War risk 3843:No-fault 3754:Casualty 3711:Shipping 3681:Aviation 3658:Renters' 3653:Property 3648:Mortgage 3618:Contents 3592:Umbrella 3552:Fidelity 3520:Business 3416:Accident 3187:, p. 10. 3044:14491253 2715:cite web 2648:July 18, 2590:Jalopnik 2342:Archived 2248:13886874 2059:April 4, 1935:See also 1900:runs an 1714:councils 1655:loophole 1624:whiplash 1546:Brooklyn 1508:Examples 1502:whiplash 1431:Congress 1415:Medicaid 1411:Medicare 1039:Property 1034:Evidence 1029:Defenses 978:Insanity 908:Sedition 862:Poaching 826:Regicide 778:Genocide 753:Apostasy 691:Mischief 627:Gambling 592:Burglary 476:Adultery 453:Stabbing 448:Stalking 431:Homicide 394:Menacing 374:Homicide 171:Mens rea 154:Elements 4797:Spyware 4780:Romance 4743:Forgery 4721:Charity 4700:Welfare 4680:Benefit 4634:Lottery 4619:carding 4410:Billing 4270:Benefit 4257:Digesta 4193:History 3927:Actuary 3883:Weather 3873:Tuition 3863:Takaful 3791:Deposit 3721:Vehicle 3213:p. 127. 2994:p. 374. 2982:p. 278. 2939:p. 375. 2927:p. 277. 2915:p. 236. 2665:p. 274. 2618:June 8, 2550:p. 289. 2418:p. 118. 2403:p. 547. 2391:p. 541. 2160:p. 532. 2085:July 6, 1640:A&E 1618:In the 1605:cappers 1153:Martial 1149:epigram 1118:defraud 1067:Portals 1058:estates 990: ( 988:Mistake 973:Infancy 941:Consent 893:Treason 810:smoking 806:alcohol 773:Dueling 758:Begging 732:Perjury 662:Robbery 642:Looting 637:Larceny 617:Forgery 587:Bribery 458:Torture 443:Robbery 401: ( 354:Frameup 324:Battery 319:Assault 281:Attempt 96:scholar 4856:Crimes 4610:Cheque 4536:Weight 4516:Return 4449:Fixing 4146:Serbia 4106:Profit 3978:Broker 3904:policy 3716:Travel 3701:Marine 3608:Boiler 3582:Surety 3426:Dental 3408:Health 3239:Gov.UK 3168: 3042: 2801:p. 35. 2246: 2021:p. 34. 1848:Canada 1798:Oregon 1794:states 1242:Canada 1183:Causes 1054:trusts 992:of law 956:Duress 821:Piracy 808:, and 647:Payola 506:Incest 481:Bigamy 419:felony 414:Murder 409:Mayhem 242:Felony 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 4861:Fraud 4802:Vomit 4785:Bride 4624:Forex 4484:Phone 4434:Email 4396:fraud 4242:Guild 4136:India 4131:China 4000:Claim 3806:Group 3786:Cyber 3764:Crime 3730:Other 3663:Title 3628:Flood 3040:S2CID 3020:(PDF) 2736:p. 3. 2564:(PDF) 2500:. 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