31:
336:
103:
285:, using their own extant calendar, states Walter Fischel – a scholar of Oriental history of Jewish people. The letter said, among other things, "... now all this was written and sealed with the King's seal, and cut on a bronze tablet with an iron pen and diamond point, so that his successors may never accuse us of lying or change the agreement. This was done in the year 4520 after the creation of the world, and that bronze tablet is still present to our eyes." This date, states Fischel, would correspond to 490 CE in the Gregorian calendar.
3407:
3419:
3445:
3431:
327:(and the constant threat of invasion from them). The Cochin Jewish community likely were already supporting the Chera state and once the Chola attacks on Kerala began in c. 998–999 CE, these plates and rights granted therein are "quite possibly" the reward for the financial or military assistance and support from the Jewish leader to the Chera king.
161:
Anjuvannam, the old
Malayalam form of hanjamana/anjuman was a south Indian merchant guild organised by Jewish, Christian, and Islamic merchants from West Asian countries. The document is dated by historians to c. 1000 CE. It is also evident from the tone of the copper plates that the Jews were not
153:
along with several other rights and privileges. Rabban is exempted from all payments made by other settlers in the city of
Muyirikkode (at the same time extending to him all the rights of the other settlers). These rights and privileges are given perpetuity to all his descendants. The document is
261:
It is evident from the language of Jewish copper plates that the Jews were not newcomers to the
Malabar Coast at the time of its decree. The language of the plates "certainly prove that they were present in the midst of the local people for at least several generations if not centuries".
203:"This is the gift that His Majesty , King of Kings , Sri Parkaran Iravivanmar, who is to wield sceptre for several thousand years, was pleased to make during the thirty sixth year opposite to the second year of his reign, on the day when he was pleased to reside at Muyirikkottu.
210:, tolls by the boat and by other carts, ancuvannam dues, the right to employ the day lamp, decorative cloth, palanquin, umbrella, kettledrum, trumpet, gateway, arch, arched roof, weapon and rest of the seventy two privileges. We have remitted duty and weighing fee.
148:
in the vernacular of medieval Kerala on three sides of two copper plates (28 lines). It records a grant by king
Bhaskara Ravi Varma (Malayalam: Parkaran Iravivanman) to Joseph/Yusuf Rabban (Malayalam: Issuppu Irappan) of the rights of merchant guild
193:
characters . The charter ends with a list of witnesses to the deed which includes several chieftains of southern and northern Kerala, the
Commander of the Eastern Forces, and the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communications.
1063:
3016:
216:"To Issuppu Irappan, proprietor of the ancuvannam, his male and female issues, nephews, and sons-in-law, ancuvannam shall belong by hereditary succession as long as the sun and moon endure—
1068:
213:"Moreover, according to this copper-plate grant given to him, he shall be exempted from payments made by other settlers in the town to the king , but he shall enjoy what they enjoy.
1098:
3192:
1108:
1088:
1083:
713:
292:, Narayanan dates them to c. 1000 CE, basing his analysis on the 38th (2 + 36) "A-series" regnal year of king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya who ruled between 962 and 1021 AD.
896:
295:
Nathan Katz states that the Kochi Jews trace their history to many centuries earlier for good reasons, yet these plates are more likely from the 10th or 11th-century.
351:
The grant is or was cherished by both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the
Spanish Jews) of Cochin as a historical document and their "original" settlement deed.
982:
3212:
1118:
30:
1123:
1020:
2673:
2043:
1103:
1078:
671:
3423:
1113:
1093:
1073:
681:
3516:
516:
864:
3476:
3471:
3411:
2519:
975:
1128:
1030:
835:
1010:
825:
3506:
3496:
2918:
1043:
1015:
3435:
1409:
281:
Another date was documented in a letter dated 1676 CE from the leaders of Cochin Jews to
Portuguese-Sephardic community of
2771:
2539:
2148:
1838:
968:
3491:
3281:
1948:
1389:
1148:
389:
629:
The
Historical Traditions of the Jews of Kochi, Studies in History, Volume 21, Number 2, SAGE Publications, pp. 129–130
3357:
3291:
2925:
2743:
2178:
1873:
1797:
1767:
1737:
1163:
384:
335:
3526:
3486:
3107:
2188:
2138:
2123:
1133:
102:
3392:
3135:
3030:
2848:
2391:
2381:
2366:
1928:
1893:
1694:
118:
3217:
2168:
2153:
2118:
2108:
1853:
1609:
1484:
1444:
340:
3501:
3377:
3268:
2967:
2883:
2078:
2028:
1938:
1933:
1787:
1624:
1414:
1379:
1319:
1143:
344:
240:"This writing is executed by Vanralaceri Kantan-Kunrappolan, the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communication."
3511:
3382:
3317:
2995:
2960:
2911:
2897:
2694:
2305:
2249:
2244:
2023:
1898:
1883:
1843:
1544:
1058:
1038:
1005:
270:
The plates have been variously dated by different historians to the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 11th-century.
3072:
2890:
2494:
2416:
2361:
2259:
2219:
2133:
2113:
2018:
2003:
1833:
1684:
1669:
1664:
1509:
1138:
359:
to India in 2003, the then provincial minister presented him with a replica of the Jewish copper plates.
323:
The decree of the plates by the Chera ruler of Kerala needs to be taken in the context of the expanding
3238:
918:
Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The
Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast".
3243:
3222:
2514:
3521:
3337:
3002:
2988:
2855:
2645:
2534:
2524:
2466:
2264:
2183:
2173:
1968:
1953:
1868:
1639:
1539:
1464:
1329:
991:
824:
Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land
Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State".
129:. The charter shows the status and importance of the Jewish colony in Kodungallur (Cranganore) near
3481:
3342:
3253:
3202:
3149:
2331:
2326:
2058:
1918:
1792:
1762:
1732:
1659:
1469:
1424:
186:
3286:
3100:
2953:
2729:
2701:
2529:
2376:
2053:
2048:
2008:
1923:
1679:
1564:
1354:
1344:
1324:
1264:
1259:
1229:
947:
935:
900:
806:
750:
612:
589:
367:
307:
246:
166:
784:
874:
3327:
3207:
3197:
3023:
2827:
2813:
2778:
2708:
2616:
2565:
2336:
2300:
2229:
2158:
2098:
2068:
1998:
1903:
1888:
1848:
1674:
1614:
1524:
1349:
1339:
1314:
831:
742:
677:
311:
3352:
3332:
3114:
2939:
2792:
2764:
2722:
2687:
2652:
2456:
2280:
2093:
1908:
1707:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1529:
1479:
1254:
1224:
1158:
1153:
927:
796:
303:
299:
3387:
3372:
3367:
3347:
3312:
2981:
2636:
2611:
2596:
2575:
2570:
2509:
2476:
2441:
2421:
2401:
2285:
2193:
1963:
1913:
1782:
1722:
1629:
1504:
1494:
1359:
1299:
1294:
1269:
1214:
1199:
1173:
712:
Veluthat, Kesavan (2004). "Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre".
3163:
3093:
3079:
2834:
2785:
2750:
2621:
2499:
2471:
2436:
2351:
2234:
2128:
2088:
2073:
2038:
1943:
1828:
1717:
1712:
1689:
1579:
1519:
1514:
1419:
1399:
1309:
1304:
1239:
1219:
1204:
1194:
1053:
1048:
288:
In his thesis of 1972, later published in 1996 and reprinted several times in India as
190:
145:
62:
548:, Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), pp. 67–68
3465:
3128:
3065:
3051:
3037:
2946:
2876:
2757:
2560:
2504:
2461:
2426:
2406:
2396:
2321:
2254:
2103:
2033:
1973:
1858:
1757:
1747:
1619:
1559:
1534:
1489:
1178:
810:
507:
Y. Subbarayalu (1 June 2015). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century".
363:
134:
122:
94:
165:
The plates are carefully preserved in an iron box, known as the Pandeal, within the
3449:
3296:
3258:
3187:
3058:
2974:
2932:
2806:
2626:
2606:
2446:
2431:
2356:
2341:
2209:
2143:
2013:
1993:
1988:
1958:
1807:
1752:
1727:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1554:
1459:
1374:
1284:
1274:
1244:
1234:
1168:
356:
324:
170:
854:, Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), p. 69
951:
611:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul-Sep, Vol. 87, No. 3 pp. 233-234,
3276:
3263:
2820:
2715:
2346:
2239:
2163:
1983:
1978:
1863:
1823:
1802:
1742:
1604:
1549:
1454:
1449:
1434:
1364:
275:
3248:
3086:
2904:
2869:
2862:
2799:
2736:
2601:
2591:
2555:
2411:
2386:
2371:
2214:
2063:
1649:
1594:
1589:
1499:
1394:
1334:
1249:
1209:
481:
Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin."
468:
Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin."
207:
150:
141:
126:
52:
801:
746:
3362:
2666:
2659:
2290:
2083:
1439:
1384:
869:
282:
731:"A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of Their Trade"
237:"This is attested by Murkkan Cattan, the Commander of the Eastern Forces.
3170:
3044:
2680:
2451:
2224:
1878:
1777:
1699:
1474:
1404:
1369:
1279:
754:
730:
609:
The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast
3322:
3156:
3142:
3121:
3009:
2295:
1429:
1289:
960:
228:"This is attested by Manavepala Manaviyan, the utaiyavar of Eralanatu.
939:
616:
593:
234:"This is attested by Kotai Iravi, the utaiyavar of Netumpuraiyurnatu.
1599:
371:
225:"This is attested by Kotai Cirikantan, the utaiyavar of Venpalinatu.
174:
155:
231:"This is attested by Irayaran Cattan, the utaiyavar of Valluvanatu.
222:"This is attested by Kovarttana Mattandan, the utaiyavar of Venatu.
931:
897:"Here's what PM Narendra Modi gifted Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu"
2841:
1772:
130:
84:
80:
185:
The plate is engraved in vernacular of medieval Kerala using the
339:
A modern replica of the Jewish copper plateswhich was gifted to
964:
670:
Karashima, Noboru, ed. (2014). "States in Deccan and Kerala".
274:
The traditional date for these copper plates according to the
154:
attested by a number of chieftains from southern and northern
530:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
496:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
410:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1064:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography
673:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
642:
Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
715:
South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros
162:
newcomers to the Malabar Coast at the time of its decree.
770:
A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World
556:
554:
735:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
314:
agrees with Narayanan's 1971-72 dating (c. 1000/01 AD).
1099:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions
1069:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature
3193:
Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum
1109:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature
852:
Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin
699:
The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India
546:
Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin
1089:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works
785:"Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala"
718:. École Française D'Extrême-Orient. pp. 482–83.
644:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 160.
3305:
3231:
3180:
3017:
Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha
2635:
2584:
2548:
2485:
2314:
2273:
2202:
1816:
1187:
1084:
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism
1029:
998:
412:
New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136, 144.
90:
76:
68:
58:
48:
40:
23:
366:, the Prime Minister of India, to Prime Minister
532:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47
498:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. p. 139
298:Historians Y. Subbarayalu, Ranabir Chakravarti,
789:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
657:Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century
196:
3213:State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications
976:
8:
1119:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation
676:. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–47.
1124:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue
830:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
18:10th-century Indian copper plate manuscript
983:
969:
961:
603:
601:
206:"We have granted to Issuppu Irappan, the
29:
20:
1021:Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society
800:
772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
588:, Asian Music, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 23-28,
572:
485:, Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.
472:, Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.
440:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, pp 451-52.
310:, Elizabeth Lambourn, Ophira Gamliel and
2674:Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal
920:Journal of the American Oriental Society
873:. UNI. 10 September 2003. Archived from
334:
101:
2044:Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
1104:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry
1079:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour
865:"Sharon delighted with gift from Kochi"
560:
449:
401:
1114:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story
1094:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel
1074:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama
827:The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India
362:Similar replicas were also gifted by
115:Cochin plates of Bhaskara Ravi-varman
7:
540:
538:
464:
462:
460:
458:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
3430:
701:. Orient Longman. pp. 118–120.
355:During the visit of Prime Minister
117:, is a royal charter issued by the
2520:Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran
14:
1129:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
659:. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 32.
3443:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3405:
1011:Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad
586:Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews
106:Jewish copper plates (c.1000 CE)
2919:Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil
1044:Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram
1016:Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham
768:Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2018).
151:anjuman (Malayalam: anjuvannam)
125:, a Jewish merchant magnate of
121:king of Kerala, south India to
1704:Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty
111:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
24:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
1:
2933:Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal
2772:Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam
2540:Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
2149:Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
1839:Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
655:Chakravarti, Ranabir (2007).
3282:Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam
1949:Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai
1390:Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai
1149:O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
956:. Kerala Historical Society.
953:Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala
729:Malekandathil, Pius (2007).
436:Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013),
390:Thomas of Cana copper plates
3517:Kerala history inscriptions
3358:Malayalam triumvirate poets
3292:Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu
2926:Mucheettukalikkarante Makal
2179:Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
1874:Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
1798:Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
1768:Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode
1738:Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
1164:P. Kesavadev Literary Award
509:Studies in People's History
385:Quilon Syrian copper plates
140:The charter is engraved in
3543:
3108:Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
2189:Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon
2139:V. C. Balakrishna Panicker
2124:Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer
1134:Mathrubhumi Literary Award
697:Veluthat, Kesavan (1993).
607:Walter J. Fischel (1967),
3477:11th-century inscriptions
3472:10th-century inscriptions
3401:
3393:Romanisation of Malayalam
3136:Vasanthathile Poomarangal
2392:M. Krishnan Nair (author)
2382:Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai
2367:Kesari Balakrishna Pillai
1929:Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
1894:Edappalli Raghavan Pillai
1695:Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu
850:M.G.S. Narayanan (2004),
544:M.G.S. Narayanan (2002),
28:
3218:Viswasahityavijnanakosam
2169:Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
2154:Vallathol Narayana Menon
2119:Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
2109:Thirunalloor Karunakaran
1854:Balachandran Chullikkadu
1610:Pattathuvila Karunakaran
1485:Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
1445:Lalithambika Antharjanam
802:10.1177/0019464617745926
783:Gamliel, Ophira (2018).
584:Johanna Spector (1972),
528:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
494:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
483:Indian Historical Review
470:Indian Historical Review
408:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
370:during a state visit to
341:Prime Minister of Israel
3378:Mozhi (transliteration)
2968:Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
2884:Manushyanu Oru Aamukham
2779:Daivathinte Vikrithikal
2079:Puthussery Ramachandran
2029:Nellikkal Muraleedharan
1939:Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
1934:Kadathanat Madhavi Amma
1788:Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
1625:Perumbadavam Sreedharan
1415:Karur Neelakanta Pillai
1380:K. P. Joseph Kalarickal
1144:O. N. V. Literary Award
640:Subbarayalu, Y (2009).
345:Prime Minister of India
3507:Archaeological corpora
3497:Malayalam inscriptions
3383:Mullu Kurumba language
3318:Arabi Malayalam script
2996:Oru Sankeerthanam Pole
2961:Nakshathrangale Kaaval
2695:Anuragathinte Dinangal
2306:Kiliroor Radhakrishnan
2250:S. L. Puram Sadanandan
2245:Nalapat Narayana Menon
2064:Poonthanam Namboothiri
2024:Nalapat Narayana Menon
1899:Edasseri Govindan Nair
1884:Cherusseri Namboothiri
1545:Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
1059:Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
1039:Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
1006:Kerala Sahitya Akademi
348:
251:
107:
2891:Maranathinte Nizhalil
2495:A. R. Raja Raja Varma
2417:M. R. Chandrasekharan
2274:Children's literature
2260:T. N. Gopinathan Nair
2220:C. N. Sreekantan Nair
2134:V. Madhusoodanan Nair
2019:N. V. Krishna Warrier
2004:Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
1834:A. R. Raja Raja Varma
1685:Sudhakar Mangalodayam
1510:N. P. Chellappan Nair
1139:Muttathu Varkey Award
338:
105:
35:Copper plate 1 side 1
3338:Mathrubhumi Yearbook
3003:Oru Theruvinte Katha
2989:Oru Desathinte Katha
2856:Khasakkinte Itihasam
2849:Kesavante Vilapangal
2646:Aalahayude Penmakkal
2535:R. Narayana Panickar
2525:Kottarathil Sankunni
2467:V. T. Bhattathiripad
2265:V. T. Bhattathiripad
2184:V Madhusoodanan Nair
1969:Kureepuzha Sreekumar
1954:Kavitha Balakrishnan
1869:Chandiroor Divakaran
1640:Punathil Kunjabdulla
1540:Omchery N. N. Pillai
1465:M. T. Vasudevan Nair
1330:Joy J. Kaimaparamban
992:Malayalam literature
627:Nathan Katz (2005),
452:, pp. 230, 236.
187:Vattezhuthu (script)
3492:Judaic inscriptions
3343:Jewish copper plate
3254:Omanathinkal Kidavo
3150:Viddikalude Swargam
2744:Ayussinte Pusthakam
2332:C. S. Venkiteswaran
2327:C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
2059:Pala Narayanan Nair
1919:K. C. Kesava Pillai
1793:Vallachira Madhavan
1763:Unnikrishnan Puthur
1733:Tatapuram Sukumaran
1660:Santhosh Echikkanam
1470:Madampu Kunjukuttan
1425:Kottayam Pushpanath
948:Narayanan, M. G. S.
438:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
257:Dating and analysis
3287:Unnuneeli Sandesam
3239:Atmopadesa Śatakam
3101:Sufi Paranja Katha
2530:Krishna Chaithanya
2377:Kuttikrishna Marar
2054:P. P. Ramachandran
2049:P. Kunhiraman Nair
2009:Moyinkutty Vaidyar
1924:K. V. Ramakrishnan
1914:K. Ayyappa Paniker
1680:Socrates K. Valath
1565:P. K. Balakrishnan
1355:K. P. Nirmal Kumar
1345:K. L. Mohana Varma
1325:Jose Panachippuram
1265:C. V. Raman Pillai
1260:C. V. Balakrishnan
1230:Ashtamoorthi K. V.
901:The Indian Express
877:on 27 October 2003
368:Benjamin Netanyahu
349:
308:Pius Malekandathil
290:Perumals of Kerala
247:M. G. S. Narayanan
167:Paradesi Synagogue
146:Grantha characters
142:Vattezhuthu script
108:
3527:Judaism in Kerala
3487:History of Kerala
3459:
3458:
3328:Malayalam grammar
3306:Assorted articles
3208:Sarvavijnanakosam
3198:Kerala Panineeyam
3031:Peruvazhiyambalam
3024:Pathummayude Aadu
2814:Francis Itty Cora
2709:Ara Nazhika Neram
2617:Vadakkan Pattukal
2566:M. N. Sathyaardhi
2337:Joseph Mundassery
2315:Essayists/Critics
2301:Sippy Pallippuram
2230:G. Sankara Pillai
2159:Vayalar Ramavarma
2099:Savithri Rajeevan
2069:Pulikkottil Hyder
1999:Mary John Thottam
1904:G. Shankara Kurup
1889:D. Vinayachandran
1849:Attoor Ravi Varma
1675:Savithri Rajeevan
1615:Paul Chirakkarode
1350:K. N. Ezhuthachan
1340:Arch Deacon Koshy
1315:Jayasree Kalathil
683:978-0-19-809977-2
575:, pp. 79–82.
100:
99:
3534:
3450:India portal
3448:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3353:Malayalam script
3333:Malayalam poetry
3203:Nātyakalpadrumam
3115:Thottiyude Makan
2688:Anargha Nimisham
2653:Aalohari Anandam
2457:Sukumar Azhikode
2281:Malayath Appunni
2094:Satyan Madakkara
1909:Irayimman Thampi
1708:Subhash Chandran
1655:S. K. Pottekkatt
1645:Raghunath Paleri
1635:Ponkunnam Varkey
1480:Malayath Appunni
1255:C. Radhakrishnan
1159:Padmarajan Award
1154:Odakkuzhal Award
985:
978:
971:
962:
957:
943:
905:
904:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
861:
855:
848:
842:
841:
821:
815:
814:
804:
780:
774:
773:
765:
759:
758:
726:
720:
719:
709:
703:
702:
694:
688:
687:
667:
661:
660:
652:
646:
645:
637:
631:
625:
619:
605:
596:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
549:
542:
533:
526:
520:
505:
499:
492:
486:
479:
473:
466:
453:
447:
441:
434:
413:
406:
304:Kesavan Veluthat
300:Noboru Karashima
249:
144:with additional
113:, also known as
33:
21:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3444:
3442:
3397:
3388:Pandy Malayalam
3373:Mappila dialect
3368:Mannan language
3348:Judeo-Malayalam
3313:Arabi Malayalam
3301:
3272:(play in verse)
3227:
3176:
2982:Ormayude Arakal
2631:
2580:
2576:Nileena Abraham
2571:N. K. Damodaran
2544:
2510:Hermann Gundert
2487:
2481:
2477:V. V. K. Valath
2442:S. Rajasekharan
2422:Narendra Prasad
2402:M. N. Karassery
2310:
2286:P. Narendranath
2269:
2198:
2194:Sreedevi Kakkad
1964:Kunchan Nambiar
1812:
1783:V. P. Sivakumar
1723:T. V. Kochubava
1630:Ponjikkara Rafi
1505:N. N. Pisharody
1495:Muttathu Varkey
1360:K. P. Ramanunni
1300:George Onakkoor
1295:G. R. Indugopan
1270:C. V. Sreeraman
1215:Anoop Sasikumar
1200:Akbar Kakkattil
1188:Fiction writers
1183:
1174:Vallathol Award
1031:Literary awards
1025:
994:
989:
946:
917:
914:
912:Further reading
909:
908:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
863:
862:
858:
849:
845:
838:
823:
822:
818:
782:
781:
777:
767:
766:
762:
728:
727:
723:
711:
710:
706:
696:
695:
691:
684:
669:
668:
664:
654:
653:
649:
639:
638:
634:
626:
622:
606:
599:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:, pp. 230.
559:
552:
543:
536:
527:
523:
506:
502:
493:
489:
480:
476:
467:
456:
448:
444:
435:
416:
407:
403:
398:
381:
333:
321:
268:
259:
253:
250:
244:
183:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Copper objects
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3094:Smarakasilakal
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2898:Marthandavarma
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2786:Delhi Gadhakal
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2751:Balyakalasakhi
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:Venmani School
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Arnos Paathiri
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2472:Vijayakrishnan
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:S. Guptan Nair
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:K. P. Sankaran
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:K. T. Muhammed
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Unnayi Variyar
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Satchidanandan
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Punaloor Balan
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:O. N. V. Kurup
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Kamala Surayya
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:A. C. Sreehari
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:T. Padmanabhan
1715:
1713:T. P. Rajeevan
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:P. R. Shyamala
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:N. S. Madhavan
1517:
1515:N. P. Mohammed
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:Khadija Mumtaz
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Kamala Surayya
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:I. K. K. Menon
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Babu Bharadwaj
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Appu Nedungadi
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:Ajijesh Pachat
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:Edasseri Award
1051:
1049:Cherukad Award
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
988:
987:
980:
973:
965:
959:
958:
944:
932:10.2307/597717
926:(3): 230–248.
913:
910:
907:
906:
903:. 5 July 2017.
888:
856:
843:
836:
816:
775:
760:
721:
704:
689:
682:
662:
647:
632:
620:
597:
577:
573:Narayanan 1972
565:
550:
534:
521:
500:
487:
474:
454:
442:
414:
400:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
387:
380:
377:
376:
375:
360:
332:
329:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:Manu Devadevan
296:
293:
286:
279:
267:
264:
258:
255:
245:Translated by
242:
182:
179:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
63:Grantha script
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3539:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Chera dynasty
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Daiva Daśakaṁ
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:Vasanavikriti
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:Rathinirvedam
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:Randidangazhi
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:Premalekhanam
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2947:Naadan Premam
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:Manju (novel)
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:Aadujeevitham
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:M. K. Kumaran
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:George Mathan
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:V. C. Sreejan
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:O. V. Vijayan
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:M. N. Vijayan
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:M. Leelavathy
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Annie Thayyil
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Thoppil Bhasi
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Vijayalakshmi
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
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135:Malabar Coast
132:
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3441:
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3422:
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3297:Krishnagatha
3269:
3259:Makarakoythu
3188:Aithihyamala
3169:
3162:
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3141:
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3059:Randamoozham
3057:
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3015:
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2975:Odayil Ninnu
2973:
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2807:Ente Thankam
2805:
2798:
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2728:
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2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
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2665:
2658:
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2644:
2627:Vanchippattu
2607:Manipravalam
2486:Scholars and
2447:Sabeena Rafi
2432:P. Surendran
2362:K. M. George
2357:K. Damodaran
2342:K. M. Daniel
2210:C. J. Thomas
2144:V. M. Girija
2014:N. N. Kakkad
1994:Manoj Kuroor
1989:M. S. Banesh
1959:Kumaran Asan
1808:Vinoy Thomas
1753:U. A. Khader
1728:T. V. Varkey
1670:Sarah Thomas
1665:Sarah Joseph
1585:P. Surendran
1575:P. R. Nathan
1570:P. Kesavadev
1555:P. Surendran
1460:M. Sukumaran
1375:K. Surendran
1320:John Abraham
1285:E. Harikumar
1275:Chandramathi
1245:B. M. Suhara
1235:Aymanam John
1169:Ulloor Award
952:
923:
919:
891:
879:. Retrieved
875:the original
868:
859:
851:
846:
826:
819:
792:
788:
778:
769:
763:
741:(2/3): 263.
738:
734:
724:
714:
707:
698:
692:
672:
665:
656:
650:
641:
635:
628:
623:
608:
585:
580:
568:
561:Fischel 1967
545:
529:
524:
515:(1): 21–26.
512:
508:
503:
495:
490:
482:
477:
469:
450:Fischel 1967
445:
437:
409:
404:
357:Ariel Sharon
350:
325:Chola Empire
322:
289:
269:
260:
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239:
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233:
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224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
205:
202:
199:
198:"Svasti Sri!
197:
184:
171:Mattancherry
164:
160:
139:
114:
110:
109:
15:
3522:Cochin Jews
3436:WikiProject
3277:Rani (poem)
3264:Puthen Pana
2821:Gurusagaram
2716:Arabi Ponnu
2549:Translators
2515:Jyeṣṭhadeva
2488:Grammarians
2347:K. P. Appan
2240:M. Govindan
2203:Playwrights
2164:Veerankutty
1984:M. P. Appan
1979:M. Govindan
1864:Bodheswaran
1824:A. Ayyappan
1743:Thikkodiyan
1605:Parappurath
1550:P. Ayyaneth
1455:M. Mukundan
1450:M. Govindan
1435:K. V. Anoop
1410:Karunakaran
1365:K. R. Meera
278:is 379 CE.
276:Cochin Jews
127:Kodungallur
3482:Vatteluttu
3466:Categories
3249:Jnanappana
3223:Yuktibhāṣā
3087:Shabdangal
2954:Naalukettu
2905:Mathilukal
2870:Kundalatha
2863:Kocharethi
2800:Ente Katha
2737:Avakasikal
2730:Asuravithu
2702:Agnisakshi
2602:Kilippattu
2592:Champukkal
2556:Leela Devi
2412:M. P. Paul
2387:M. K. Sanu
2372:Kozhikodan
2215:C. L. Jose
1650:S. Hareesh
1595:Padmarajan
1590:P. Valsala
1500:N. Mohanan
1395:Kakkanadan
1335:K. J. Baby
1250:B. Sandhya
1210:Anita Nair
396:References
208:ancuvannam
77:Discovered
72:c. 1000 AD
53:Vatteluttu
3412:Templates
3363:Malayanma
3181:Treatises
2828:Indulekha
2667:Aarachaar
2291:Sumangala
2084:S. Joseph
1440:Lajo Jose
1385:K. Thayat
870:The Hindu
811:149268133
795:(1): 53.
747:0022-4995
519:2348-4489
283:Amsterdam
3424:Category
3171:Yanthram
3045:Pravasam
2940:Muthassi
2793:Enmakaje
2765:Chemmeen
2723:Arohanam
2681:Anal Haq
2452:Sanjayan
2225:Cherukad
1879:Cherukad
1803:Vilasini
1778:V. K. N.
1700:Sohanlal
1525:Nandanar
1475:Madhupal
1405:Kanam EJ
1370:K. Rekha
1280:Cherukad
950:(1972).
755:25165196
379:See also
374:in 2017.
243:—
91:Language
41:Material
3323:Chakara
3270:Ramanan
3157:Visappu
3143:Verukal
3122:Ummachu
3010:Othappu
2296:Shebaly
1530:Narayan
1430:Kovilan
1290:E. Vasu
1225:Ashitha
343:by the
319:Context
191:Grantha
133:on the
69:Created
59:Symbols
49:Writing
3164:Yakshi
3080:Sarada
2835:Kaalam
2637:Novels
2114:Tholan
1600:Pamman
940:597717
938:
881:6 July
834:
809:
753:
745:
680:
617:597717
615:
594:833956
592:
372:Israel
331:Legacy
266:Dating
175:Cochin
156:Kerala
131:Cochin
44:Copper
3232:Poems
3038:Ponni
2842:Kayar
2758:Barsa
2612:Novel
2597:Drama
2585:Genre
1817:Poets
1773:Uroob
1690:Sethu
1305:Gracy
1205:Anand
936:JSTOR
807:S2CID
751:JSTOR
613:JSTOR
590:JSTOR
189:with
85:India
81:Kochi
2912:Maya
883:2017
832:ISBN
743:ISSN
678:ISBN
517:ISSN
181:Text
928:doi
797:doi
306:,
177:).
169:at
158:.
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930::
885:.
840:.
813:.
799::
757:.
686:.
513:2
173:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
