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Gottlieb, the righteous of blessed memory." A year after the painting's completion, the aforementioned Laura married another man, breaking her engagement with
Gottlieb. He became ill and died shortly thereafter; some believe as a result of physical ailment, but others suspect it was death by suicide due to deep depression.
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However, the painting may also evoke the anguish
Gottlieb experienced in his personal life. Gottlieb may have suffered from depression, and in fact referenced his own suicide in the painting. The mantle of the Torah scroll is inscribed with a Hebrew dedication: "... donated in memory of ... R. Moshe
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The artist
Maurycy Gottlieb appears in the painting three different times, depicted in different stages of his life. In one self-portrait he is an adult, in another he is a young child, and in the third self-portrait he is depicted as an adolescent. Ezra Mendelsohn writes, "Maurycy himself stands, in
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confirms that
Gottlieb’s subject in this painting is the Days of Atonement: "Nathan Samuely, who discussed the work with Gottlieb in 1878, does specifically connect it, in his German essay on the artist published in 1885, with Yom Kippur, and informs us that the artist himself had the idea of
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Yom Kippur is the Jewish holiday of repentance, a time for Jews to repent for their sins and reflect on their behaviour in the past and coming year. As
Soussloff writes in Jewish Identity in Modern Art History, "Yom Kippur is also the occasion in the Jewish year when the dead are solemnly
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There are many characteristics that create a somber tone within this painting. Author
Jonathan Boyarin described motifs present in the image as “sadness, nostalgia, and beautification. There is no religious ecstasy, no intensity of emotion, only a pervasive melancholy.” The holiday of
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The painting is composed of glazed (semi-transparent) oil paint. Gottlieb used the technique of impasto (wide, three-dimensional brushstrokes), and physically created patterns from the paint. This contributes to the painting's richness and depth.
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is a solemn holiday when it is said that the Book of Life is sealed, and the fates of all those living are decided for the coming year. Certainly this aspect of the occasion would contribute to the sobriety of its depiction.
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It has been suggested that the artist placed his fiancée Laura among the female worshippers, at the right of the column whispering to another woman (perhaps her mother), and to the left of the column, holding a
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The figures in the painting appear solemn, and some appear to be in anguish, particularly the central figure (the artist himself), leaning his head on his hand. The adult men are wearing
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occurred. Living under this regime in a time of deep antisemitic discrimination and political instability may have had a major impact on
Gottlieb's work.
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Mendelsohn, Ezra. Painting a People: Maurycy
Gottlieb and Jewish Art. Hanover: University Press of New England Brandeis University Press, 2002.
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The somber character of the painting may also reflect the time in which it was painted. During the late 19th century, Jews in what is now
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Gilya and
Schmidt. The Art and Artists of the Fifth Zionist Congress, 1901: Heralds of a New Age. Syracuse University Press, 2003.
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in hand. In the painting, many of the figures are people that are close to
Gottlieb or people he knew at the time. As said by the
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in the center of the composition, stained glass windows in the back, and candles on the top left. Women look on from the
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Rishon, Mekor. "Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur by Maurycy Gottlieb." Accessed January 31, 2017,
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Soussloff, Catherine M. Jewish Identity in Modern Art History. Berkeley : Univ. of California Press, 1999.
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Boyarin, Jonathan. "Painting a People: Maurycy Gottlieb and Jewish Art." Slavic Review 2004.
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Małaszewska, Wanda. "Gottlieb, Maurycy." Grove Art Online, accessed March 19, 2017,
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http://yaelmaly.blogspot.com/2016/10/jews-praying-in-synagogue-on-yom-kippur.html
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painting it during the days of repentance preceding this holiday."
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