509:
was created in June 2020. The new DE440 / 441 general-purpose planetary solution includes seven additional years of ground and space-based astrometric data, data calibrations, and dynamical model improvements, most significantly involving
Jupiter, Saturn, Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt. Inclusion of
385:
as data files containing the
Chebyshev coefficients, along with source code to recover (calculate) positions and velocities. Files vary in the time periods they cover, ranging from a few hundred years to several thousand, and bodies they include. Data may be based on each planet's geometric center or
424:
Note that these precision numbers are for the interpolated values relative to the original tabulated coordinates. The overall precision and accuracy of interpolated values for describing the actual motions of the planets will be a function of both the precision of the ephemeris tabulated coordinates
622:
was released with DE405 in 1998. A Long
Ephemeris, this was the condensed version of DE405, covering 3000 BC to AD 3000 with the same limitations as DE404. This is the same integration as DE405, with the accuracy of the interpolating polynomials has been lessened to reduce file size for the longer
812:
spacecraft, the latest estimates of planetary masses, additional lunar laser ranging, and two more months of CCD measurements of Pluto. When initially released in 2008, the DE421 ephemeris covered the years 1900 to 2050. An additional data release in 2013 extended the coverage to the year 2200.
801:
spacecraft was included in the fit, improving the orbit of Saturn, but rigorous analysis of the data was deferred to a later date. DE418 covered the years 1899 to 2051, and JPL recommended not using it outside of that range due to minor inconsistencies which remained in the planets' masses due to
434:
JPL uses the ephemerides for navigation of spacecraft throughout the Solar System. Typically, a new ephemeris is computed including the latest available observations of the target planet(s), either for planning of the mission(s), or for final contact of the spacecraft with the target. See below,
862:
was created in 2013 and is intended for analysis of earlier historical observations of the Sun, Moon, and planets. It covers a longer time span than DE430 (13201 BC to AD 17191) agreeing with DE430 within 1 meter over the time period covered by DE430. Position of the Moon is accurate within 20
611:
spacecraft at
Jupiter, in particular). The method of modeling the asteroids' perturbations was improved, although the same number of asteroids were modeled. The ephemeris was more accurately oriented onto the ICRF. DE405 covered 1600 to 2200 to full precision. This ephemeris was utilized in the
514:
relative to DE430. The 114 Megabyte ephemeris files include the orientation of the Moon. It spans the years 1550–2650. JPL started transitioning to DE440 in early April 2021. Supplemental versions are also available which include the planetary geometric center of Mars as well as Mars'
796:
star catalog, were included in the fit. Mars spacecraft ranging and VLBI observations were updated through 2007. Asteroid masses were estimated differently. Lunar laser ranging data for the Moon was added for the first time since DE403, significantly improving the lunar orbit and librations.
856:. Beginning with this release only Mars' Barycenter was included due to the small masses of its moons Phobos and Deimos which create a very small offset from the planet's center. The complete ephemerides files is 128 megabytes but several alternative versions have been made available by JPL
575:(VLBI) observations of spacecraft, especially for the four inner planets. Telescopic observations remained important for the outer planets because of their distance, hence the inability to bounce radar off of them, and the difficulty of parking a spacecraft near them. The
478:
Software is available to use the JPL ephemerides for the production of apparent ephemerides for any location and time; these are widely used by professional and amateur astronomers for reducing planetary observations and producing very precise observing
590:
was released in 1996. A so-called Long
Ephemeris, this condensed version of DE403 covered 3000 BC to AD 3000. While both DE403 and DE404 were integrated over the same timespan, the interpolation of DE404 was somewhat reduced in accuracy and
579:
of 300 asteroids were included, vs DE118/DE200 which included only the five asteroids determined to cause the largest perturbations. Better values of the planets' masses had been found since DE118/DE200, further refining the perturbations.
521:
was created in June 2020. This ephemeris is longer than DE440, -13,200 to 17,191, but less accurate (due to neglecting lunar core-mantle damping). It is useful for analyzing historical observations that are outside the span of DE440.
681:
was also released in 2003 covered 1901 - 2019, with improvements from DE409 in the masses for Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and the Earth-Moon system based on recent research. Though the masses had not yet been adopted by the
851:
was created in 2013 and Is intended for use in analyzing modern data. It covers the dates 1550 January 1 to 2650 January 22 with the most accurate lunar ephemeris. From 2015 onwards this ephemeris is utilized in the
144:
to modern, relativistic theory. From 1975 through 1982, six ephemerides were produced at JPL using the modern techniques of least-squares adjustment of numerically-integrated output to high precision data:
675:
spacecraft were reprocessed to give data points for Saturn. These resulted in improvements over DE405, especially to the predicted positions of Mars and Saturn. DE409 covered the years 1901 to 2019.
105:
In the days before personal computers, computers were large and expensive, and numerical integrations such as these were run by large organizations with ample resources. The JPL ephemerides prior to
567:(IERS) reference frame, essentially the ICRF. The data compiled by JPL to derive the ephemeris began to move away from limited-accuracy telescopic observations and more toward higher-accuracy
539:
was created in 1981; includes nutations but not librations. Referred to the dynamical equator and equinox of 2000. Covers late 1599 AD through early 2169 AD. This ephemeris was used for the
967:
869:
was created April 2014. It includes librations but no nutations. DE432 is a minor update to DE430, and is intended primarily to aid the New
Horizons project targeting of Pluto.
257:, in effect putting the entire Solar System into motion in the computer's memory, accounting for all relevant physical laws. The initial conditions were both constants such as
421:
ephemeris gives an interpolating precision (relative to the full ephemeris values) no worse than 25 metres for any planet and no worse than 1 metre for the Moon.
762:
spacecraft were extended to 2005, and further CCD observations of the five outer planets were included in the fit. Some data was accidentally left out of the fit, namely
94:
was announced in 1969 to be the third release of the JPL Ephemeris Tapes, and was a special purpose, short-duration ephemeris. The then-current JPL Export
Ephemeris was
169:
was the first numerically integrated so-called Long
Ephemeris, covering much of history for which useful astronomical observations were available: 1141 BC to AD 3001.
1906:
1048:
Newhall, X. X.; Standish, E. M.; Williams, J. G. (1983). "DE 102 - A numerically integrated ephemeris of the moon and planets spanning forty-four centuries".
533:
was created in 1981; includes nutations but not librations. Referred to the dynamical equator and equinox of 1950. Covers early 1410 BC through late 3002 AD.
1573:
2074:
285:
303:
The observational data in the fits has been an evolving set, including: ranges (distances) to planets measured by radio signals from spacecraft, direct
741:
134:
261:, from outside sources, and parameters such as initial positions and velocities, adjusted to produce output which was a "best fit" to a large set of
745:
277:
186:
90:, from the 1960s through the present, in support of both robotic and crewed spacecraft missions. Available documentation is limited, but we know
2083:
with ephemerides (data files), source code (for access and basic processing of the data to recover positions and velocities), and documentation.
1278:
with ephemerides (data files), source code (for access and basic processing of the data to recover positions and velocities), and documentation.
863:
meters between 1913-2113 and that error grows quadratically outside of that range. It is the largest of the ephemerides files at 3.4 gigabytes.
281:
114:
2141:
1234:
551:
was created in 1987; includes nutations and librations. Referred to the dynamical equator and equinox of 2000. Covers late 1899 through 2049.
2178:
2129:
1887:
1824:
2099:
1865:
1780:
1650:
1190:
975:
1802:
1672:
1087:
Standish, E. M. Jr. (July 1990). "The observational basis for JPL's DE 200, the planetary ephemerides of the
Astronomical Almanac".
269:
technique was used to perform the fitting. As of DE421, perturbations from 343 asteroids, representing about 90% of the mass of the
2118:
Standish; Newhall; Williams; Yeomans (1992), "CHAPTER 5: Orbital
Ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, and Planets", in Seidelmann (ed.),
1924:
1544:
1469:
683:
358:
835:
spacecraft and additional range and VLBI data from the Venus Express spacecraft were fit. DE423 covered the years 1799 to 2200.
197:
were published in 2021, with improvements in the orbits of Jupiter, Saturn and Pluto from more recent spacecraft observations.
1698:
1939:
1296:
581:
141:
140:
In the 1970s and early 1980s, much work was done in the astronomical community to update the astronomical almanacs from the
944:
808:
was released in 2008. It included additional ranging and VLBI measurements of Mars spacecraft, new ranging and VLBI of the
605:
was released in 1998. It added several years' extra data from telescopic, radar, spacecraft, and VLBI observations (of the
2088:
510:
30 new Kuiper-belt masses, and the Kuiper Belt ring mass, results in a time-varying shift of ~100 km in DE440's
1957:
1910:
1606:
2168:
2044:
1846:
1498:
1303:
901:
59:
2080:
1269:
377:
Positions and velocities of the Sun, Earth, Moon, and planets, along with the orientation of the Moon, are stored as
2173:
1722:
1022:
983:
362:
354:
1580:
920:
55:
of major Solar System bodies, tabulated at equally spaced intervals of time, covering a specified span of years.
36:
584:
accuracy was improved, giving better positions of the Moon. DE403 covered the time span early 1599 to mid 2199.
1409:
576:
247:
243:
1613:
Peale, S. J.; Yseboodt, M.; Margot, J.-L. (2006). "Long-period forcing of Mercury's libration in longitude".
393:
The use of Chebyshev polynomials enables highly precise, efficient calculations for any given point in time.
246:
could no longer be applied to a high enough accuracy to adequately reproduce the observations. The method of
875:
was created in 2016 and was based on the DE430, with improved orbital data for Jupiter specifically for the
842:
122:
1997:
1516:
Standish, E. M. Jr.; Newhall, X. X. (1996). "New accuracy levels for solar system ephemerides (Lecture)".
687:
642:
382:
925:
764:
737:
727:
483:
378:
316:
231:
182:
2028:
2014:
1744:
1622:
1525:
1418:
1127:
1096:
1057:
1002:
825:
mission to Mercury. A Long Ephemeris, it was intended to replace DE406, covering 3000 BC to AD 3000.
753:
652:
607:
541:
444:
346:
239:
238:, starting from a set of initial conditions. Due to the precision of modern observational data, the
202:
40:
692:
647:
2163:
1321:
1241:
749:
320:
293:
235:
43:, for use in spacecraft navigation and astronomy. The models consist of numeric representations of
28:
635:
was an unreleased ephemeris, created in 2005 as a longer version of DE406, covering 20,000 years.
1760:
1734:
1153:
730:
telescopic observations of Pluto in order to give improved positions of the planet and its moon.
289:
887:
was created in 2018 and was based on the DE430, with improved orbital data for Mercury (for the
2049:
369:, and the redefined TDB has been explicitly adopted in recent versions of the JPL ephemerides.
2125:
2119:
1436:
1145:
906:
896:
877:
758:
663:
178:
44:
1215:
471:
The JPL ephemerides are widely used for planetary science; some examples are included in the
2096:
1752:
1630:
1426:
1187:
1135:
1100:
1061:
381:
fit in 32 day-long segments. The ephemerides are now available via World Wide Web and
2103:
1454:
1194:
672:
657:
568:
342:
304:
1748:
1626:
1529:
1422:
1131:
1006:
1756:
335:
324:
312:
258:
251:
200:
JPL ephemerides have been the basis of the ephemerides of sun, moon and planets in the
56:
1555:
1480:
768:
Venus data for 1992-94 and Galileo Jupiter data for 1996-97. Some ranging data to the
2157:
1157:
1114:
Park, Ryan S.; Folkner, William M.; Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2021-02-08).
809:
723:
495:
Ephemerides for Solar System bodies are available through a JPL website and via FTP.
350:
270:
266:
99:
1764:
776:
was used to derive the Earth/Moon mass ratio. DE414 covered the years 1599 to 2201.
185:
for the new almanacs starting in 1984. DE402 introduced coordinates referred to the
784:
410:
398:
52:
32:
2069:
1171:
1961:
1634:
708:
was widely cited in the astronomical community, but not publicly released by JPL
702:
was widely cited in the astronomical community, but not publicly released by JPL
1376:
1170:
See Astronomical Almanac volumes available through Hathitrust's catalog page at
719:
334:
The time argument of the JPL integrated ephemerides, in early versions known as
262:
1431:
1404:
1403:
Park, Ryan S.; Folkner, William M.; Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2021).
1140:
1115:
121:, which was created in 1977, took six million steps and ran for nine days on a
789:
668:
511:
387:
1440:
1149:
788:
mission to Pluto. New observations of Pluto, which took advantage of the new
629:
was apparently unreleased. Details in readily-available sources are sketchy.
1850:
1502:
1307:
888:
821:
793:
667:
spacecraft) and telescopic data were included in the fit. The orbits of the
596:
414:
402:
297:
227:
130:
2064:
1345:
1273:
1197:(accessed September 2017); see also Standish (1998) for details of DE405.
773:
592:
48:
1358:
563:
was created 1993, released in 1995, expressed in the coordinates of the
307:
of planets, two-dimensional position fixes (on the plane of the sky) by
2065:
Information about JPL ephemerides and links to programs and source code
1975:
2054:
110:
67:
1866:"Planetary Ephemeris DE423 fit to Messenger encounters with Mercury"
1611:
at NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility website and
206:
since the volumes for 1984 through 2002, which used JPL's ephemeris
2070:
Java source code that implements JPL ephemerides and other theories
1739:
715:
71:
1023:"Estimated DE19 Lunar Ephemeris Errors for the Apollo 15 Mission"
1723:"Measuring the Mass of Solar System Planets Using Pulsar Timing"
769:
572:
564:
406:
345:
scale, as is necessary in precise work to account for the small
308:
75:
1925:"JPL PLANETARY AND LUNAR EPHEMERIDES : Export Information"
1847:"JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides : Export Information"
1499:"JPL PLANETARY AND LUNAR EPHEMERIDES : Export Information"
651:
arrival at Saturn. Further spacecraft ranging and VLBI (to the
2050:
NRAO description of the format and uses of the JPL ephemerides
686:. The ephemerides were created to support the arrivals of the
63:
482:
Recent ephemerides can be used with the planetarium software
2143:
CHAPTER 8: Orbital Ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, and Planets
2059:
1235:"Radiometric Tracking Techniques for Deep-Space Navigation"
557:
was released in 1995, and was quickly superseded by DE403.
2124:(1 ed.), Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books,
1405:"The JPL planetary and lunar ephemerides DE440 and DE441"
1116:"The JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE440 and DE441"
319:
telescopic observations of planets and small bodies, and
1297:"JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides Export Information"
210:. (From 2003 through 2014 the basis was updated to use
1216:"The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, DE430 and DE431"
1186:
See US Naval Observatory (Naval Oceanography Portal),
250:
was applied, using numerical integration to solve the
1940:"Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, Export Information"
27:(number)) designates one of a series of mathematical
2150:
an unpublished, updated version of the above source.
1306:. 6 December 2005. file "README.txt". Archived from
2055:
IAU's Papers and Information Related to Ephemerides
2121:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
2095:US Naval Observatory (Naval Oceanography Portal),
1545:"JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, DE405/LE405"
1470:"JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, DE403/LE403"
1249:for a good summary of spacecraft radio-navigation.
448:for 1984 through 2002 were based on JPL ephemeris
405:(equivalent to about 1 km at the distance of
2045:Folkner's descriptions of most of JPL's DE series
1011:; see also Newhall, Standish and Williams (1983).
571:of the planets, radio-ranging of spacecraft, and
831:was released in 2010. Position estimates of the
331:, for instance, was fit to 48,479 observations.
1172:https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000635721
714:was released in 2004 with updated ephemeris of
17:Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris
736:was created in 2005 and released in 2006. The
436:
292:of the Earth, the accelerations caused by the
1639:which states that DE408 covered 20,000 years.
273:, have been included in the dynamical model.
8:
290:accelerations caused by the tidal distortion
1873:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 343.R-10-001
1832:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 343.R-08-003
1810:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 343.R-07-005
1788:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 343.R-06-002
1691:
1689:
1680:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 312.N-03-009
1658:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 312.N-03-007
98:. These early releases were distributed on
1825:"The Planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE421"
1738:
1706:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 343-04-008
1477:JPL Interoffice Memorandum IOM 314.10-127
1430:
1322:"The Astronomical Almanac - Contributors"
1139:
1043:
1041:
1039:
472:
1900:
1898:
425:and the precision of the interpolation.
401:"recovers" accuracy of about 0.001
276:The physics modeled included the mutual
2091:describing features of the ephemerides.
1710:which compares DE413 output with DE411.
1595:which mentions DE407 only very briefly.
1552:JPL Interoffice Memorandum 312.F-98-048
945:"Reading Ephemeris Subsystem SPK Files"
936:
187:International Celestial Reference Frame
1214:Folkner, William (February 15, 2014).
1182:
1180:
782:was released in 2007 for planning the
280:gravitational accelerations and their
2097:"History of the Astronomical Almanac"
1803:"Planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE418"
1398:
1396:
1299:. 12 October 2007. file "README.txt".
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:"History of the Astronomical Almanac"
984:"JPL Development Ephemeris Number 69"
968:"JPL Development Ephemeris Number 28"
726:on 11 Jul 2005. DE413 was fit to new
214:, and further updated from 2015 when
86:There have been many versions of the
7:
565:International Earth Rotation Service
74:, and geocentric coordinates of the
2075:Matlab code to read the ephemerides
999:JPL Development Ephemeris number 96
841:was created in 2011 to support the
645:spacecraft arrival at Mars and the
296:and Moon, and a model of the lunar
573:very-long-baseline-interferometric
365:became essentially equivalent to T
286:Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann equations
14:
1727:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1074:See Standish and Williams in the
797:Estimated position data from the
772:spacecraft orbiting the asteroid
379:Chebyshev polynomial coefficients
1998:"JPL Memorandum IOM 392R-14-003"
1030:NASA MSC Internal Note 71-FM-291
437:Recent ephemerides in the series
1781:"JPL Planetary Ephemeris DE414"
1699:"The Ephemeris of Pluto: DE413"
1673:"JPL Planetary Ephemeris DE410"
1651:"JPL Planetary Ephemeris DE409"
982:O'Handley; et al. (1969).
623:time span covered by the file.
599:of the Moon were not included.
413:it is generally about 0.1
1721:Champion; et al. (2010).
1468:Standish; et al. (1995).
997:Standish; et al. (1976).
1:
1823:Folkner; et al. (2008).
1801:Folkner; et al. (2007).
641:was released in 2003 for the
142:theoretical work of the 1890s
2179:Dynamics of the Solar System
1892:file at the JPL FTP website.
1757:10.1088/2041-8205/720/2/L201
1635:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.028
1233:Thornton and Border (2000).
991:JPL Technical Report 32-1465
972:JPL Technical Report 32-1206
902:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters
819:was created in 2009 for the
740:software was updated to use
452:, and from 2003 to 2014 the
343:relativistic coordinate time
1978:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
722:of a star by its satellite
456:was based on JPL ephemeris
403:seconds of arc (arcseconds)
327:on the Moon, among others.
2195:
2106:(accessed September 2017).
1938:Folkner (April 30, 2014).
1089:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1050:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2089:JPL Interoffice Memoranda
2060:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1574:"IERS Annual Report 2004"
1377:"Public FTP File Browser"
921:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
491:Ephemerides in the series
417:. The 'reduced accuracy'
341:, became recognized as a
37:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1432:10.3847/1538-3881/abd414
1410:The Astronomical Journal
1359:"HORIZONS Web-Interface"
1141:10.3847/1538-3881/abd414
1120:The Astronomical Journal
361:'s 2006 redefinition of
284:(a modified form of the
282:relativistic corrections
1958:"JPL Ephemerides Files"
1769:which references DE412.
1455:"JPL Ephemeris READ ME"
1258:See sources cited at ].
1101:1990A&A...233..252S
1062:1983A&A...125..150N
843:Mars Science Laboratory
179:J2000.0 reference frame
60:rectangular coordinates
2015:"de436s release notes"
752:. Ranging data to the
643:Mars Exploration Rover
616:from 2003 until 2014.
2029:"DE438 release notes"
1561:on February 20, 2012.
1301:Also available is an
926:Fundamental ephemeris
738:numerical integration
248:special perturbations
244:general perturbations
232:numerical integration
183:fundamental ephemeris
181:, was adopted as the
109:were integrated on a
2140:Standish; Williams,
1913:on January 16, 2014.
1853:on January 15, 2012.
1310:on January 15, 2012.
932:Notes and references
904:), and Jupiter (for
854:Astronomical Almanac
754:Mars Global Surveyor
653:Mars Global Surveyor
614:Astronomical Almanac
542:Astronomical Almanac
473:Notes and References
454:Astronomical Almanac
445:Astronomical Almanac
397:calculation for the
203:Astronomical Almanac
129:was integrated on a
41:Pasadena, California
23:(number), or simply
2169:Celestial mechanics
1749:2010ApJ...720L.201C
1719:See, for instance,
1695:See, for instance,
1627:2007Icar..187..365P
1571:See, for instance,
1530:1996IAUS..172...29S
1486:on August 11, 2011.
1423:2021AJ....161..105P
1132:2021AJ....161..105P
1007:1976jden.book.....S
750:equations of motion
742:quadruple-precision
582:Lunar Laser Ranging
545:from 1984 to 2003.
460:. As of 2022, the
386:a planetary-system
294:figure of the Earth
236:equations of motion
218:began to be used.)
135:quadruple precision
2102:2009-03-05 at the
1193:2009-03-05 at the
964:See, for example,
802:time constraints.
718:in support of the
271:main asteroid belt
161:in Sep. 1981, and
2174:Dynamical systems
2131:978-0-935702-68-2
2003:. April 30, 2014.
1927:. April 30, 2014.
1779:Standish (2006).
1697:Standish (2004).
1671:Standish (2003).
1649:Standish (2003).
1543:Standish (1998).
894:), Mars (for the
595:of the Earth and
2186:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2134:
2092:
2084:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:. Archived from
1954:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:. Archived from
1902:
1893:
1891:
1886:Folkner (2011).
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1864:Folkner (2010).
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:. Archived from
1845:Folkner (2011).
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1742:
1733:(2): L201–L205.
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1579:. Archived from
1578:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1554:. Archived from
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1501:. Archived from
1497:Folkner (2011).
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1479:. Archived from
1474:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:ssd.jpl.nasa.gov
1373:
1367:
1366:
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1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1292:
1279:
1277:
1272:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:. Archived from
1239:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1198:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1010:
994:
988:
979:
974:. Archived from
962:
956:
955:
949:
941:
792:accuracy of the
464:is derived from
259:planetary masses
230:was produced by
177:migrated to the
117:. For instance,
115:double precision
35:produced at the
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2104:Wayback Machine
2087:
2079:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1304:"older version"
1302:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1276:on 27 May 2019.
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1230:
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1218:
1213:
1212:
1201:
1195:Wayback Machine
1185:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
996:
986:
981:
966:Lieske (1967).
965:
963:
959:
947:
943:
942:
938:
934:
917:
658:Mars Pathfinder
528:
501:
499:Latest releases
493:
431:
375:
368:
339:
325:retroreflectors
311:of spacecraft,
224:
173:, a version of
84:
78:are tabulated.
12:
11:
5:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2130:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2039:External links
2037:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2006:
1989:
1967:
1964:on 2019-05-25.
1949:
1930:
1916:
1905:Acton (2013).
1894:
1878:
1856:
1837:
1815:
1793:
1771:
1712:
1685:
1663:
1641:
1621:(2): 365–373.
1597:
1564:
1535:
1508:
1505:on 2012-01-15.
1489:
1460:
1446:
1392:
1368:
1350:
1337:
1313:
1280:
1270:"JPL FTP site"
1260:
1251:
1247:on 2012-02-18.
1224:
1199:
1176:
1163:
1106:
1079:
1067:
1035:
1013:
978:on 2015-01-06.
957:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:
916:
913:
770:NEAR Shoemaker
527:
524:
500:
497:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
476:
469:
440:
430:
427:
374:
371:
366:
337:
223:
220:
153:in Sep. 1977,
149:in Nov. 1975,
123:Univac 1100/81
83:
80:
66:, eight major
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2191:
2180:
2177:
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2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1976:"Ephemerides"
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1901:
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1608:
1601:
1598:
1586:on 2012-04-26
1582:
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1399:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:See the NASA
1341:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1289:
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1285:
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1125:
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1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:York (1971).
1017:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
973:
969:
961:
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811:
810:Venus Express
807:
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771:
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621:
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609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
583:
578:
577:perturbations
574:
570:
569:radar-ranging
566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
550:
546:
544:
543:
538:
534:
532:
526:Past releases
525:
523:
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513:
508:
504:
498:
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485:
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467:
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432:
428:
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422:
420:
416:
412:
411:outer planets
408:
404:
400:
399:inner planets
396:
391:
389:
384:
380:
372:
370:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:time dilation
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:laser-ranging
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:radar-ranging
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
267:least-squares
264:
260:
256:
255:-body problem
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:in May 1980,
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:mainframe in
112:
108:
103:
101:
100:magnetic tape
97:
93:
89:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
53:accelerations
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
19:(abbreviated
18:
2142:
2120:
2081:JPL FTP site
2023:
2009:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1970:
1962:the original
1952:
1943:
1933:
1919:
1911:the original
1907:"README.txt"
1888:"README.txt"
1881:
1872:
1859:
1851:the original
1840:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1705:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1618:
1614:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1567:
1556:the original
1551:
1538:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1503:the original
1492:
1481:the original
1476:
1463:
1449:
1414:
1408:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1316:
1308:the original
1274:the original
1263:
1254:
1242:the original
1227:
1166:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1029:
1016:
998:
990:
976:the original
971:
960:
951:
939:
905:
897:Mars Odyssey
895:
889:
884:
883:
876:
872:
871:
866:
865:
859:
858:
853:
848:
847:
838:
837:
832:
828:
827:
820:
816:
815:
805:
804:
798:
785:New Horizons
783:
779:
778:
763:
759:Mars Odyssey
757:
748:part of the
733:
732:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
698:
696:spacecraft.
691:
678:
677:
664:Mars Odyssey
662:
656:
646:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
625:
619:
618:
613:
606:
602:
601:
587:
586:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
547:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:
518:
517:
515:barycenter.
506:
505:
502:
494:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
429:Applications
423:
418:
394:
392:
376:
373:Distribution
355:simultaneity
347:relativistic
333:
328:
302:
275:
263:observations
252:
225:
222:Construction
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
194:
190:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:
126:
118:
106:
104:
95:
91:
87:
85:
33:Solar System
24:
20:
16:
15:
1607:"de408.cmt"
790:astrometric
720:occultation
409:); for the
349:effects of
57:Barycentric
2164:Astrometry
2158:Categories
1590:2012-01-31
1417:(3): 105.
1386:2022-04-14
1126:(3): 105.
1095:(1): 252.
1056:(1): 150.
881:mission).
512:barycenter
484:Stellarium
415:arcseconds
388:barycenter
298:librations
242:method of
240:analytical
49:velocities
1740:1008.3607
1441:1538-3881
1158:233943954
1150:0004-6256
890:MESSENGER
845:mission.
833:MESSENGER
822:MESSENGER
794:Hipparcos
746:Newtonian
597:libration
278:Newtonian
228:ephemeris
165:in 1982.
131:DEC Alpha
45:positions
2100:Archived
1765:53531447
1518:Dynamics
1363:HORIZONS
1267:See the
1191:Archived
915:See also
765:Magellan
744:for the
661:and the
593:nutation
503:Source:
189:(ICRF).
2111:Sources
1982:1 March
1745:Bibcode
1623:Bibcode
1526:Bibcode
1419:Bibcode
1348:system.
1330:5 April
1128:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
1076:Sources
1058:Bibcode
1003:Bibcode
892:mission
799:Cassini
693:Cassini
673:Voyager
669:Pioneer
648:Cassini
608:Galileo
479:guides.
462:Almanac
313:transit
288:), the
234:of the
82:History
68:planets
62:of the
31:of the
2128:
1763:
1615:Icarus
1524:: 29.
1439:
1156:
1148:
724:Charon
357:. The
111:Univac
88:JPL DE
29:models
21:JPL DE
2147:(PDF)
2001:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1761:S2CID
1735:arXiv
1702:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1584:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1346:SPICE
1325:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
1154:S2CID
1026:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
885:DE438
873:DE436
867:DE432
860:DE431
849:DE430
839:DE424
829:DE423
817:DE422
806:DE421
780:DE418
734:DE414
716:Pluto
712:DE413
706:DE412
700:DE411
679:DE410
639:DE409
633:DE408
627:DE407
620:DE406
603:DE405
588:DE404
561:DE403
555:DE402
549:DE202
537:DE200
531:DE102
519:DE441
507:DE440
466:DE430
458:DE405
450:DE200
419:DE406
395:DE405
329:DE102
226:Each
216:DE430
212:DE405
208:DE200
195:DE441
191:DE440
175:DE118
171:DE200
167:DE102
163:DE200
159:DE118
155:DE111
151:DE102
127:DE405
119:DE102
107:DE405
72:Pluto
2126:ISBN
1984:2016
1604:See
1437:ISSN
1332:2022
1294:See
1231:See
1146:ISSN
907:Juno
900:and
878:Juno
774:Eros
756:and
690:and
671:and
442:The
407:Mars
353:and
315:and
309:VLBI
265:. A
193:and
147:DE96
96:DE19
92:DE69
76:Moon
70:and
51:and
1944:JPL
1753:doi
1731:720
1631:doi
1619:187
1522:172
1427:doi
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1136:doi
1124:161
1093:233
1054:125
952:JPL
728:CCD
688:MER
684:IAU
383:FTP
367:eph
363:TDB
359:IAU
338:eph
323:of
317:CCD
133:in
64:Sun
39:in
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2031:.
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1747::
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1532:.
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475:.
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336:T
253:n
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.