228:
251:. The Meteor was the first production jet, with the first orders for production examples being made on 8 August 1941, the prototype first flying on 5 March 1943 and the first production aircraft flying on 12 January 1944, while the first orders for production Me 262 aircraft were not issued until 25 May 1943, and the first production Me 262 did not fly until 28 March 1944 despite the Me 262 program having started earlier than that of the Meteor, as Projekt 1065, with initial plans drawn up by Waldemar Voigt's design team in April 1939.
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153:. However, to support this claim, he had to make substantial alterations to the drawings which he used to support his subsequently debunked claims. In fact the ducted-fan engine backfired, setting the aircraft on fire before any flights were ever made, and it lacked nearly all of the features necessary for a jet engine - including a lack of fuel injection, and any concern about hot jet efflux being directed at a highly flammable fabric surface.
38:
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to enter service in 1958 and thus to dominate the market for civilian airliners. The underslung engines were found to be advantageous in the event of a propellant leak, and so the 707 looked rather different from the Comet: the 707 has a shape that is effectively the same as that of contemporary
224:(at the time the German He 178 program was still kept secret). Campini began development of the motorjet in 1932; it differed from a true turbojet in that the turbine was driven by a piston engine, rather than combustion of the turbine gases - which was a much more complex solution.
678:
One difference is that jet engines respond relatively slowly. This complicates takeoff and landing maneuvers. In particular, during takeoff, propeller aircraft engines blow air over their wings and that gives more lift and a shorter takeoff. These differences caught out some early
724:, gravity, and acceleration. It can also be stated as the proportion of the mechanical energy actually used to propel the aircraft. It is always less than 100% because of kinetic energy loss to the exhaust, and less-than-ideal efficiency of the propulsive mechanism, whether a
416:. This highly innovative aircraft travelled far faster and higher than propeller aircraft, was much quieter, smoother, and had stylish blended wings containing hidden jet engines. However, due to a design defect, and use of aluminium alloys, the aircraft suffered catastrophic
207:" (metal fatigue caused by the high temperatures within the engine) had not been solved, and the engine quickly burned out. Von Ohain's design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s.
650:
Turbojets are the second oldest type; they have a high, usually supersonic, exhaust speed and low frontal cross-section, and so are best suited to high-speed, usually supersonic, flight. Although once widely used, they are relatively inefficient compared to
662:
Low bypass turbofans have a lower exhaust speed than turbojets, and are mostly used for high sonic, transonic, and low supersonic speeds. High bypass turbofans are relatively efficient, and are used by subsonic aircraft such as airliners.
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entered operational service. The Me 262 had first flown on April 18, 1941, but mass production did not start until early 1944, with the first squadrons operational that year, too late for any effect on the outcome of the
642:
Rockets are the oldest type, and are mainly used when extremely high speeds are needed, or operation at extremely high altitudes where there is insufficient air to operate a jet engine. Due to the extreme, typically
886:) is highest when the engine emits an exhaust jet at a speed that is the same as, or nearly the same as, the vehicle velocity. The exact formula for air-breathing engines as given in the literature, is
942:
453:
was the fastest commercial jet aircraft at Mach 2.35 (2,503 km/h (1,555 mph)). It went into service in 1975, but was withdrawn from commercial service shortly afterwards. The Mach 2
494:
are single-use unmanned jet aircraft, powered predominantly by ramjets or turbojets or sometimes turbofans, but they will often have a rocket propulsion system for initial propulsion.
776:
836:
is the propulsive efficiency. The cycle efficiency, in percent, is the proportion of energy that can be derived from the energy source that is converted to mechanical energy by the
872:
834:
803:
647:, exhaust velocity and the necessity of oxidiser being carried on board, they consume propellant extremely quickly, making them impractical for routine transportation.
340:, their first jet bomber, into service in 1948. It was capable of carrying nuclear weapons, but was used for reconnaissance over Korea. On November 8, 1950, during the
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221:
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generally achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower speeds and altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum efficiency at speeds close to or even well above the
565:
Because of the way they work, the typical exhaust speed of jet engines is transonic or faster, therefore most jet aircraft need to fly at high speeds, either
580:, which says that the total area of cross-section of the aircraft at any point along the aircraft from the nose must be approximately the same as that of a
1548:
1055:
118:, the world's first jet aircraft, made its first flight. A wide range of different types of jet aircraft exist, both for civilian and military purposes.
325:, a modified, and slightly smaller version of the Me 262 that had folding wings. By the end of 1945, the US had introduced their first jet fighter, the
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is the efficiency, in percent, with which the energy contained in a vehicle's propellant is converted into useful energy, to replace losses due to
275:. While only around 15 Meteors were operational during WW2, up to 1,400 Me 262 were produced, with 300 entering combat. Only the rocket-propelled
519:
by rocket thrust, rather than the air. During re-entry it was classed (like a glider) as an unpowered aircraft. The first flight was in 1981.
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1684:
1617:
K.Honicke, R.Lindner, P.Anders, M.Krahl, H.Hadrich, K.Rohricht. Beschreibung der
Konstruktion der Triebwerksanlagen. Interflug, Berlin, 1968
266:
at
Lechfeld just south of Augsburg. An Me 262 scored the first combat victory for a jet fighter on 26 July 1944, the day before the British
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aircraft were designed. Rocket-engine research was being carried out in
Germany and the first aircraft to fly under rocket power was the
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The official Erich
Warsitz website (the world's first jet pilot), inclusive rare videos (Heinkel He 178) and audio commentaries
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The idea of the jet engine was not new, but the technical problems involved did not begin to be solved until the 1930s.
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294: – and then ground-attack operations over Europe in the last months of the war. In 1944 Germany introduced the
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1302:"Coanda's Claim:The story of a jet flight in 1910, just seven years after Kitty Hawk, may be too good to be true"
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0.8 (981 km/h (610 mph)) and at altitudes around 10,000–15,000 m (33,000–49,000 ft) or more.
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exist – powered by model aircraft jet engines – but of short duration and needing to be launched at height.
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515:, while far faster than the X-43 or X-15, was not regarded as an aircraft during ascent as it was carried
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Around this time, mid 1944, the United
Kingdom's Meteor was being used for defence of the UK against the
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jet reconnaissance and bomber aircraft into service, though chiefly used in the former role, with the
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and turbofans for subsonic flight. The last major aircraft to use turbojets were
Concorde and Tu-144
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causes the aircraft to climb, without changing the value of the local speed of sound. In this case:
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203:(Germany), powered by von Ohain's design. This was largely a proof of concept, as the problem of "
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After the first instance of powered flight, a large number of jet engine designs were suggested.
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584:. A shape with that property minimises the production of shockwaves which would waste energy.
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began entering service in the 1950s and 1960s, and became the most commonly used type of jet.
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573:") so as to achieve efficient flight. Aerodynamics is therefore an important consideration.
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262:, manufactured by Germany during World War II and entering service on 19 April 1944 with
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prototype which flew on August 27, 1940. It was the first jet aircraft recognised by the
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flew on
October 1, 1942, using two examples of a version of the Whittle engine built by
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1144:{\displaystyle R={\frac {aM}{c_{T}}}{\frac {C_{L}}{C_{D}}}ln{\frac {W_{1}}{W_{2}}}}
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Experimental & Prototype US Air Force Jet
Fighters, Jenkins & Landis, 2008
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The first flight of a jet-propelled aircraft to come to public attention was the
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was one of the fastest jet flying at Mach 3.35 (3,661 km/h (2,275 mph)
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aircraft, with marked commonality still evident today for example with the
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During the 1920s and 1930s a number of approaches were tried. A variety of
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in
Germany began work independently in the early 1930s. In August 1939 the
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There are several types of engine which operate by expelling hot gas:
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Most people use the term 'jet aircraft' to denote gas turbine based
1571:"'Jetman' Yves Rossy Shows Us How to Fly His Carbon Fiber Jet Wing"
1677:
The First Jet Pilot – The Story of German Test Pilot Erich
Warsitz
1336:
The First Jet Pilot – The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz
842:
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27:"Jet plane" redirects here. For the Rumania Montevideo album, see
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the local speed of sound. The range equation can be shown to be:
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were among the many helicopters where the rotors were driven by
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398:
134:
was the first aircraft to fly on turbojet power, in August 1939
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officer, began development of a viable jet engine in 1928, and
1719:
142:, Morize, Harris proposed systems for creating a jet efflux.
103:
1381:"Frank Whittle, 89, Dies; His Jet Engine Propelled Progress"
1322:
The Internet Encyclopedia of Science: Experimental Aircraft.
1245:"Sir Frank Whittle - Jet Engine Inventor - Born In Coventry"
149:
claimed to have built a jet-powered aircraft in 1910, the
87:. Jet aircraft generally cruise most efficiently at about
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Gloster Meteor: Britain's Celebrated First-Generation Jet
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The World's First Turbojet Fighter – Messerschmitt Me 262
1185: – Transport system providing air transport for hire
145:
After other jet engines had been run, Romanian inventor
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
937:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}={\frac {2}{1+{\frac {c}{v}}}}}
538:
designs where jet exhaust added to forward thrust. The
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into service and the UK its second fighter design, the
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became the first purpose-built rocket aircraft to fly.
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The fastest airbreathing jet aircraft is the unmanned
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which led to several crashes, which gave time for the
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The different types are used for different purposes.
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433:(single deck, swept wing, four below-wing engines).
375:. It was designed to fly higher and faster than any
1493:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1990.
321:also developed jet aircraft in 1945, including the
1178:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
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309:appearing at the end of 1944. USSR tested its own
290:-powered aircraft and direct ancestor of the
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1338:(p. 125), Pen and Sword Books Ltd., England, 2009
1197: – Passenger aircraft powered by jet engines
464:at Mach 3.35 (3,661 km/h (2,275 mph)).
401:operated the first commercial jet service, from
313:in 1942, but the project was scrapped by leader
34:Aircraft class powered by jet propulsion engines
671:Jet aircraft fly considerably differently than
457:entered service in 1976 and flew for 27 years.
1694:Radinger, Will; Schick, Walter Schick (1996).
1661:. Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing. p. 23.
1539:Thomas Lawrence; David Jenney (31 Aug 2010).
195:. The first turbojet aircraft to fly was the
8:
576:Jet aircraft are usually designed using the
504:The fastest manned (rocket) aircraft is the
187:was invented in the 1930s, independently by
1679:, Pen and Sword Books Ltd., England, 2009,
363:and shot them down in the first jet-to-jet
1698:(in German). Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH.
569:or speeds just below the speed of sound ("
460:The fastest military jet aircraft was the
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1444:(flightglobal.com), 27 October 1949 p554
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771:{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{c}\eta _{p}}
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239:first flew on May 15, 1941, powered by
969:For a long range jet operating in the
222:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
735:Mathematically, it is represented as
7:
1657:Butler, Phil; Buttler, Tony (2006).
1551:from the original on 30 January 2017
1413:from the original on 20 October 2017
1379:Foderaro, Lisa W. (10 August 1996).
1300:Winter, Frank H. (6 December 2010).
1255:from the original on 20 October 2017
1219:List of jet aircraft of World War II
1581:from the original on 2 January 2017
1515:"Jet! When Britain Ruled the Skies"
1274:Jet Propulsion of Aircraft Part III
394:providing service from 1976 to 2003
390:was the longest running commercial
348:Lt. Russell J. Brown, flying in an
1157:after the French aviation pioneer
25:
1541:"The Fastest Helicopter on Earth"
1643:, 2003. Retrieved: 21 July 2012.
1209: – Airliner with two aisles
243:'s turbojet. The United States
1030:is the cruise Mach number and
955:is the speed of the aircraft.
622:(which come in two main forms
501:scramjet at around Mach 9–10.
258:was the first operational jet
1:
1324:Retrieved: 26 September 2011.
699:overall propulsive efficiency
544:Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter
1203: – Noise caused by jets
534:(1977-1981) are examples of
367:in history. The UK put the
338:North American B-45 Tornado
327:Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
72:) propelled by one or more
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1432:"No Airscrew Necessary..."
962:
951:is the exhaust speed, and
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439:aircraft with far greater
371:into service in 1951 as a
277:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
81:propeller-powered aircraft
26:
867:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}}
829:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}}
798:{\displaystyle \eta _{c}}
369:English Electric Canberra
286: – the V-1 itself a
235:The British experimental
1628:"Gas turbine technology"
1243:CWN, Chris Studman for.
487:with auxiliary turbojets
483:The Sikorsky S-69 was a
474:airbreathing jet engines
199:, on August 27, 1939 in
346:United States Air Force
79:Whereas the engines in
42:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
1155:Breguet range equation
1153:which is known as the
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264:Erprobungskommando 262
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1159:Louis Charles Breguet
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880:propulsive efficiency
878:For jet aircraft the
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713:{\displaystyle \eta }
693:Propulsive efficiency
687:Propulsive efficiency
657:supersonic transports
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311:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
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46:Continental Airlines
40:
1480:Radinger, 1996, p.49
1471:Radinger, 1996, p.33
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1001:{\displaystyle V=aM}
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628:high bypass turbofan
451:supersonic transport
331:de Havilland Vampire
256:Messerschmitt Me 262
1287:September 25th 1941
1183:Commercial aviation
624:low bypass turbofan
540:Hiller YH-32 Hornet
536:compound helicopter
485:compound helicopter
409:, in 1952 with the
215:Caproni Campini N.1
70:fixed-wing aircraft
48:is an example of a
1633:2014-10-31 at the
1605:2010-09-14 at the
1462:Butler, 2006, p.23
1437:2012-10-25 at the
1385:The New York Times
1343:2010-06-03 at the
1279:2012-11-05 at the
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411:de Havilland Comet
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352:, intercepted two
323:Nakajima J9Y Kikka
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1705:978-3-925505-21-8
1685:978-1-84415-818-8
1489:Hecht, Heinrich.
1453:Butler, 2006, p.8
1283:G Geoffrey Smith
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1043:{\displaystyle a}
1023:{\displaystyle M}
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884:energy efficiency
241:Sir Frank Whittle
68:(nearly always a
16:(Redirected from
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592:Main article:
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528:Lockheed XH-51
508:at Mach 6.85.
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300:Heinkel He 162
292:cruise missile
268:Gloster Meteor
197:Heinkel He 178
193:Hans von Ohain
170:rocket powered
132:Heinkel He 178
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116:Heinkel He 178
108:Hans von Ohain
85:speed of sound
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52:configuration
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18:Jet airplanes
1735:Jet aircraft
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1651:Bibliography
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1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
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1415:. Retrieved
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1257:. Retrieved
1248:
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1195:Jet airliner
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971:stratosphere
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553:Jet-powered
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530:(1965), and
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407:Johannesburg
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373:light bomber
354:North Korean
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273:World War II
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147:Henri Coandă
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58:jet aircraft
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55:
1524:17 February
1171:Coanda-1910
975:Mach number
730:air density
588:Jet engines
377:interceptor
305:single-jet
245:Bell XP-59A
151:Coandă-1910
74:jet engines
60:(or simply
1225:References
681:BOAC Comet
645:hypersonic
594:Jet engine
567:supersonic
468:Other jets
422:Boeing 707
361:Yalu River
342:Korean War
231:Boeing 707
191:and later
178:Opel RAK.1
140:René Lorin
1230:Citations
1207:Jumbo jet
1201:Jet noise
898:η
856:η
818:η
787:η
760:η
750:η
743:η
726:propeller
708:η
653:turboprop
571:transonic
555:wingsuits
359:near the
162:turboprop
29:Jet Plane
1729:Category
1631:Archived
1603:Archived
1585:1 August
1579:Archived
1555:1 August
1549:Archived
1435:Archived
1411:Archived
1341:Archived
1277:Archived
1253:Archived
1189:Contrail
1165:See also
722:air drag
683:pilots.
620:turbofan
615:turbojet
548:tip jets
526:(1964),
524:Bell 533
455:Concorde
437:Turbofan
414:jetliner
388:Concorde
365:dogfight
288:pulsejet
218:motorjet
185:turbojet
166:pulsejet
158:motorjet
114:powered
112:turbojet
66:aircraft
64:) is an
805:is the
357:MiG-15s
260:fighter
212:Italian
201:Rostock
122:History
100:English
1702:
1696:Me 262
1683:
1665:
1637:p507,
1600:ch10-3
1497:
1442:Flight
1401:Flight
1285:Flight
1010:where
947:where
838:engine
778:where
634:rocket
448:Tu-144
403:London
50:Trijet
1575:Wired
1417:6 May
1259:6 May
959:Range
303:Spatz
205:creep
98:, an
1700:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1587:2017
1557:2017
1526:2023
1495:ISBN
1419:2018
1261:2018
809:and
626:and
605:The
542:and
522:The
511:The
506:X-15
499:X-43
446:The
431:A340
399:BOAC
386:The
350:F-80
254:The
183:The
168:and
130:The
89:Mach
1519:BBC
427:737
405:to
392:SST
104:RAF
62:jet
44:of
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1060:R
1038:a
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924:c
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