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fleet, again trying to rely on technical development to compensate for
British numerical superiority of battleships. By the beginning of the 20th century, France was "undoubtedly the first navy to have an effective submarine force".
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and felt that the threats of fast raiders and swarms of torpedo boats made the traditional battleship too unwieldy. He argued that the future lay with fast ships with light armor and big guns, which would become known as the
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concept consisted of planning to raid the commercial ships of the enemy so as to curtail its trade and economy, again a tactic designed especially against Great
Britain.
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109:. The French Navy became one of the strongest proponents of this combat system by the end of the 19th century, particularly during the ministry of Admiral
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311:]. Wehrwissenschaftliche Forschungen, Abteilung Militärgeschichtliche Studien (in German). Vol. 12. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag.
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naval theorists: the French government had the second largest navy of the time, and the theorists desired to counteract the strength of the larger
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Enseignements de l'histoire et progrès technique: L'example de l'élaboration de la doctrine de la Jeune École française
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laid down in 1888, was capable of 23 knots and was designed to raid enemy commerce ships during extended forays.
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concept developed during the 19th century. It advocated the use of small, heavily armed vessels to combat larger
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Lessons from history and technical progress: Example how the ideas of the french Jeune École were elaborated
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The
Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War
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144:, and in English, "destroyer" is a contraction of "torpedo boat destroyer"), the first of which was the
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guns for warships during the 1820s. He advocated the use of these powerful guns on numerous small steam
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of 1883–85 also tended to validate the potential of torpedo boats against conventional navies.
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system was particularly influential on the development of smaller navies, including the
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during the 19th century, which tried to compensate for weaknesses in battleships.
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Die "Junge Schule" der französischen Marine. Strategie und
Politik 1875–1900
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to cripple the trade of the rival nation. The idea was developed among
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Net-Centric before its time: The Jeune École and Its
Lessons for Today
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Erik J. Dahl US Naval War
College Review, Autumn 2005, Vol. 58, No. 4
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The "Young School" of the French Navy: Strategy and Policy 1875–1900
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The
Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904
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developed the concept more elaborately as it experimented with
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Steam, Steel and
Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
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France was also very active in the development of a
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223:in 1904, was especially impressed by the ideas of
113:. The naval successes of the French Navy against
326:Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (1992).
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353:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
83:that could destroy much larger battleships.
392:The Jeune École: The Strategy of the Weak
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375:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
371:(1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.).
175:The other constitutive part of the
67:One of the first proponents of the
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332:. Conway's History of the Ship.
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63:Small units against battleships
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219:, who would later become the
132:Counter measures against the
136:system consisted largely of
182:Raiding ships, such as the
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446:History of the French Navy
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347:Howe, Christopher (1996).
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71:was the artillery general
75:, who invented explosive
36:("Young School") was a
451:Naval history of Japan
390:Roksund, Arne (2007).
301:Bueb, Volkmar (1971).
285:Gardiner & Lambert
210:Imperial Japanese Navy
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73:Henri-Joseph Paixhans
27:French naval strategy
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471:Military doctrines
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394:. Leiden: Brill.
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