2024:. Others responded that lack of citation in the dynastic histories, which was a common occurrence in Chinese literary history, does not necessarily mean that the book did not exist. Since Ji Han's preface explicitly said the book was compiled for the edification of his family, and not intended for public dissemination, it is not surprising that for generations its existence was not well known. Furthermore, there are unanswered questions. If the text suddenly first appeared in the Song dynasty, why did it not arouse the suspicion of learned bibliophiles? What would a forger gain by spending the time and effort necessary to compile such an admirable text but not accepting its authorship? Huang says the most reasonable hypothesis is that the
1749:
rice to make wine. Thus if drunk heavily, even after awakening from intoxication, the head is hot and sweaty because there are poisonous herbs in it. Among the southerners, when a daughter reaches several years of age the family starts to brew wine on a large scale. After straining, and when the ponds become dry in the winter, the wine is put in jars, tightly sealed at the top and buried in the side of the ponds. When spring comes and the ponds are full of water, these jars are not removed. When the daughter is getting ready to be married, the pond edges are dug to remove the wine for use in feasting the guests at the marriage ceremony. It is called "girl's wine." The taste is exceedingly fine. (14)
1553:
1568:
and leaves, which, with the ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in color, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the Kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects and not a single fruit will be perfect. There are now two trees of Kan in the Hua-lin Garden. When in fruit, the
Emperor has the court entourage wine and dine by their side and the fruits are picked and given to all. (63)
922:
359:
1250:
When grown, the stems and leaves rise above the holes in the raft, which undulates with the water. This is a strange vegetable of the south. Yeh-ko 冶葛 has deadly poison. If juice of the Yung is dropped on the shoot of the latter, it withers instantly. According to traditions, Wei-wu 魏武 could eat Yeh-ko up to one foot in length. It is said that this is possible because he ate the vegetable first. (25)
1209:
982:(房, spathe). They are sweet and palatable and can also be preserved in honey. The roots resemble taro, the largest as big as a carriage wheel. Fruiting follows flowering, and the flowers, which have a cluster of six pods each, develop successively. The pods are not formed simultaneously and the flowers do not drop at the same time. It is also called
667:
1482:, responsible for presenting oranges to the royal court. In the Huang-wu period of Wu (A.D. 222-229), Shih Hsieh 士燮, the Governor of Chiao-chih, once presented an orange specimen with seventeen fruits to one stalk, considered as a symbol of auspiciousness. The entire court entourage presented their congratulations. (62)
2130:
The symposium participants reached consensus that the extant text contains interpolations by later writers, and probably first appeared in its current form during the
Southern Song dynasty. Among the pro-forgery group, opinions about the date of fabrication varied considerably, perhaps Tang, Northern
2004:
in 284. Li concludes that although we cannot rule out the possibility of interpolations, we can be reasonably sure that the text, as it has come down to us in its present form since the late Song period, "represents on the whole a historically trustworthy account of the plants treated therein as they
1748:
In Nan-hai there are many fine wines, prepared not with yeast leaven but by pounding rice flour mixed with many kinds of herb leaves and soaked in the juice of Yeh-ko 冶葛. The dough, as big as an egg, is left in dense bushes under the shade. After a month, it is done, and is used to mix with glutinous
1567:
The Kan is a kind of orange with an exceptionally sweet and delicious taste. There are yellow and red kinds. The red ones are called Hu-kan 壺柑 (jar orange). In the market, the natives of Chiao-chih sell ants stored in bags of rush mats. The nests are like thin silk. The bags are all attached to twigs
1177:
linen. The center of the plant is shaped like a garlic-bulb and is as large as a plate. There the fruit grows and holds the 'stem.' One stem bears several tens of fruits. The fruit has a reddish skin like the color of fire and when peeled the inside pulp is dark. The pulp is edible and is very sweet,
1249:
The Yung has leaves resembling the Lo-k'uei 落葵 but smaller in size. The nature is cold and the taste sweet. The southerners make rafts by weaving reeds, cutting into the raft small holes and floating it above the water. When seeds are planted in the water, they float above the water like duckweeds.
977:
The Kan-chiao, seen from afar, resembles a tree. The larger plants are over one armspan in circumference. The leaves are ten feet long, or sometimes seven to eight feet and over one to almost two feet broad. The flowers are as big as a wine cup, with the shape and color of a lotus. Over one hundred
708:
The plants of Nan-yueh and Chiao-chih are the most interesting of the four borderlands. They were not known before the Chou and Ch'in dynasties. Since the expansion territories undertaken by Wu Ti of Han, the rare and precious kinds were sought and brought in and the best were used as tributes. As
1635:
that binds leaves and twigs together with silk to form tight nests in a tree. At night, the citrus ants retire into these nests, and during the day, they leave the nests and forage for various insects that attack the orange trees and their fruit. To take advantage of these ants, a citrus grower
901:
as the title. But since none of the Xu Zhong quotations can be found in the work of Ji Han as it has come down to us, some scholars supposed the two books to have been one and the same. Modern scholarship has shown that the two books were quite distinct. In contrast to Ji Han's "refinement", Xu
990:巴苴. Removing the peel of the pod, the yellowish-white interior with a taste like the grape appears, sweet and soft. It satisfies hunger also. There are three kinds. The kind with pods the size of a thumb, long and pointed, resembling a sheep's horn in shape, is called
1982:, indicating the antiquity of the text. Second, he wrote eight entries describing plants that later authors have never been able to identify. Third, Ji Han was occasionally confused regarding some plants where later botanists were not, for example (17), he mixed up
1002:. A third kind is the size of a lotus rootstock; the pods are six to seven inches in length, squarish in shape, not sweet, and considered the most inferior. The stem is separable into fibers, and when treated with lime, can be woven into thin cloth, called
1901:
entry (19) says the physician Liu Juanzi (劉涓子, fl. 410), "used this plant to prepare pills and after taking them, attained immortality"; which is likely a copyist's mistake for the Daoist Juanzi (涓子) mentioned in the (c. 1st century BCE)
2131:
Song, or
Southern Song. Huang says, "Based on what is known about Ji Han's life, his literary attainments, his love of plants, and his interest in alchemy, those opposed to the forgery thesis believe that he is a likely author for the
1109:(蕉葛 "linen made from banana/plantain fibers") but not the fruit. Needham, Lu, and Huang say that the banana was primarily a textile-producer, rather than cultivated for fruit, which could reasonably explain the origin of the name, for
2119:, were introduced from Persia in 536, and therefore, could not have been known to Ji Han. In rebuttal, scholars cited evidence that jasmine was already well known in central China during the Jin dynasty, thus the mistake was in the
1636:
secures a nest on one tree, then connects it to adjacent trees with bamboo strips for bridges, enabling the citrus ants to travel to and build new nests in neighboring trees, and eventually colonize the whole orchard. In 1915, the
1128:
In the sixth year of Yüan-ting of the reign of
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Annam was vanquished. The palace Fu-li kung 扶荔宮 was built for transplanting the newly acquired plants ... among which were ... twelve plants of the
2012:
provides an overview of both sides in the debate: those who claim that the text is a 12th-century forgery compiled from early texts, and those who consider it a genuine 4th-century work with later interpolations.
1172:
has leaves as large as mats. Its stem is like a shoot. After boiling, the stem breaks into fibres and can be used for weaving cloth. Women weavers make this fibre into fine or coarse linen which is known now as
1014:
This detailed description is of great interest for botanists, but closer observation would have shown that the six fruits in a half-spiral did not come from one ovary. Since banana plants are all sterile hybrid
1010:三輔黃圖, "Wu Ti of Han, in the sixth year of the Yüan-ting period (111 B.C.), conquered Nan-yüeh and built the Fu-Ii Palace to plant the rare plants and strange trees obtained. There are two plants Kan-chiao." (1)
913:(續南方草木狀 "Supplement to the Record of Southern Plants and Trees"), written by Jiang Fan (江藩), is an independent study rather than a supplement to Ji Han's book. It contains brief notes on 42 plants in Guangdong.
1302:
entry (26), which says, "Those who use this to poison people often give it mixed with other raw vegetables. If not discovered quickly and treated with an antidote, the one poisoned will die within half a day."
2035:
passages that are similar or identical to those on the same topics in other classical works about South China. Ma identified passages in books written between the 3rd and 12th centuries as "sources" for many
1962:
was first published, and 1194, the year You Mou died. On the other side, Needham, Lu, and Huang conclude that basically Ji Han's "text is authentic, though there may have been some later interpolations".
871:(南方草物狀, "Record of Southern Plants and Products"), which was written by a less well-known person, whose name is written Xu Zhong (徐衷) or Xu Biao (徐表). In order to explain the confusion of these
554:. Ge Hong went to Guangdong ahead of Ji, and remained there afterwards for several years, probably because he was interested in the exotic plants and unusual mineral substances of the south.
1970:
text, or at least the major part of it. First, Ji Han used archaic and unusual names for certain plants instead of those which later became standard in the Tang and Song, for instance (45),
1478:
The Chü has white flowers and reddish fruits which have fragrant petals and a delicious taste. Since the time of Wu Ti of Han, there was a
Minister of Oranges with a salary of two hundred
1245:
grown, either in water or on wet ground, as a vegetable for its tender shoots and leaves. In southern China it is a very common and popular vegetable, and often escapes from cultivation.
1006:蕉葛 (banana linen). Although the cloth is soft and good and yellowish-white in color, it is not comparable to the reddish linen. The plant grows in both Chiao and Kuang. According to the
2312:
Science and
Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 3: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin
902:
Zhong's style is "plain and rather repetitive". There are five cases of the same plant being described by both authors, and then the entries are generally quite different; but the
768:
exemplify the first, "scholar-officials, physicians and others whose duties took them to those places within or on the borders of the empire where special plants flourished".
2028:
appearance in a printed edition did not attract any special attention because it was common knowledge among the Song literati that Ji Han wrote the text in the 4th century.
1545:
quotes this same passage followed by an additional sentence: "There is an orange grove in Chiao-chih, where an administrative officer is installed, with a salary of 300
1808:
gender separation) made wines for women in the royal palace, the staff of the
Superintendent of Wines is said to include 10 eunuchs, 30 "wine-women", and 300 convicts.
567:"rhapsody; poetic exposition", and deeply interested in botany. While most of his ten-volume collected works were lost, later texts quote the prefaces to Ji's poetical
709:
people of the central regions are often unfamiliar with their nature, I hereby record and describe these from what I have heard for the benefit of future generations.
2052:(北戶錄). Symposium scholars who rejected this plagiarism hypothesis contended that it is more reasonable to conclude that the "sources" were themselves copied from the
534:
in 306. However, before he could leave, Ji Han was assassinated at
Xiangyang in 307 after Liu Hong's death. When Ji Han was made Governor, he appointed his friend
994:羊角蕉 (sheep's horn banana), and is the sweetest and most delicious in taste. Another kind with pods the size of a hen's egg and resembling a cow's udder is called
1539:
entry: "the orange tree has white flowers and reddish fruits, which have fragrant peels and also sweet taste. It is produced in
Kiangnan and not elsewhere". The
808:
provinces, all subtropical or tropical in climate are distinctly separate from the rest of China, which is borne out by their affiliation to a different
518:(r. 307-313), whose army suffered a defeat at Tangyin (蕩陰), in which his uncle Ji Shao was killed protecting the emperor. Ji Han was made prefect of
1897:
The first scholar to question the text's authenticity was Wen
Dingshi (文廷式, 1856-1904), who said Ji Han could not have been the author because the
409:
is the oldest work extant in any language on subtropical botany. The book contains the first descriptions of several economic plants, for instance
1637:
1614:
mandarin orange entry is the first reference in any literature to the entomological control of plant pests, as well as the earliest example of a
2087:
In the third category of philological considerations, several discrepancies in book titles, personal names, and historical events quoted in the
1786:
entry (26), and mentions it in the Chinese spinach entry (25, see above). Li notes that while the root contains poison, it is not clear whether
2044:
was a probable sources for the banana and orange descriptions. Ma claimed that at least thirteen entries were copied from (early 10th century)
758:
1552:
2076:, though almost identical in language, lack one or two key words needed to render them botanically meaningful, thus indicating that the
1314:, which acts as a paralytic and often results in death. Later Chinese works repeatedly mention using Chinese spinach as an antidote for
860:(南方異物志, "Record of Strange Things of the South") was written by Wan Zhen (萬震), and may have been one of Ji Han's sources for his book.
1345:(農書 "Treatise on Agriculture") describes wooden instead of reed rafts as Ji Han mentions. Wang Zhen explains that the frame is like a
484:
2020:
existed before the Song dynasty when the title first appeared, and when it did occur in pre-Song literature, it was often called the
1400:
separated by canoe-width channels). Several countries in Asia have actual floating gardens. In China, they are found not only in the
630:
2294:
On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, with notes on the history of plants and geographical botany from Chinese sources
780:
is considered the type-specimen for the "strange plants of the south" genre of Chinese botanical writings. Within the traditional
1363:, Manchurian wild rice). He says that floating fields are found more or less everywhere in Southeast China, and quotes a poem by
2377:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 9: Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling
1811:
Needham and Huang suggest that since it took one month for the herbal rice-flour dough to become infected by fungi (presumably
1178:
like sugar or honey. Four or five of these fruits are enough for a meal. After eating, the flavor lingers on among the teeth.
3061:
3051:
1649:
261:
201:
48:
2016:
In the first category of bibliographical evidence, some argued at the symposium that there is no reason to believe that the
1852:"herb ferment" was still used in the Guangdong area, and it was made from beans and rice mixed with plant materials such as
3056:
2675:
West, R. C. (1950), "The floating garden agriculture of Kashmir and Mexico—a case of diffusion or independent invention",
62:
446:, it was frequently quoted by Chinese authors, both in literature and technical books on horticulture, agriculture, and
2277:
China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediœval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records
1235:; Chinese spinach; water spinach; swamp cabbage") is the first record of both this vegetable and of floating gardens.
825:
2214:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 5: Fermentations and Food Science
1413:
3066:
675:
429:
crops), and the cultivation of vegetables on floating gardens (centuries before the earliest recorded Mesoamerican
2982:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3: Agroindustries and Forestry
1519:
1113:(焦) means "heat; burning; boiling", which was how the stems had to be treated with lime water to get the fibers.
3009:
1774:
or Heartbreak grass is a famous poisonous plant of southern China. Besides this "herb ferment" entry mentioning
832:("south of the mountain ranges") is another name for the subtropical area that Ji Han called Nanyue and Jiaozhi.
879:("plants and products") titles, Needham, Lu, and Huang compare this almost-identically named parallel work with
1615:
519:
511:
1318:, and in India, the juice of this plant is believed to have emetic properties and is used in opium poisoning.
1194:(水蕉 "water banana") that "resembles the day-lily, and is either purple or yellow", which Li suggests might be
1124:"), which is an anonymous text of uncertain date, estimated at from the 3rd century to the 8th century, says:
1818:
The tradition of preparing wines for marriage ceremonies while the daughter was still young continued in the
593:" mixture of mineral and plant drugs, which says "it cured his ailing son when other treatments had failed".
1878:
1641:
1393:
1058:
764:
Among six proposed categories of Chinese authors who wrote botanical books, Ji Han and the exotic botanical
418:
3027:
1702:
2276:
275:
3046:
1868:
1841:
1623:
1558:
1133:, etc. ... Because the climates of the North and the South are different, most of the plants soon died.
884:
842:
422:
382:
3001:
1021:
949:
text is to provide some noteworthy entries for bananas, Chinese spinach, oranges, and "herb ferment".
3022:
2987:
Reed, Carrie E. (2003), "Motivation and Meaning of a 'Hodge-podge': Duan Chengshi's 'Youyang zazu'",
2008:
Huang Xingzong's summary of the proceedings at an international symposium on the authenticity of the
1688:
1656:, they became the first Western scientists to encounter the cultivated citrus ant of southern China.
1460:
1417:
1338:
335:
2092:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1263:
880:
515:
386:
2223:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 2: Agriculture
867:("Record of Southern Plants and Trees") title is sometimes confused with the (c. 3rd-4th century)
159:
2289:
2247:
1493:
1259:
926:
455:
2001:
1761:
1721:
1549:(picul) , who is responsible for presenting an annual tribute of oranges to the royal court."
1470:
1397:
1359:
1079:
754:
722:
447:
2205:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany
1500:). This story about Shi Xie sending as tribute a sweet orange plant with seventeen fruits to
2239:
2182:
1927:
1389:
1231:
1213:
938:
590:
458:, many Western sinologists, botanists, and historians of plant cultivation have studied it.
93:
2080:
author had an intimate knowledge of plants and knew what he was writing about, whereas the
1720:"drug; medicine"), which is produced by inoculating a cereal dough with a previously-grown
1508:
dynasty, is not recorded elsewhere, and Ma believes it is a forgery based on the (492-493)
2271:
2104:
1753:
1673:
1196:
934:
821:
451:
530:), and at the recommendation of the official Liu Hong (劉弘), he was appointed governor of
114:
3031:
1607:(酉陽雜俎) and the (early 10th century) Lingbiao luyi (嶺表錄異) retell the citrus ant story.
1242:
635:
561:, the "first botanical treatise of all time", Ji Han was a prolific poet, particularly
540:
426:
180:
173:
1337:(農政全書 "Complete Treatise on Agricultural Administration"), refer to floating gardens.
835:
The first book in the "strange plants of the south" genre was the (early 3rd century)
685:
text is divided into three chapters, with a total of 80 botanical entries. The first (
3040:
2173:
1904:
1827:
1692:
1645:
1600:
1541:
1239:
1074:
973:" entry distinguishes two kinds of dessert-banana plants and one fiber-banana plant.
906:
was never a flora, for it included marine animals and all kinds of natural products.
813:
492:
2792:
Groff, George W. and C. W. Howard (1925), "The cultured citrus ant of South China",
1836:
fermented from rice, and it originated in Shaoxing, an ancient city in the southern
1684:
was prepared in advance for marriage ceremonies while the daughter was still young.
1936:
1677:
1280:
889:
746:
551:
443:
414:
149:
100:
1815:), the process was probably not easily reproducible in areas outside South China.
507:. He served as a scholar-administrator and poet on the staff of several princes.
358:
3014:
2065:
1921:
1837:
1141:
banana entry are almost identical with passages in earlier and later texts. The
1121:
1086:
1065:
887:. For instance, an early Chinese book on agriculture, Jia Sixie's (賈思勰, c. 540)
781:
750:
718:
671:
563:
475:
398:
194:
1208:
2057:
1632:
1505:
1401:
1375:: "'The water drains away, the wild grass sprouts, and gradually a appears".
1330:
1072:
mention no fruit, but only the value of the fiber and the cloth. The (121 CE)
930:
921:
581:
499:
Boqiuzi (亳丘子 "Master of Boqiu") refers to his residence at Boqiu (present-day
2171:
Ma, Tai-Loi 馬泰來 (1978). "The Authenticity of the 'Nan-Fang Ts'ao-Mu Chuang".
2056:
without acknowledgement, as early Chinese authors so often did. Furthermore,
2186:
1996:
1858:
1770:
1757:
1681:
1680:
made with rice flour and herbs. In Southern Chinese tradition, this special
1653:
1429:
1409:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1311:
1290:
1275:
1094:
1016:
809:
797:
726:
620:(狀) "form, shape; state, condition; account, record; description, narrative"
531:
523:
128:
417:, as well as the earliest accounts of some agricultural techniques such as
479:
biography of his uncle Ji Shao (嵇紹), who was the son of the poet-musician
2005:
appeared in the southern regions around the third and fourth centuries".
1990:
1984:
1958:
is unequivocally a forgery, compiled sometime between 1108, the year the
1832:
1823:
1819:
1588:
1527:
1515:
1501:
1421:
1372:
1308:
837:
789:
576:
496:
431:
312:
135:
2072:
the descriptions make botanical sense, but the corresponding entries in
1595:(風土記 "Record of Local Conditions"), which is the likely source for this
2980:
Needham, Joseph, Christian A. Daniels, and Nicholas K. Menzies (1996),
2251:
2061:
1966:
Li lists internal evidence that attests the historical validity of the
1898:
1812:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1433:
1425:
1405:
1267:
1255:
829:
801:
742:
738:
730:
666:
608:(南方, lit. "south direction/region") "south; southern part of a country"
572:
546:
535:
504:
480:
410:
402:
394:
156:
2091:
have led scholars in China and the West to question its authenticity.
1093:(焦 "burnt; scorched") phonetic, defined as (生枲, lit. "living/raw male
17:
2779:
Huang, H. T. and Pei Yang (1987), "The Ancient Cultured Citrus Ant",
2337:
Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD)
2196:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 1 Introductory Orientations
1796:
1584:
1450:
1385:
1102:
1098:
962:
805:
793:
734:
714:
390:
224:
2243:
1064:
The most surprising thing is the emphasis placed on the banana as a
2164:
Nan-fang ts'ao-mu chuang: a fourth century flora of Southeast Asia
2031:
In the second category of textual comparisons, there are numerous
1979:
1697:
1551:
1207:
920:
841:("Record of Strange/Foreign Things"), by the Eastern Han official
665:
638:
and his international collaborators, gives six variant versions.
527:
500:
488:
470:
author Ji Han was "one of the greatest of all Chinese botanists".
357:
298:
238:
1587:, Chinese honey orange"). Ma says the first few sentences appear
856:(南洲異物志, "Record of Strange Things of the Southern Continent") or
185:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2454:
2452:
2230:
Reynolds, Philip K. (1940). "The Banana in Chinese Literature".
628:
does not have a standard English translation. For instance, the
1396:(1150-1350), are the best-known floating gardens (technically,
1101:'s (c. 270) "Wudu fu" (吳都賦 "Rhapsody on the Wu capital", i.e.,
693:木類 "Trees", 30-57) 28 forest trees, and the third consists of (
689:草類 "Herbs", 1-29) consists of 29 herbs and plants, the second (
2402:
2400:
614:(草木, lit. grass/herb tree") "vegetation; plants (in general)"
2387:
2385:
849:(南裔異物志, "Record of Strange Things of the Southern Borders").
522:
in 304, but when it was conquered, he had to escape south to
473:
The primary source of information about Ji Han's life is the
164:
1648:. In collaboration with George W. Groff and his students at
978:
pods are attached together at the end of the stem, called a
2203:
Needham, Joseph; Lu, Gwei-djen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (1986).
1153:; and it could have been copied into the (3rd-4th century)
585:
tree, evergreen tree, and sweet melon. Ji Han also wrote a
1644:
to China for research in varieties of orange resistant to
1097:") translated "raw plant fiber" or "natural nettle-hemp".
704:
The Preface explains Ji Han's motive in writing the book.
648:"Prospect of the Plants and Trees of the Southern Regions"
3028:
Nanfang caomu zhuang 南方草木狀 "Herbs and Trees of the South"
1890:
Academic controversies over the authenticity of Ji Han's
788:南) referred to the seaward-facing regions of present-day
651:"Appearances of Plants and Trees in the Southern Regions"
645:"Records of the Plants and Trees of the Southern Regions"
206:
140:
487:. Ji Han was born in 263 in Zhixian (銍縣, in present-day
2918:
2916:
998:牛乳蕉 (cow's udder banana), and is slightly inferior to
340:
2310:
Needham, Joseph, Ho Ping-Yu and Lu Gwei-djen (1976),
2145:
Huang, H. T. 黃兴宗 (1986). "International Symposium on
1800:
ritual text meaning "female slave winemaker" who (in
119:
105:
2835:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
2371:
2369:
2306:
2304:
2302:
1947:(遂初堂書目). The oldest extant edition is in the (1273)
1931:, both of which do mention his collected works. The
1518:
sent a sweet orange plant with twelve fruits to the
280:
266:
2817:
2815:
1994:. Fourth, he mentions contemporary events, such as
1254:Wei Wu (魏武 " Wu of Wei") is the posthumous name of
514:, Ji Han was a military commander under the future
334:
329:
311:
297:
292:
274:
260:
255:
237:
223:
218:
200:
193:
179:
172:
155:
148:
134:
127:
113:
99:
92:
87:
75:
61:
47:
42:
31:
2084:compiler was copying blindly from the older text.
1919:biography, nor in the bibliographies of the (636)
1826:province until at least the early 20th century.
385:scholar and botanist Ji Han (嵇含, 263-307), is a
2677:Annals of the American Association of Geography
1535:) may possibly be the original source for this
1049:type, and the unnamed third was of the fibrous
2975:The British Journal for the History of Science
2514:
2470:
2458:
2443:
2431:
2360:
2000:bark-paper (56) being presented as tribute to
1270:dynasty (220-265). These plant references are
317:
303:
1489:(137-226) was a Han dynasty Administrator of
1145:source could have been the (2nd-3rd century)
1057:(香蕉 "fragrant banana") is the common name in
1045:(牛乳蕉 "cow's milk banana") were of the edible
67:
53:
8:
2406:
2391:
2335:Lagerwey, John and Lü Pengzhi, eds. (2010),
2212:Needham, Joseph; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (2000).
1954:On one side of the debate, Ma concludes the
1794:(女酒 lit. "women wine") first appears in the
1085:(蕉 "plantain; banana"), which combines the "
824:") geographically and climatically separate
495:was Jun Dao (君道 "Gentleman's Way"), and his
243:
229:
2763:
2688:
2663:
2348:
1120:(三輔黃圖 "Description of palace buildings in
721:") was located in parts of the present-day
601:The title uses three common Chinese words.
1190:has another entry (9) for an unidentified
1019:, species differentiation is problematic.
642:"Plants and Trees of the Southern Regions"
326:
252:
84:
2221:Needham, Joseph; Bray, Francesca (1984).
1329:(架田 "frame fields"). Many texts, such as
1068:, and the oldest occurrences of the word
697:果類 "Fruits", 58-74) 17 fruit trees, and (
3008:, commentary by Hirazumi Sen'an (平住専安),
2989:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2576:
2563:
2538:
2526:
2375:Needham, Joseph and Dieter Kuhn (1988),
2264:
1668:(草麴, lit. "herb ferment") entry in the
1638:United States Department of Agriculture
1025:includes the previously differentiated
1367:that describes floating fields on the
759:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
28:
2958:
2946:
2922:
2907:
1894:has been ongoing for over a century.
1353:means the roots of the aquatic plant
1029:"cooking/fiber banana; plantain" and
897:, as were others later, often giving
79:southern region plants trees account
7:
2379:, Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
2314:, Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
2194:Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1954).
2068:(73) as convincing examples. In the
1728:is divided between natural, ambient
1416:. Floating fields are also found on
1321:Chinese floating gardens are called
1033:" dessert banana". Judging from the
961:(甘蕉, lit. "sweet banana/plantain") "
2837:, Harvard University Press. p. 236.
2934:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2821:
2806:
2767:
2750:
2738:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2588:
2550:
2495:
2482:
2419:
2323:
2232:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
538:, the alchemist and author of the
485:Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove
25:
1951:(百川學海), printed by Zuo Gui (左圭).
1760:) was the capital of the ancient
1504:(r. 229-252), the founder of the
745:. The pre-Han dynasties were the
631:Science and Civilisation in China
365:title page, 1726 Japanese edition
1943:(證類本草) and You Mou's (尤袤, 1180)
1448:has two entries (62 and 63) for
701:竹類 "Bamboos", 75-80) 6 bamboos.
450:. Since the 19th century (e.g.,
2973:Ågren, Hans (1983), "Review ",
2166:. The Chinese University Press.
1672:is the earliest description of
1307:roots contain the highly toxic
207:
186:
165:
141:
1790:used the leaves or the roots.
1631:(黃猄蟻 "yellow fear ant"), is a
1610:A number of scholars say this
1384:, which have been used by the
1041:(羊角蕉 "ram's horn banana") and
945:The best way to elucidate the
670:Statue of a tattooed man from
654:"Herbs and Trees of the South"
378:Plants of the Southern Regions
341:
281:
267:
120:
106:
68:
54:
1:
2984:, Cambridge University Press.
2225:. Cambridge University Press.
2216:. Cambridge University Press.
2207:. Cambridge University Press.
2198:. Cambridge University Press.
2048:(岭表錄異), and seven from (875)
1911:There is no reference to the
784:world-view, China's "south" (
3002:南方草木状. 卷之上,中,下 / 嵇含撰; 平住専安訓点
2515:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
2471:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
2459:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
2444:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
2432:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
2361:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
1844:. Qu Dajun's (17th century)
1716:(酒藥 "wine medicament", with
1618:as an article of commerce.
2794:Lingnan Agricultural Review
1935:title is first recorded in
1621:The arboreal "citrus ant",
1514:history record that in 33I
1325:(葑田 "wild-rice fields") or
1288:(冶葛 lit. "smelting kudzu")
1258:(155-220), the penultimate
826:Northern and Southern China
634:series of books, edited by
557:In addition to writing the
142:Naam4 fong1 cou2 muk6 zong6
3083:
2040:entries, for example, the
845:. It is also known as the
676:Zhejiang Provincial Museum
3010:Waseda University Library
3004:, (1726) Hōbundō edition
1394:Middle Postclassic period
909:The (early 19th century)
875:("plants and trees") and
442:was first printed in the
389:describing the plants of
352:
325:
318:
304:
251:
244:
230:
166:Lâm-hong chháu-bo̍k chōng
83:
38:
2407:Needham & Huang 2000
2392:Needham & Huang 2000
1640:sent plant physiologist
1616:biological control agent
1388:on shallow lakes in the
1182:is another name for it.
1165:gives this description.
893:was fond of quoting the
757:(r. 141–87 BCE) led the
512:War of the Eight Princes
121:Nan-fang ts'ao-mu chuang
49:Traditional Chinese
2764:Needham & Wang 1954
2689:Needham & Bray 1984
2664:Needham & Bray 1984
2349:Needham & Wang 1954
2187:10.1163/156853278X00023
1879:Persicaria lapathifolia
1830:is a famous variety of
1642:Walter Tennyson Swingle
1408:River area but also on
1284:or redvine spinach and
1059:Modern Standard Chinese
713:The ancient kingdom of
419:biological pest control
63:Simplified Chinese
2147:Nan Fang Cao Mu Zhuang
1848:(廣東新語) confirmed that
1751:
1570:
1563:
1496:(present-day northern
1484:
1414:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
1349:(筏 " raft"), and that
1252:
1218:
1184:
1157:and (4th-5th century)
1135:
1116:This entry quotes the
1012:
942:
749:(c. 1046–256 BCE) and
711:
678:
366:
3062:Chinese encyclopedias
3052:Chinese classic texts
2833:Manjo, Guido (1991),
1869:Persicaria hydropiper
1859:Glycosmis citrifolia)
1842:Warring States period
1746:
1624:Oecophylla smaragdina
1565:
1559:Oecophylla smaragdina
1556:Nest construction by
1555:
1476:
1294:or heartbreak grass.
1247:
1238:Chinese spinach is a
1211:
1167:
1126:
975:
924:
885:communication systems
852:The (c. 3rd century)
766:Nanfang caomu zhuiang
706:
669:
483:(23–262), one of the
438:Since 1273, when the
381:), attributed to the
361:
187:Nom pjang tshawX muwk
3057:Florae (publication)
3023:Chinese Text Project
3019:Nanfang caomu zhuang
3006:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2280:, Kelly & Walsh.
2162:Li, Hui-Lin (1979).
2133:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2125:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2115:), according to the
2089:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2078:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2070:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2060:gave the entries on
2054:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2038:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2033:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2026:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2022:Nanfang caowu zhuang
2018:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2010:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1968:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1956:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1933:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1913:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1892:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1780:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1756:(南海 "south sea", in
1712:"leaven; yeast") or
1701:(酒麴 "wine ferment",
1689:fermentation starter
1670:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1612:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1597:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1537:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1474:, Mandarin Orange).
1464:, Sweet Orange) and
1446:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1418:Kasumigaura, Ibaraki
1300:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1223:Nanfangcao mu zhuang
1188:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1143:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1139:Nanfang caomu zhuang
1035:Nanfang caomu zhuang
947:Nanfang caomu zhuang
911:Xu nanfang caomu zhi
778:Nanfang caomu zhuang
683:Nanfang caomu zhuang
657:"Flora of the South"
626:Nanfang caomu zhuang
589:on the fashionable "
559:Nanfang caomu zhuang
468:Nanfang caomu zhuang
440:Nanfang caomu zhuang
407:Nanfang caomu zhuang
372:Nanfang caomu zhuang
363:Nanfang caomu zhuang
282:Nambang ch'omok sang
262:Revised Romanization
208:Nˤm C-paŋ ˤuʔ C.mˤok
202:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
107:Nánfāng cǎomù zhuàng
33:Nanfang caomu zhuang
2290:Bretschneider, Emil
1840:kingdom during the
1726:Yeast in winemaking
1708:"wine; liquor" and
1575:(壺柑) is now called
1266:and founder of the
1264:Eastern Han dynasty
1078:first recorded the
516:Emperor Huai of Jin
510:In 300, during the
503:) near the capital
383:Western Jin dynasty
268:Nambang chomok sang
2111:茉莉, from Sanskrit
1650:Lingnan University
1564:
1525:Li notes that the
1398:artificial islands
1335:Nongzheng chuanshu
1298:is the subsequent
1274:(落葵 lit. "falling
1219:
1022:Musa × paradisiaca
943:
679:
367:
3067:4th-century books
2753:, pp. 243–4.
2741:, pp. 118–9.
2272:Hirth, Friederich
2123:, and not in the
2099:耶悉茗, from Arabic
2002:Emperor Wu of Jin
1974:(雞舌香) instead of
1771:Gelsemium elegans
1722:microbial culture
1603:'s (9th century)
1471:Citrus reticulata
1461:Citrus × sinensis
1360:Zizania latifolia
1291:Gelsemium elegans
1155:Nanfang caowu zhi
1149:or (3rd century)
1080:Chinese character
1037:account, the two
939:Cavendish bananas
904:Nanfang caowu zhi
899:Nanfang caomu zhi
895:Nanfang caowu zhi
869:Nanfang caowu zhi
865:Nanfang caomu zhi
755:Emperor Wu of Han
723:Chinese provinces
448:Chinese herbology
356:
355:
348:
347:
288:
287:
276:McCune–Reischauer
214:
213:
94:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3074:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2949:, pp. 75–6.
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2886:, pp. 11–2.
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2653:, pp. 15–6.
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2499:
2498:, pp. 32–3.
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2339:, Brill. p. 358.
2333:
2327:
2326:, pp. 10–1.
2321:
2315:
2308:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2269:
2255:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2167:
2158:
1945:Suichutang shumu
1928:Old Book of Tang
1738:inoculated yeast
1687:The traditional
1676:using a natural
1581:Citrus poonensis
1390:Valley of Mexico
1232:Ipomoea aquatica
1214:Ipomoea aquatica
1161:(廣志). Yang Fu's
1151:Nanzhou yiwu zhi
1008:San-fu huang-t'u
1000:Yang-chiao-chiao
992:Yang-chiao-chiao
967:Musa paradisiaca
858:Nanfang yiwu zhi
854:Nanzhou yiwu zhi
741:was in northern
591:Cold-Food Powder
369:The (c. 304 CE)
344:
343:
327:
321:
320:
307:
306:
284:
283:
270:
269:
253:
247:
246:
233:
232:
210:
209:
189:
188:
168:
167:
144:
143:
123:
122:
109:
108:
85:
71:
70:
57:
56:
29:
21:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3037:
3036:
2998:
2991:123.1: 121-145.
2970:
2968:Further reading
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2766:, p. 118,
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2244:10.2307/2718023
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2170:
2161:
2151:Chinese Science
2144:
2141:
1960:Zhenglei bencao
1949:Baichuan xuehai
1941:Zhenglei bencao
1888:
1846:Guangdong xinyu
1736:) and cultured
1674:wine production
1662:
1531:(quoted in the
1442:
1206:
1204:Chinese spinach
955:
925:Left to right:
919:
822:mountain ranges
774:
753:(221–206 BCE).
664:
599:
491:province). His
464:
342:Nanpō kusaki jō
336:Revised Hepburn
76:Literal meaning
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:Chinaknowledge
3025:
3012:
2997:
2996:External links
2994:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2977:16.2: 212-213.
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2874:, p. 246.
2864:
2862:, p. 234.
2852:
2839:
2826:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2783:37.9: 665-671.
2772:
2770:, p. 120.
2755:
2743:
2730:
2728:, p. 119.
2718:
2716:, p. 243.
2706:
2704:, p. 118.
2693:
2691:, p. 121.
2681:
2668:
2666:, p. 119.
2655:
2643:
2631:
2618:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2579:, p. 167.
2568:
2566:, p. 166.
2555:
2553:, p. 231.
2543:
2541:, p. 166.
2531:
2529:, p. 165.
2519:
2517:, p. 453.
2500:
2487:
2475:
2473:, p. 451.
2463:
2461:, p. 450.
2448:
2436:
2434:, p. 359.
2424:
2411:
2409:, p. 261.
2396:
2394:, p. 183.
2381:
2365:
2363:, p. 111.
2353:
2351:, p. 118.
2341:
2328:
2316:
2298:
2282:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2238:(2): 165–181.
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2181:(4): 218–252.
2168:
2159:
2140:
2137:
1937:Tang Shenwei's
1887:
1884:
1661:
1658:
1441:
1438:
1243:tropical plant
1205:
1202:
1137:Parts of this
1027:M. paradisiaca
971:Musa sapientum
954:
951:
918:
917:Sample entries
915:
847:Nanyi yiwu zhi
773:
770:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
636:Joseph Needham
622:
621:
615:
609:
598:
595:
571:essays on the
541:Shenxian zhuan
463:
460:
397:, present-day
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
338:
332:
331:
330:Transcriptions
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
278:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
256:Transcriptions
249:
248:
241:
235:
234:
227:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
204:
198:
197:
191:
190:
183:
181:Middle Chinese
177:
176:
174:Middle Chinese
170:
169:
162:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
129:Yue: Cantonese
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
103:
97:
96:
90:
89:
88:Transcriptions
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
65:
59:
58:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:, Searchable
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2961:, p. 77.
2960:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:, p. 73.
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2898:, p. 13.
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2850:, p. 64.
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2824:, p. 60.
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:, p. 59.
2808:
2802:
2799:
2796:2.2: 108-114.
2795:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2641:, p. 72.
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:, p. 72.
2628:
2622:
2619:
2616:, p. 71.
2615:
2609:
2606:
2603:, p. 71.
2602:
2597:
2594:
2591:, p. 44.
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:Reynolds 1940
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:Reynolds 1940
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:Reynolds 1940
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:Reynolds 1940
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:, p. 30.
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:, p. 28.
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:, p. 32.
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2082:Lingbiao luyi
2079:
2075:
2074:Lingbiao luyi
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Lingbiao luyi
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:Liexian Zhuan
1900:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:Shaoxing wine
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:citrus canker
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:Duan Chengshi
1598:
1594:
1591:'s (236-297)
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:Taiping Yulan
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1217:water spinach
1216:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:Sanfu huangtu
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:plant radical
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:Shuowen jiezi
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
916:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
896:
892:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Nan Mountains
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
673:
668:
661:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
639:
637:
633:
632:
627:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
602:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
560:
555:
553:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
526:(present-day
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:courtesy name
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:
471:
469:
461:
459:
457:
456:Bretschneider
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:"citrus ants"
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:and northern
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:
364:
360:
351:
339:
337:
333:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
293:Japanese name
291:
279:
277:
273:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
242:
240:
236:
228:
226:
222:
217:
205:
203:
199:
196:
192:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
163:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
139:
137:
133:
130:
126:
118:
116:
112:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
64:
60:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
34:
30:
27:
19:
3047:Botany books
3018:
3005:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2758:
2746:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2696:
2684:
2679:40: 143-144.
2676:
2671:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2439:
2427:
2414:
2376:
2356:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2319:
2311:
2293:
2285:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:(唐慎微, 1108)
1932:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:in Ji Han's
1912:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1886:Authenticity
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1831:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1693:Chinese wine
1686:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:Herb ferment
1628:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1599:entry. Both
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1533:Qimin yaoshu
1532:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1379:
1377:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:Basella alba
1279:
1271:
1253:
1248:
1240:semi-aquatic
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1090:
1089:" (艸) and a
1082:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:yángjiǎojiāo
1038:
1034:
1031:M. sapientum
1030:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:Niu-ju-chiao
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
970:
966:
958:
956:
946:
944:
910:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:Qimin Yaoshu
888:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
857:
853:
851:
846:
836:
834:
817:
812:region. The
785:
777:
775:
765:
763:
712:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
680:
629:
625:
623:
617:
611:
605:
600:
586:
580:
568:
562:
558:
556:
552:aide-de-camp
545:
539:
509:
474:
472:
467:
465:
444:Song dynasty
439:
437:
430:
415:black pepper
406:
377:
376:
371:
370:
368:
362:
150:Southern Min
101:Hanyu Pinyin
43:Chinese name
32:
26:
2062:wild ginger
1922:Book of Sui
1917:Book of Jin
1703:compounding
1629:huángjīngyǐ
1605:Yuyang zalu
1520:Jin dynasty
1105:) mentions
1095:hemp-nettle
1066:fiber plant
1051:paradisiaca
782:Sinocentric
717:("southern
476:Book of Jin
425:to protect
399:South China
219:Korean name
195:Old Chinese
3041:Categories
2959:Huang 1986
2947:Huang 1986
2923:Huang 1986
2908:Huang 1986
2781:BioScience
2296:, Foochow.
2174:T'oung Pao
2058:Hui-lin Li
1972:jishexiang
1822:region of
1764:province.
1730:wild yeast
1695:is called
1633:weaver ant
1627:, Chinese
1506:Eastern Wu
1494:commandery
1420:in Japan,
1392:since the
1341:'s (1313)
1333:'s (1693)
1331:Xu Guangqi
1260:Chancellor
1225:entry for
1175:chiao-chih
820:(五岭 "five
624:The title
582:Platycarya
520:Xiangcheng
319:なんぽうくさきじょう
115:Wade–Giles
2260:Footnotes
2066:chinkapin
1997:Aquilaria
1978:(丁香) for
1976:dingxiang
1925:or (945)
1758:Guangzhou
1740:(such as
1732:(such as
1682:rice wine
1654:Guangzhou
1430:Inle Lake
1410:Dian Lake
1381:chinampas
1369:West Lake
1365:Su Dongpo
1339:Wang Zhen
1316:Gelsemium
1312:gelsemine
1305:Gelsemium
1296:Gelsemium
1180:Kan-chiao
1159:Guang zhi
1131:kan-chiao
1055:Xiāngjiāo
1047:sapientum
1043:niúrǔjiāo
1017:cultigens
927:plantains
863:Ji Han's
810:floristic
798:Guangdong
727:Guangdong
532:Guangdong
524:Xiangyang
2292:(1870),
2274:(1865),
2097:yeximing
2064:(5) and
2042:Yiwu zhi
1991:Zingiber
1985:Phrynium
1833:huangjiu
1824:Zhejiang
1820:Shaoxing
1762:Jiaozhou
1593:Fengtuji
1589:Zhou Chu
1528:Yiwu Zhi
1516:Yu Liang
1502:Sun Quan
1422:Dal Lake
1373:Hangzhou
1323:fēngtián
1309:alkaloid
1192:shuijiao
1170:Pa-chiao
1163:Yiwu zhi
1147:Yiwu zhi
1122:Chang'an
1004:Chiao-ko
984:Pa-chiao
935:Latundan
838:Yiwu zhi
790:Zhejiang
577:hibiscus
497:pen name
432:chinampa
313:Hiragana
136:Jyutping
2935:Ma 1978
2896:Li 1979
2884:Li 1979
2872:Ma 1978
2860:Ma 1978
2848:Li 1979
2822:Li 1979
2807:Li 1979
2768:Li 1979
2751:Ma 1978
2739:Li 1979
2726:Li 1979
2714:Ma 1978
2702:Li 1979
2651:Li 1979
2639:Li 1979
2627:Li 1979
2614:Li 1979
2601:Li 1979
2589:Li 1979
2551:Ma 1978
2496:Li 1979
2483:Li 1979
2420:Li 1979
2324:Li 1979
2252:2718023
2157:: 71–8.
2139:Sources
2121:Beihulu
2117:Beihulu
2113:mallikā
2093:Jasmine
2050:Beihulu
1899:theriac
1872:), and
1854:shānjié
1813:mycelia
1678:ferment
1577:pènggān
1562:workers
1522:court.
1511:Songshu
1498:Vietnam
1491:Jiaozhi
1487:Shi Xie
1454:trees:
1440:Oranges
1434:Myanmar
1426:Kashmir
1412:in the
1406:Yangtze
1343:Nongshu
1327:jiàtián
1268:Cao Wei
1262:of the
1256:Cao Cao
1227:yongcai
1197:Lycoris
1061:usage.
959:Gānjiāo
843:Yang Fu
830:Lingnan
802:Guangxi
743:Vietnam
739:Jiaozhi
731:Guangxi
674:state,
662:Content
606:Nánfāng
573:daylily
547:Baopuzi
536:Ge Hong
505:Luoyang
481:Ji Kang
421:(using
411:jasmine
403:Vietnam
395:Jiaozhi
375:(南方草木狀
157:Hokkien
2762:E.g.,
2250:
2105:sambac
2103:) and
2101:yasmin
1980:cloves
1874:mǎliǎo
1864:làliǎo
1797:Zhouli
1782:has a
1778:, the
1754:Nanhai
1714:jiǔyào
1585:ponkan
1451:Citrus
1428:, and
1386:Aztecs
1272:luòkuí
1107:jiāogé
1103:Suzhou
1099:Zuo Si
1053:type.
988:Pa-chü
986:芭蕉 or
963:banana
953:Banana
937:, and
828:, and
818:Wuling
806:Hainan
804:, and
794:Fujian
735:Yunnan
733:, and
715:Nanyue
699:zhúlèi
695:guǒlèi
687:cǎolèi
618:Zhuàng
462:Ji Han
427:orange
405:. The
391:Nanyue
225:Hangul
18:Ji Han
3015:南方草木狀
2248:JSTOR
1988:with
1850:caoqu
1792:Nǚjiǔ
1788:caoqu
1768:(冶葛)
1742:jiuqu
1734:caoqu
1698:jiǔqū
1666:Cǎoqū
1573:Húgān
1276:malva
1229:(蕹葉 "
881:noise
877:caowu
873:caomu
772:Genre
691:mùlèi
612:Cǎomù
597:Title
550:, as
528:Hebei
501:Henan
489:Anhui
452:Hirth
387:Flora
305:南方草木狀
299:Kanji
245:南方草木狀
239:Hanja
231:남방초목상
69:南方草木状
55:南方草木狀
2846:Tr.
2805:Tr.
2737:Tr.
2700:Tr.
2662:Tr.
2625:Tr.
2612:Tr.
2575:Tr.
2562:Tr.
2494:Tr.
2418:Tr.
2109:moli
1876:(馬蓼
1866:(辣蓼
1856:(山桔
1806:yang
1804:and
1784:yege
1776:yege
1766:Yěgé
1691:for
1664:The
1579:(椪柑
1547:shih
1480:shih
1444:The
1404:and
1402:Huai
1378:The
1351:fēng
1286:yěgé
1221:The
1186:The
1111:jiāo
1091:jiāo
1083:jiāo
1070:jiao
980:fang
957:The
776:The
747:Zhou
681:The
544:and
466:The
454:and
435:).
413:and
393:and
2240:doi
2183:doi
2149:".
2135:."
1882:).
1862:),
1838:Yue
1802:yin
1744:).
1718:yào
1706:jiǔ
1652:in
1468:(柑
1466:Gān
1458:(橘
1432:in
1424:in
1371:at
1357:(箛
1278:")
931:Red
883:in
816:or
786:nan
751:Qin
725:of
719:Yue
672:Yue
160:POJ
3043::
3030:,
3021:,
2915:^
2814:^
2503:^
2451:^
2399:^
2384:^
2368:^
2301:^
2246:.
2234:.
2179:64
2177:.
2153:.
2127:.
1908:.
1724:,
1710:qū
1583:,
1456:Jú
1436:.
1355:gū
1347:fá
1200:.
969:,
965:,
933:,
929:,
800:,
796:,
792:,
761:.
737:;
729:,
587:fu
579:,
575:,
569:fu
564:fu
2937:.
2910:.
2254:.
2242::
2236:5
2189:.
2185::
2155:7
2107:(
2095:(
941:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
