1033:
667:
Verbs and nouns are inflected for person, number and, in the case of verbs, tense, using a number of different morpho-syntactic means which often conflate various meanings (polyexponentiality). These means include, prefixing, suffixing and infixing, ablaut and stress shift and the use of independent
255:. Most Tolupan had fled the Spanish from coastal regions by the early 1800s. The Tol speakers at La Montaña de la Flor fled the Yoro Valley in 1865 to avoid being conscripted into forced labor by the local governor (Campbell & Oltrogge 1980:206, Hagen 1943, Chapman 1978).
655:
The basic constituent order of Tol is SOV and the language displays a consistently head final order of constituents, i.e. verbs follow the subject and the object, there are
823:
912:
1067:
851:
668:
pronouns. Tense is also expressed by the use of particles. Number is only marked in noun phrases with animate referents. Some examples are given below.
514:
905:
494:
330:
407:
604:
193:
1062:
898:
583:
1057:
613:
435:
152:
576:
446:
629:
523:
323:
316:
1018:
428:
590:
951:
337:
189:
1013:
400:
393:
921:
530:
467:
460:
997:
414:
379:
372:
365:
358:
98:
659:
instead of prepositions, and subordinating conjunctions appear at the end of subordinate clauses.
476:
278:
273:
236:
225:
956:
486:
293:
283:
966:
935:
1037:
824:¿A quién le importa? Una encuesta sociolingüística de la lengua tol o jicaque de Honduras.
454:
288:
221:
92:
84:
208:
Tol speakers refer to themselves as the Tolpán, but are called
Jicaques or Turrupanes by
976:
961:
252:
232:
185:
64:
144:
1051:
971:
558:
240:
209:
656:
344:
570:
553:
244:
157:
17:
854:
Talk given at
Workshop "State of the art of Mesoamerican linguistics". Leipzig.
806:
801:
621:
563:
598:
508:
422:
305:
137:
121:
128:
248:
197:
53:
890:
869:
Dennis, Ronald K. (1976). "La lengua tol (jicaque): los sustantivos."
300:
785:
Nouns that never take suffixes refer to body parts and kinship terms.
243:
in the inland south. This area included the areas around modern-day
862:
Campbell, Lyle, and David
Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)."
894:
887:. Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.
838:
International
Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 43, No. 2
647:
The following overview is based on
Haurholm-Larsen (2014).
826:
Talk given at 54th
Congress of Americanists. Vienna.
1006:
990:
944:
928:
151:
135:
119:
114:
81:
71:
59:
49:
32:
876:Fleming, Ilah. (1977). "Tol (Jicaque) phonology."
224:, but only a few speakers were reported in the
906:
878:International Journal of American Linguistics
864:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
913:
899:
891:
267:
29:
852:Exploring grammatical categories of Tol.
547:
836:Ilah Fleming, Ronald K. Dennis (1977).
794:
737:Most nouns take one of three suffixes:
38:(Eastern) Jicaque, Jicaque de la Flor
7:
1068:Indigenous languages of the Americas
25:
628:
612:
603:
589:
582:
575:
529:
522:
513:
493:
475:
466:
459:
445:
434:
427:
413:
406:
399:
392:
378:
371:
364:
357:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
184:, is spoken by approximately 500
1031:
850:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2014.
822:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen. 2012.
231:Tol used to be spoken from the
220:Tol was also spoken in much of
1:
194:Francisco Morazán Department
235:in the west, to modern-day
1084:
1027:
1019:Bay Islands Sign Language
733:'they are drinking water'
507:
499:
485:
472:
453:
440:
421:
405:
370:
342:
328:
299:
282:
270:
42:
37:
728:'you are drinking water'
713:'you are drinking water'
239:in the east, and to the
812:(subscription required)
723:'we are drinking water'
1014:Honduran Sign Language
883:Holt, Dennis. (1999).
718:'he is drinking water'
77:almost 500 (2012)
1063:Languages of Honduras
922:Languages of Honduras
708:'I am drinking water'
190:La Montaña de la Flor
945:Indigenous languages
251:, and possibly also
1058:Jicaquean languages
1038:Honduras portal
998:Bay Islands English
840:. pp. 121–127.
1045:
1044:
929:Official language
810:(18th ed., 2015)
768:'avocado' (root:
721:kupʰ üsü miskʰékʰ
651:Constituent order
638:
637:
541:
540:
389:
354:
312:
172:), also known as
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
1075:
1036:
1035:
1034:
915:
908:
901:
892:
855:
848:
842:
841:
833:
827:
820:
814:
813:
799:
632:
616:
607:
593:
586:
579:
548:
533:
526:
517:
497:
479:
470:
463:
449:
438:
431:
417:
410:
403:
396:
387:
382:
375:
368:
361:
352:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
310:
268:
147:
131:
124:
87:
30:
21:
18:Jicaque language
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1002:
991:Other languages
986:
940:
924:
919:
880:43(2): 121-127.
859:
858:
849:
845:
835:
834:
830:
821:
817:
811:
800:
796:
791:
773:
764:
759:'house' (root:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
700:'their husband'
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
665:
653:
645:
546:
304:
266:
261:
222:Yoro Department
218:
206:
192:reservation in
174:Eastern Jicaque
143:
127:
120:
110:
88:
85:Language family
83:
74:
73:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:Sign languages
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
920:
918:
917:
910:
903:
895:
889:
888:
881:
874:
867:
857:
856:
843:
828:
815:
793:
792:
790:
787:
783:
782:
735:
734:
731:yupʰ üsü miˀün
726:nun üsü müskʰé
706:napʰ üsü müˀüs
702:
701:
695:'your husband'
680:'your husband'
664:
661:
652:
649:
644:
641:
636:
635:
633:
626:
624:
618:
617:
610:
608:
601:
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587:
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573:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
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542:
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511:
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464:
457:
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265:
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257:
253:San Pedro Sula
217:
214:
205:
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186:Tolupan people
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
125:
117:
116:
115:Language codes
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
993:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
897:
896:
893:
886:
885:Tol (Jicaque)
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
861:
860:
853:
847:
844:
839:
832:
829:
825:
819:
816:
809:
808:
803:
798:
795:
788:
786:
780:
777:'bed' (root:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
744:
740:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
704:
703:
699:
694:
690:'our husband'
689:
685:'her husband'
684:
679:
674:
671:
670:
669:
662:
660:
658:
657:postpositions
650:
648:
642:
640:
634:
631:
627:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
611:
609:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:
543:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
519:
516:
512:
510:
506:
503:
501:
496:
492:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
469:
465:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
442:
437:
433:
430:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
402:
398:
395:
391:
386:
385:
381:
377:
374:
367:
363:
360:
356:
351:
350:
346:
339:
335:
332:
325:
321:
318:
314:
309:
307:
302:
298:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
216:Former extent
215:
213:
211:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
123:
118:
113:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1029:
981:
884:
877:
870:
866:, 46:205-223
863:
846:
837:
831:
818:
805:
797:
784:
778:
774:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
746:
742:
738:
736:
730:
725:
720:
715:
711:hipʰ üsü müs
710:
705:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:'my husband'
672:
666:
654:
646:
639:
230:
219:
207:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
136:
103:
43:
716:hupʰ üsü mü
245:El Progreso
226:Yoro Valley
1052:Categories
873:1(3): 2-7.
807:Ethnologue
789:References
752:Examples:
688:kʰis wayúm
663:Inflection
264:Consonants
241:Río Sulaco
228:in 1974.
698:his wayúm
693:his wayúm
509:Semivowel
423:Fricative
353:aspirated
306:Affricate
259:Phonology
138:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
99:Jicaquean
60:Ethnicity
957:Garifuna
775:kʰon-íkʰ
678:w-y-ayúm
388:ejective
279:Alveolar
274:Bilabial
249:La Ceiba
237:Trujillo
233:Río Ulúa
198:Honduras
145:toll1241
95: ?
54:Honduras
27:Language
982:Tolupan
967:Miskito
952:Ch'orti
936:Spanish
766:sitʰ-ím
673:m-wayúm
643:Grammar
559:Central
487:Lateral
301:Plosive
294:Glottal
284:Palatal
210:ladinos
182:Torupan
178:Tolupan
65:Tolupan
63:19,600
871:Yaxkin
757:wo-sís
747:-(V)kʰ
739:-(sV)s
544:Vowels
180:, and
170:Tolpan
67:(1990)
50:Region
44:Tolpan
962:Lenca
743:-(V)N
683:woyúm
571:Close
554:Front
455:Nasal
311:plain
289:Velar
93:Hokan
977:Sumo
972:Pech
779:kʰan
770:sitʰ
622:Open
564:Back
408:t͡ɕʼ
373:t͡ɕʰ
204:Name
804:at
802:Tol
599:Mid
331:t͡ɕ
188:in
166:Tol
158:Tol
153:ELP
129:jic
104:Tol
33:Tol
1054::
761:wa
749:.
745:,
741:,
531:j̈
415:kʼ
401:tʼ
394:pʼ
380:kʰ
366:tʰ
359:pʰ
247:,
212:.
200:.
196:,
176:,
914:e
907:t
900:v
781:)
772:)
763:)
630:a
614:o
605:e
591:u
584:ɨ
577:i
524:j
515:w
495:l
477:ŋ
468:n
461:m
447:h
436:s
429:β
345:ʔ
338:k
324:t
317:p
303:/
168:(
20:)
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