802:
472:
590:
55:
674:
431:, allowing the wielder to retain the sword in combat. There are some sword forms which utilize the tassel as an integral part of their swordsmanship style (sometimes offensively), while other schools dispense with sword tassels entirely. The movement of the tassel may have served to distract opponents, and some schools further claim that metal wires or thin silk cords were once worked into the tassels for impairing vision and causing bleeding when swept across the face. The tassel's use now is primarily decorative.
605:, within any given period the general purpose of the jian is to be a multipurpose cut and thrust weapon capable of stabbing, as well as making both precise cuts and slashes, as opposed to specializing in one form of use. Although the many forms and schools of swordsmanship with the jian vary as well, the general purpose and use is still not lost.
252:. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from 45 to 80 centimeters (18 to 31 inches) in length. The weight of an average sword of 70-centimetre (28-inch) blade-length would be in a range of approximately 700 to 900 grams (1.5 to 2 pounds). There are also larger two-handed versions used for training by many styles of
554:
In martial art schools wooden swords are used for training, so most martial arts students' first experience with a jian in modern times is with one of those weapons. Before schools were a formal way of passing on sword knowledge, students may begin with a simple wooden stick when training with their
792:
forms are normally practiced for exercises purposes just like tai chi. The trainings are less on the physical form of the weapon and more on gaining greater balance and co-ordination through performing the slow movements. So the tai chi swords for everyday exercises are normally different from the
517:
or five plate construction, with two more soft plates being used at the central ridge. Bronze jian were often made in a somewhat similar manner: in this case an alloy with a high copper content would be used to make a resilient core and spine, while the edge would be made from a high-tin-content
462:
Jian blades generally feature subtle profile taper (decreasing width), but often have considerable distal taper (decreasing thickness), with blade thickness near the tip being only half the thickness of the root's base. Jiàn may also feature differential sharpening, where the blade is made
639:, figures representing officers were originally armed with jian made from an alloy of copper, tin, and other elements including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt. Several double-edged bronze swords have been recovered by modern archaeologists, but most were stolen centuries ago along with the
463:
progressively sharper towards the tip, usually corresponding to the three sections of the blade. The cross-section of the blade is typically lenticular (eye-shaped) or a flattened diamond, with a visible central ridge; ancient bronze jian sometimes have a hexagonal cross-section.
513:(three plate) construction, which involved sandwiching a core of hard steel between two plates of softer steel. The central plate protrudes slightly from its surrounding pieces, allowing for a sharp edge, while the softer spine protects the brittle core. Some blades had
399:
for balance, to prevent the handle from sliding through the hand should the hand's grip be loosened, and for striking or trapping the opponent as opportunity required—such as in "withdrawing" techniques. The pommel was historically
600:
Originally similar to bronze double-edged daggers in varying lengths, jian reached modern lengths by roughly 500 BC. Though there is significant variation in length, balance, and weight of the jian from different
574:(shaped with heat and hammer) and assembled by mostly traditional methods for training of practitioners of Chinese martial arts around the world. These jian vary greatly in quality and historical accuracy.
442:
typically curves smoothly to a point, though in the Ming period sharply angled points were common. Some antiques have rounded points, though these are likely the result of wear. The middle section is the
388:, existed but were not as common as the one-handed version. The longer two-handed handle could be used as a lever to lock the opponent's arm if necessary. Grips are usually of fluted wood or covered in
1153:
351:
protects the hand from an opposing blade. Guard shapes varied, but often had short wings or lobes pointing either forward or backward, the latter sometimes having an "ace of spades" appearance. Early
751:
used mainly for ceremonial or performance purposes and not for actual combat. These swords have extremely thin blades or a high degree of flexibility compared to historical battlefield quality
863:
fiction and films. The swords or the techniques used to wield them may be effectively or explicitly supernatural, and the quest for such swords or techniques may be a major plot element.
447:
or middle edge, and is used for a variety of offensive and defensive actions: cleaving cuts, draw cuts, and deflections. The section of blade closest to the guard is called the
336:
swords", reflecting their current use as training weapons for tai chi practitioners, though there were no historical jian types created specifically for tai chi.
1088:
Martinón-Torres, M.; Li, X.; Xia, Y.; Benzonelli, A.; Bevan, A.; Ma, S.; Huang, J.; Wang, L.; Lan, D.; Liu, J.; Liu, S.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, K.; Rehren, T. (2019).
755:, properties intended to add auditory and visual appeal to a wushu performance. These same properties render them unsuitable for historically accurate combat.
2218:
1438:
434:
The blade itself is customarily divided into three sections for leverage in different offensive and defensive techniques. The tip of the blade is the
624:, who had previously been famous for their swords, and who credited their sword techniques to a southern woman of unknown ancestry referred to as
801:
1371:
1333:
1288:
793:
swords mentioned above. Generally speaking, they are not dangerous, round edged without sharp blade, retractable for the convenience in use.
427:
through a hole in the grip itself; modern swords usually attach the tassel to the end of the pommel. Historically these were likely used as
1090:"Surface chromium on Terracotta Army bronze weapons is neither an ancient anti-rust treatment nor the reason for their good preservation"
581:(artificially aged and misrepresented as antiques), for sale to tourists and collectors who cannot distinguish them from true antiques.
1390:
1352:
1312:
1248:
1229:
223:
471:
2651:
2211:
69:
616:
dynasties, the first two dynasties which united China, jian from the by then defunct Chu dynasty were very highly regarded.
380:
The jian's hilt can accommodate the grip of both hands or one hand plus two or three fingers of the other hand. Two-handed
1431:
85:
54:
589:
3061:
662:, or "grass men". Such targets were made from bamboo, rice straw, or saplings. Though similar to the Japanese art of
551:, and these swords often preserve features found in Ming-era jian, such as openwork pommels and sharply angled tips.
1412:
Late master Zhou
Jingxuan explaining the mechanics of Jian practice and fighting in the Shaolin Jingang Bashi system
1280:
451:
or root, and is mainly used for defensive actions; on some late period jian, the base of the blade was made into a
673:
3557:
3156:
2235:
2204:
525:
technologies that traveled to
Vietnam, Japan and Korea to allow sword smiths there to create such weapons as the
3572:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2231:
2196:
1424:
245:
2041:
412:
of the last century or so are assembled with a threaded tang onto which the pommel or pommel-nut is screwed.
3562:
3494:
3420:
2986:
2374:
2366:
2185:
1406:
530:
2957:
699:
in its techniques is said by many of them to be the highest physical expression of their kung fu. Famous
594:
484:
31:
3287:
2693:
3338:
2114:
2064:
1101:
924:
885:
253:
2976:
408:
of the blade; thereby holding together as one solid unit the blade, guard, handle, and pommel. Most
3333:
3217:
3034:
3014:
2617:
2549:
2485:
2409:
1801:
1727:
1715:
1481:
1469:
1164:
877:
632:
534:
373:
322:
1994:
1850:
233:
3388:
3227:
3201:
1814:
1386:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1308:
1284:
1263:
1244:
1225:
1195:
1127:
499:
186:
3343:
3282:
2688:
833:
3567:
3404:
3132:
2924:
2284:
2076:
1117:
1109:
929:
837:
772:
602:
270:
249:
203:
190:
110:
3312:
3302:
2939:
2890:
2870:
2727:
2299:
2227:
2101:
1633:
1492:
1298:
1176:
945:
913:
818:
806:
681:
1738:
131:
1105:
3267:
3191:
3186:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3024:
2947:
2844:
2707:
2462:
2384:
2307:
2163:
2151:
2139:
1946:
1122:
1089:
918:
906:
872:
696:
419:
is attached to the hilt. During the Ming
Dynasty these were usually passed through an
240:
used during the last 2,500 years in China. The first
Chinese sources that mention the
3551:
3142:
3101:
2529:
2515:
2495:
2442:
2422:
2417:
2246:
2017:
1958:
1934:
1762:
1703:
1453:
939:
934:
826:
677:
644:
636:
316:
3212:
3137:
3117:
3096:
2895:
2829:
2636:
2500:
2379:
2029:
1970:
1886:
1679:
764:
543:
424:
405:
360:
356:
117:
771:. Each sword has the owner's name engraved on the blade after graduation from the
1323:
1302:
3502:
3372:
2683:
2667:
2490:
2447:
1910:
1667:
830:
663:
621:
617:
613:
609:
364:
310:
294:
1113:
3447:
3207:
2994:
2815:
2810:
2722:
2565:
2427:
2090:
1982:
1874:
1862:
1788:
1653:
1411:
1222:
Illustrated
Catalogue of Ancient Bronze Weaponry in the National Palace Museum
1347:. Vol. 2: Aikido and Weapons Training. Sugawara Martial Arts Institute.
3328:
3171:
2779:
2601:
2570:
2432:
2389:
2351:
1775:
1613:
1554:
1530:
1416:
899:
788:
328:
145:
17:
2748:
1131:
537:(single-edged swords of various forms), the early Japanese swords known as
3484:
3247:
3237:
3176:
3004:
2999:
2952:
2805:
2800:
2763:
2758:
2596:
2586:
2510:
2399:
2394:
2336:
1898:
1838:
1577:
1518:
1180:
625:
564:
560:
420:
389:
152:
620:
became particularly famous for its swords after conquering the state of
541:
are often based on jian. The Korean version of the jian is known as the
533:
of the edge. While the
Japanese would be more influenced by the Chinese
3507:
3479:
3297:
3292:
3262:
3122:
3047:
3019:
2971:
2929:
2875:
2753:
2622:
2505:
2480:
2452:
2331:
2317:
2289:
1922:
1642:
1589:
1542:
893:
688:
640:
578:
452:
428:
401:
333:
1407:
Late master Ma
Yueliang Wu style Taijiquan 108 posture jian form video
92:
76:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3452:
3277:
3257:
3222:
3196:
3181:
3081:
2962:
2885:
2880:
2854:
2784:
2470:
2341:
2322:
2053:
556:
526:
491:
480:
416:
278:
3272:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3127:
3009:
2967:
2849:
2743:
2591:
2475:
2437:
2327:
2312:
1691:
1601:
860:
800:
672:
588:
571:
522:
495:
470:
455:. These sections are not necessarily of the same length, with the
308:" and is considered one of the four major weapons, along with the
237:
3307:
3042:
2356:
2346:
1277:
Chinese
Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century
1267:
503:
476:
396:
348:
2200:
1420:
438:, meant for stabbing, slashing, and quick percussive cuts. The
1325:
A Practical Guide to Test
Cutting for Historical Swordsmanship
293:'sword guests' or "swordsmen"; a term dating from the
767:
are issued with ceremonial swords resembling the traditional
670:
was never formalized to the extent that the latter art was.
1304:
529:. These technologies include folding, inserted alloys, and
518:
alloy for sharpness and welded onto the rest of the blade.
212:
1343:
Tetsutaka, Sugawara; Xing, Lujian; Jones, Mark B. (1998).
206:
559:
sects, those wooden practice swords have come to have an
209:
157:
809:
Crossing the Sea." The figure on the lower left wears a
326:(sabre). These swords are also sometimes referred to as
691:
and their martial artists still train extensively with
853:, which is then referred to as the "sword of wisdom".
521:
The sword smiths of China are often credited with the
498:
as metal technology advanced. There are some, perhaps
367:
shapes, or have crossbars and quillons. A minority of
567:
represent the discipline of an accomplished student.
502:, jian which are carved from a single solid piece of
224:
215:
136:
122:
563:
ritual purpose. Some claim that these wooden swords
384:
of up to 1.6 meters (63 inches) in length, known as
3493:
3472:
3465:
3440:
3433:
3413:
3397:
3381:
3365:
3356:
3321:
3164:
3155:
3110:
3069:
3060:
3033:
2985:
2938:
2917:
2908:
2863:
2837:
2828:
2793:
2772:
2736:
2715:
2706:
2676:
2660:
2644:
2635:
2610:
2579:
2558:
2537:
2528:
2461:
2408:
2365:
2298:
2277:
2270:
2178:
2131:
2009:
1830:
1755:
1632:
1569:
1461:
1452:
151:
144:
130:
116:
109:
104:
84:
68:
41:
371:featured the disc-shaped guards associated with
658:, practicing their skills on targets known as
355:often had very small, simple guards. From the
2212:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2082:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1819:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1744:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1646:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1485:
1473:
1432:
841:
738:
728:
718:
708:
654:wielders would engage in test cutting called
90:
74:
8:
392:, with a minority being wrapped with cord.
288:
3469:
3437:
3362:
3161:
3066:
2914:
2834:
2712:
2641:
2534:
2274:
2219:
2205:
2197:
1458:
1439:
1425:
1417:
1241:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1185:. New York: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd
395:The end of the handle was finished with a
248:; one of the earliest specimens being the
101:
53:
1243:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1121:
687:Today many Chinese martial arts such as
244:date to the 7th century BCE, during the
957:
509:Traditional jian blades are usually of
997:
459:being only three or four inches long.
232:
185:
38:
1021:
985:
964:
577:Contemporary jian are also sometimes
570:Contemporary jian versions are often
363:periods onward, guards could feature
63:and scabbard of the 18th–19th century
7:
747:today are flexible tai chi or wushu
25:
263:practitioners are referred to as
1383:The Art of Chinese Swordsmanship
1364:Taiji Fencing Principles, Vol. 1
1239:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
1165:Photo of Chinese officer's sword
202:
1345:Aikido and Chinese Martial Arts
1328:. Seven Stars Books and Video.
1307:. Seven Stars Books and Video.
1262:. University of Chicago Press.
490:Jian were originally made from
158:
849:) is often depicted holding a
283:
137:
123:
91:
75:
1:
2262:Straight swords (Double-edge)
1009:
236:) is a double-edged straight
2661:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era
1182:Myths & Legends of China
821:who are associated with the
763:Since 2008, officers in the
680:jian pair event at the 10th
2257:Curved swords (Single-edge)
2252:Thrusting swords (Edgeless)
555:teacher. In some religious
3589:
1281:Cambridge University Press
1224:. National Palace Museum.
1154:Chinese officer with sword
1144:Rodell 2007, pp. 2, 10, 39
1114:10.1038/s41598-019-40613-7
29:
27:Chinese double-edged sword
2242:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2083:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1820:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1745:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1647:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1486:
1474:
1447:Types of Chinese weaponry
1260:The Chinese Knight-Errant
1060:Sugawara 1998, pp.298-299
842:
739:
729:
719:
709:
300:In Chinese folklore, the
274:
194:
169:
100:
52:
48:
2737:Heian – Kamakura periods
1322:Rodell, Scott M (2007).
1258:James J. Y. Liu (1967).
483:swords from the Chinese
306:The Gentleman of Weapons
246:Spring and Autumn period
70:Traditional Chinese
3421:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si
2794:Meiji period and beyond
2773:Muromachi – Edo periods
1275:Lorge, Peter A (2011).
86:Simplified Chinese
2652:Liaoning bronze dagger
2375:Migration Period sword
2186:Eighteen Arms of Wushu
1220:Chen, Fangmei (1995).
814:
684:
597:
531:differential hardening
487:
199:English approximation:
2987:Post-classical period
2677:Goryeo and Joseon era
2645:Bronze Age – Gojoseon
2367:Post-classical period
1362:Xia, Chongyi (2017).
1051:Rodell 2003, pp.16-17
1033:Rodell 2003, pp.22-23
859:frequently appear in
804:
676:
647:of the enlisted men.
595:Warring States period
592:
485:Warring States period
474:
32:Jian (disambiguation)
3322:Spanish colonization
2716:Yayoi – Nara periods
1042:Zhang 1998, pp.37-38
925:World Jianshu League
797:Mythology and legacy
254:Chinese martial arts
30:For other uses, see
3035:Early modern period
2958:Parthian Long Sword
2864:Medieval and modern
2486:Basket-hilted sword
2410:Early modern period
1792:(nine section whip)
1381:Zhang, Yun (1998).
1106:2019NatSR...9.5289M
725:Wudang Xuanmen Jian
633:Terracotta warriors
593:Bronze jian of the
423:pommel, and in the
3382:Post-Classic stage
3015:Turko-Mongol Sabre
2463:Late modern period
2080:(deer horn knives)
1995:Thunder crash bomb
1094:Scientific Reports
1069:Rodell 2003, p. 17
976:Rodell 2003, p. 19
817:There are several
815:
685:
598:
488:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3461:
3460:
3441:Pre-Columbian era
3429:
3428:
3352:
3351:
3151:
3150:
3056:
3055:
2904:
2903:
2824:
2823:
2702:
2701:
2631:
2630:
2524:
2523:
2194:
2193:
2140:Armour and Helmet
1628:
1627:
1496:(butterfly sword)
1373:978-1-387-34346-1
1335:978-0-9743999-5-9
1290:978-0-521-87881-4
1196:Project Gutenberg
1024:, pp. 38–39.
825:. One example is
320:(spear), and the
291:
231:
200:
184:
183:Mandarin Chinese:
173:
172:
165:
164:
111:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3580:
3558:Weapons of China
3470:
3438:
3405:Preah Khan Reach
3363:
3162:
3133:Langgai Tinggang
3067:
2925:Bronze Age sword
2915:
2835:
2713:
2694:Four Tiger Sword
2642:
2535:
2285:Bronze Age sword
2275:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1459:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1396:
1377:
1358:
1339:
1318:
1294:
1271:
1254:
1235:
1208:
1207:Liu 1967, p. 130
1205:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1177:Werner, E. T. C.
1173:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
974:
968:
962:
930:Wudang Mountains
845:
844:
819:Taoist immortals
786:At present, the
773:military academy
742:
741:
732:
731:
722:
721:
712:
711:
292:
289:
285:
276:
250:Sword of Goujian
235:
229:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
198:
196:
188:
182:
161:
160:
140:
139:
126:
125:
102:
96:
95:
80:
79:
57:
39:
21:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3573:Events in wushu
3548:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3489:
3457:
3425:
3409:
3393:
3377:
3358:
3348:
3317:
3147:
3106:
3052:
3029:
2981:
2934:
2910:
2900:
2891:Kayamkulam vaal
2859:
2820:
2789:
2768:
2732:
2698:
2672:
2656:
2627:
2606:
2575:
2554:
2520:
2457:
2404:
2361:
2294:
2266:
2238:
2232:classifications
2225:
2195:
2190:
2174:
2127:
2005:
1826:
1816:Chang xiao bang
1766:(meteor hammer)
1751:
1624:
1565:
1494:Hudie shuangdao
1448:
1445:
1403:
1393:
1385:. Weatherhill.
1380:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1299:Rodell, Scott M
1297:
1291:
1274:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
975:
971:
963:
959:
955:
946:Shuangshou jian
889:(sword breaker)
881:(Chinese sword)
869:
807:Eight Immortals
799:
784:
782:and sword drill
761:
682:All China games
635:in the tomb of
587:
469:
386:shuangshou jian
345:
205:
201:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Chinese swords
3560:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3359:Southeast Asia
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3025:Mameluke sword
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2977:Sasanian Sword
2974:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Iron Age sword
2944:
2942:
2940:Ancient period
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Iron Age sword
2304:
2302:
2300:Ancient period
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:historical era
2234:by region and
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1947:Che Dian Chong
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:(monk's spade)
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1490:
1478:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1401:External links
1399:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1340:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1272:
1255:
1249:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1080:
1078:Xia 2017 pp.30
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1014:
1012:, p. 204.
1002:
990:
978:
969:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
919:Japanese sword
910:
903:
896:
891:
883:
875:
873:Chinese swords
868:
865:
798:
795:
783:
777:
760:
757:
703:forms include
586:
585:Historical use
583:
565:metaphorically
479:sword and two
468:
465:
344:
338:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
146:Yue: Cantonese
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
105:Transcriptions
98:
97:
88:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
59:Single-handed
58:
50:
49:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:Ancient Egypt
3471:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3389:Krabi–krabong
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:Classic stage
3364:
3361:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Espada y daga
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3143:Sikin Panjang
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2516:Sword bayonet
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Hunting sword
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Espada ropera
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Spada da lato
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Swordsmanship
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1959:Xun Lei Chong
1956:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1935:San yan chong
1932:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:Roped/chained
1754:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1716:Hongyingqiang
1713:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:0-8348-0412-3
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:0-87040-963-8
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1314:9780974399942
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1279:. Cambridge:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:0-521-66991-X
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1231:957-562-199-9
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:Sugawara 1998
1006:
1003:
1000:, p. 20.
999:
994:
991:
988:, p. 69.
987:
982:
979:
973:
970:
967:, p. 41.
966:
961:
958:
952:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:Zhang Sanfeng
938:
936:
935:Wushu (sport)
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
911:
909:
908:
904:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
890:
888:
884:
882:
880:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
852:
848:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
808:
803:
796:
794:
791:
790:
781:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:Qin Shi Huang
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
596:
591:
584:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
552:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
482:
478:
473:
466:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
343:
340:Parts of the
339:
337:
335:
331:
330:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
304:is known as "
303:
298:
296:
286:
280:
272:
268:
267:
262:
259:Professional
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
227:
226:
220:
192:
187:
180:
179:
168:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
135:
133:
129:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
99:
94:
89:
87:
83:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3213:Dahong palay
3138:Parang Nabur
3118:Keris bahari
3070:Early period
2911:Central Asia
2544:
2501:Pistol sword
2385:Arming sword
2380:Viking sword
2162:
2150:
2138:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
1993:
1981:
1971:Wankou Chong
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1887:Tu Huo Qiang
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1764:Liuxing Chui
1763:
1739:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1657:(dagger-axe)
1654:
1641:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1480:
1468:
1462:Short swords
1382:
1363:
1344:
1324:
1303:
1276:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1203:
1198:eText 15250)
1187:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1140:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
972:
960:
944:
912:
905:
898:
886:
878:
856:
855:
850:
846:
822:
816:
810:
787:
785:
779:
768:
765:Chinese navy
762:
759:Military use
752:
748:
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
700:
692:
686:
667:
659:
655:
651:
649:
630:
607:
599:
576:
569:
553:
548:
542:
538:
520:
514:
510:
508:
489:
461:
456:
448:
444:
439:
435:
433:
415:Sometimes a
414:
409:
394:
385:
381:
379:
372:
368:
352:
346:
341:
327:
321:
315:
309:
305:
301:
299:
282:
265:
264:
260:
258:
241:
177:
176:
174:
118:Hanyu Pinyin
60:
42:
36:
18:Jian (sword)
3434:Mesoamerica
3157:Philippines
3111:Late period
2909:Western and
2684:Bonguk geom
2668:Hwandudaedo
2580:Ming – Qing
2491:Small sword
2448:Swiss degen
2228:Sword types
2179:Major lists
2164:Hook shield
2116:Fenghuo lun
1923:Rocket cart
1790:Jiujie bian
1779:(rope dart)
1570:Long swords
1100:(1): 5289.
998:Rodell 2003
831:bodhisattva
813:on his back
705:Sancai Jian
664:tameshigiri
650:Historical
608:During the
347:A guard or
295:Han dynasty
3552:Categories
3448:Macuahuitl
3204:(Binangon)
2995:Arab sword
2918:Prehistory
2816:Shikomizue
2566:Hook sword
2428:Katzbalger
2418:Zweihänder
2278:Prehistory
2132:Protection
2091:Hook sword
2078:Lujiao dao
1983:Hu dun pao
1863:Fire arrow
1831:Projectile
1777:Sheng biao
1740:Yueya chan
1214:References
1189:2007-03-14
1022:Zhang 1998
986:Lorge 2011
965:Ebrey 1999
827:Lü Dongbin
715:Kunwu Jian
631:Among the
500:ceremonial
365:zoomorphic
230:Cantonese:
132:Wade–Giles
3329:Balisword
3228:Ginunting
3172:Balasiong
3165:Classical
3062:Indonesia
2780:Wakizashi
2602:Yanmaodao
2571:Zhanmadao
2433:Cinquedea
2390:Longsword
2352:Rhomphaia
1911:Shouchong
1614:Zhanmadao
1555:Yanmaodao
1531:Niuweidao
900:Taijijian
789:taijijian
780:Taijijian
735:taijijian
697:expertise
579:forgeries
467:Materials
404:onto the
329:taijijian
314:(staff),
3495:Mainland
3485:Acinaces
3414:Thailand
3398:Cambodia
3357:Mainland
3288:Sansibar
3248:Karambit
3238:Kampilan
3202:Binagong
3192:Batangas
3177:Bangkung
3005:Shamshir
3000:Scimitar
2953:Acinaces
2759:Nagamaki
2597:Changdao
2587:Liuyedao
2559:Medieval
2511:Spadroon
2400:Falchion
2395:Claymore
2337:Makhaira
2010:Handheld
1899:Huochong
1875:Huoqiang
1851:Zhuge nu
1634:Polearms
1578:Changdao
1519:Liuyedao
1366:. Lulu.
1301:(2003).
1268:66-14112
1179:(1922).
1132:30948737
867:See also
834:Mañjuśrī
743:). Most
641:polearms
561:esoteric
457:jiànfeng
445:zhongren
440:jiànfeng
436:jiànfeng
429:lanyards
421:openwork
153:Jyutping
3568:Tai chi
3508:Kaskara
3480:Khopesh
3344:Tenegre
3339:Hagibis
3303:Talibon
3298:Susuwat
3293:Sundang
3283:Sanduko
3263:Panabas
3128:Sundang
3123:Klewang
3048:Kindjal
3020:Yatagan
2972:Falcata
2930:Khopesh
2876:Kastane
2871:Firangi
2838:Ancient
2811:Ninjatō
2754:Kodachi
2728:Tsurugi
2723:Chokutō
2689:Wungeom
2623:Miaodao
2538:Ancient
2506:Shashka
2481:Cutlass
2453:Colhona
2332:Falcata
2318:Gladius
2290:Khopesh
2103:Ji lian
1643:Guandao
1590:Miaodao
1543:Piandao
1123:6449376
1102:Bibcode
914:Tsurugi
894:Kung fu
733:), and
689:tai chi
668:shizhan
656:shizhan
603:periods
523:forging
494:, then
453:ricasso
449:jiàngen
390:rayskin
334:tai chi
271:Chinese
191:Chinese
3533:Takoba
3528:Billao
3523:Shotel
3518:Flyssa
3513:Nimcha
3466:Africa
3453:Macana
3278:Pinuti
3268:Parang
3258:Laring
3223:Gayang
3197:Bicuco
3187:Barong
3182:Banyal
3092:Balato
3087:Parang
3082:Niabor
3077:Mandau
2963:Xiphos
2886:Pulwar
2881:Talwar
2855:Aruval
2845:Khanda
2785:Katana
2749:Ōdachi
2611:Modern
2471:Rapier
2342:Spatha
2323:Xiphos
2271:Europe
2152:Shield
2054:Emeici
1803:Sanjie
1454:Swords
1389:
1370:
1351:
1332:
1311:
1287:
1266:
1247:
1228:
1130:
1120:
907:Khanda
847:Wénshū
829:. The
660:caoren
572:forged
557:Taoist
527:katana
511:sanmei
492:bronze
481:bronze
417:tassel
402:peened
397:pommel
284:jiànkè
281::
279:pinyin
273::
266:jianke
193::
3313:Wasay
3273:Pirah
3253:Lahot
3243:Kalis
3233:Gulok
3218:Garab
3102:Surik
3010:Kilij
2968:Kopis
2850:Urumi
2830:India
2806:Iaitō
2801:Guntō
2764:Tantō
2744:Tachi
2708:Japan
2637:Korea
2618:Dadao
2592:Wodao
2530:China
2476:Sabre
2438:Estoc
2328:Kopis
2313:Harpe
1704:Qiang
1692:Podao
1602:Wodao
1470:Dadao
953:Notes
861:wuxia
805:"The
730:武當玄門劍
678:Wushu
626:Yuenü
515:wumei
496:steel
317:qiang
238:sword
225:jyehn
138:chien
3308:Utak
3208:Bolo
3097:Gari
3043:Qama
2896:Pata
2545:Jian
2357:Falx
2347:Sica
2230:and
2066:Jiǎn
2042:Chúi
2018:Biān
1728:Tang
1507:Jian
1500:蝴蝶雙刀
1387:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1264:LCCN
1245:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1128:PMID
887:Jian
857:Jian
851:jian
823:jian
811:jian
769:jian
753:jian
749:jian
745:jian
701:jian
695:and
693:jian
652:jian
645:bows
643:and
612:and
544:geom
504:jade
477:iron
425:Qing
410:jian
406:tang
382:jiàn
369:jian
361:Ming
359:and
357:Song
353:jian
349:hilt
342:jian
332:or "
302:jian
290:lit.
261:jian
242:jian
178:jian
175:The
159:gim3
124:jiàn
61:jian
43:Jian
3503:Ida
3373:Dha
2550:Dao
2121:風火輪
2084:鹿角刀
2059:峨嵋刺
2030:Chǐ
2000:震天雷
1988:虎蹲砲
1976:碗口銃
1964:迅雷銃
1952:掣電銃
1940:三眼銃
1928:火箭車
1892:突火槍
1856:諸葛弩
1821:長小棒
1809:三節棍
1805:gun
1796:九節鞭
1770:流星錘
1746:月牙鏟
1721:紅纓槍
1668:Gun
1619:斬馬刀
1560:雁毛刀
1536:牛尾刀
1524:柳葉刀
1482:Dao
1118:PMC
1110:doi
879:Dao
740:太極劍
723:),
720:崑吾劍
713:),
710:三才劍
622:Yue
618:Chu
614:Han
610:Qin
549:gum
547:or
539:ken
535:dāo
475:An
374:dao
323:dao
311:gun
297:).
3554::
2168:鉤鑲
2144:甲胄
2108:鷄鐮
1916:手銃
1904:火銃
1880:火槍
1868:火箭
1839:Nu
1783:繩鏢
1697:朴刀
1680:Ji
1655:Ge
1648:關刀
1607:倭刀
1595:苗刀
1583:長刀
1548:片刀
1475:大刀
1283:.
1126:.
1116:.
1108:.
1096:.
1092:.
843:文殊
840::
838:Ch
775:.
666:,
628:.
506:.
377:.
287:;
277:;
275:劍客
256:.
228:,
207:dʒ
197:,
189:,
2970:/
2330:/
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
2156:盾
2095:鉤
2071:鐧
2047:錘
2035:尺
2023:鞭
1844:弩
1733:镗
1709:槍
1685:戟
1673:棍
1661:戈
1512:劍
1487:刀
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1395:.
1376:.
1357:.
1338:.
1317:.
1293:.
1270:.
1253:.
1234:.
1194:(
1192:.
1134:.
1112::
1104::
1098:9
921:)
917:(
836:(
737:(
727:(
717:(
707:(
269:(
219:/
216:n
213:ɛ
210:j
204:/
195:劍
181:(
93:剑
77:劍
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
