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sagely virtue, but when he arrived at the frontier, he quickly learned sagely virtue was no match for land. He immediately heard the complaints of the farmers. In response, O undertook two investigations, the first to verify the position and text of the Mt. Paektu stele, the second to ascertain the sources of the river. The results of these efforts sufficiently confirmed the position of the farmers, and O, in an audience at court, confidently eased the king’s doubt about their claim to these lands. “That these lands are not the lands of China,” he stated, “is most clear.” From this point what had been a view circulating only at the local level among residents developed into official policy. By 1885 and 1887, when Choson and Qing delegates met along the border to survey the local topography with the hope of ending the disagreement, the Choson negotiators had adopted the interpretation of the stele as the basis of their negotiating stance. Start at the stele, they told their Qing counterparts, and trace the river downward from this point. The Qing side rejected this emphasis on the stele. Instead, the opposite method of locating the border was suggested: start at the mouth of the Tumen River and trace the river upstream, regardless of the positioning of the stele. A number of surveys were conducted, but more accurate information on the local topography did little to soften the opposing positions on determining the boundary.
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between 1878 and 1906 the entire expanse of
Manchuria opened to settlement; the Tumen River valley received its first legal Han settlers in 1881. When these Qing settlers arrived, however, they quickly discovered that many more Koreans had already begun farming much of the best land. By 1882 the presence of large Korean communities in the region came to the attention of the general of Jilin, Ming An, who proceeded to lodge a protest with the Choson court, laying down a number of conditions: so long as these Koreans paid taxes to the court, registered their households with local authorities, recognized the legal jurisdiction of the Jilin authorities, and shaved their heads in the Manchu style—in short, become Qing subjects—they were welcome to stay; otherwise they should return to Choson territory. Seoul responded by urging Ming An not to register their subjects, for within one year they would all be returned home—an agreement that seemed to accept Qing land claims. For the farmers themselves—people who had fled famine conditions and labored for more than ten years to bring land under cultivation—a move off the lands hardly proved a favorable scenario. Few left. By April of the following year the head of the Huichun Resettlement Bureau had again demanded of local Choson authorities that by the conclusion of the fall harvest the farmers be returned to the other side of the river.
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character engraved on the stele to represent the first syllable in the name of the Tumen River. They argued that Qing officials had failed to distinguish between two different rivers, both called something like Tumen but written with a different character signifying the first syllable. One, the character on the stele, indicated earth; the second, a character not on the stele, signified what today is considered the tu for Tumen River, meaning diagram. The river behind which the Qing officials demanded the farmers withdraw was the latter. As argued by the farmers, though the pronunciation was nearly identical, the different characters signified two distinct rivers. The first Tumen River delineated the northernmost extreme of Choson jurisdiction, while a second Tumen River flowed within Choson territory. Qing authorities mistakenly believed the two rivers were one and the same, the petition suggested, only because
Chinese settlers had falsely accused the Korean farmers of crossing the border. In fact their homes were between the two rivers, meaning that they lived inside Choson boundaries. The way to substantiate their claims, they urged, was to conduct a survey of the Mt. Paektu stele, for in their opinion the stele alone could determine the boundary.
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in northern Korea had motivated Korean farmers to seek new lands. The Jilin general-governor Ming-An's official response was to lodge a protest to the Joseon government and offer to allow the Korean population to stay if they agreed to become Qing subjects and adopt Qing customs and dress. Joseon's response was to encourage the farmers not to register as Qing subjects but to return to Korea within the year.
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and Qing officials met in 1885 and 1887 to resolve the dispute, but with little result. Korean officials suggested on starting from the stele and tracing the river downwards, while Qing officials proposed starting at the mouth of the Tumen River and moving upstream. From 1905 onwards, Korea came under the influence and control of Japan and was unable to effectively pursue these claims.
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667:, reported that Korean government would benefit by taxing Jiandao's inhabitants, and would increase jobs and influence by sending officials there. He also reported that the Russian legation opposed an invasion because this might cause the loss of Russian territory. In 1901, Korea deployed police in Jiandao, and this continued until 1906. The Korean Government sent
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that China's efforts to incorporate the history of
Goguryeo and Balhae into Chinese history is an effectively pre-emptive move to squash any territorial disputes that might arise regarding Gando before a unified Korea can claim such or the Korean ethnic minority in the Manchuria region claim to become part of Korea.
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A small number of South Korean activists believe that under a unified Korea, the treaties signed by North Korea can be deemed null, allowing the unified Korea to actively seek regress for Gando. However, the current political situation makes this a faint possibility at best. Also, some scholars claim
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This interpretation of the boundary gradually developed into Joseon official policy. O Yunjung, a Korean official appointed to review the claims made by the farmers and investigate the sources of the river, adopted the latter interpretation and declared that the region did not belong to China. Joseon
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settlers into the territory in response to growing
Russian encroachment. The area around Gando was opened up to settlement in 1881, but Chinese settlers quickly discovered some Korean farming communities already settled in the area. It was apparent that despite the decreed punishment, severe droughts
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relatively undeveloped and the region was sparsely populated by Manchu tribes for a long time. Qing officials regularly inspected this region and occasional Korean intruders were detained and sent back to Korea. However, by the late 19th century, peasants in northern Korea were migrating to northeast
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This confusion arises as the two names sound identical, and neither name is of
Chinese origin. The two rivers can be seen in the following map from the period. Korean claims are based on maps showing the border river as 土門 and the claim that this is a different river than the one used for the modern
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of 1909, Japan affirmed territorial rights of the Qing over
Jiandao after the Chinese foreign ministry issued a thirteen-point refutation statement asserting its rightful ownership. Japan agreed to withdraw its invading troops back to Korea in two months. The treaty also contained provisions for the
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The farmers, unwilling to abandon their homes, argued that because of the ambiguity in the naming of the Tumen river, they were actually already in Korean territory. The Yalu River boundary is of little dispute, but the interpretation of the Tumen River boundary 土門 (토문) causes problems. The name of
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Schmid, pg. 227-228 At this time O Yunjung, who later became a famous reform official, was appointed as a special inspector for the
Northwest. Upon receiving his appointment, O informed the king in wonderful Confucian rhetoric that the farmers would “naturally return” as they learned of the king’s
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Schmid, pg. 227 Their position centered on an interpretation of the stele erected by
Mukedeng more than two centuries earlier. The farmers contended that they had never crossed any boundary and were in fact within Choson territory. Their argument skillfully played off the ambiguity surrounding the
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to combat communist guerrillas within the region. The top commander of this battalion-size force was
Japanese. Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, the Gando Special Force had "earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large
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Schmid, pg. 226-227 The border did not become a bone of contention again until almost 150 years later—the second moment pointed out in Chang Chiyon’s work. In the 1870s Qing authorities began to open
Manchuria, shut off from Han migration since the earliest years of the dynasty. In various stages
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In the meantime, Japan began to expand into northeast China. One of the regions the Japanese targeted was Jiandao (known in Korean as Gando). The Japanese claimed that Jiandao included territory of four counties (Yanji, Wangqing, Helong and Hunchun) of Jilin Province. The Japanese further claimed
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Despite the agreement, Koreans in Jiandao continued to be a source of friction between the Chinese and Japanese governments. Japan maintained that all ethnic Koreans were Japanese nationals, subject to Japanese jurisdiction and law, and demanded rights to patrol and police the area. The Qing and
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territorial claims stem from the territories held by Goguryeo and Balhae. Nonetheless, the border remained uncontentious for the next 150 years. Cross-border movements were forbidden, and was punishable by death after trespassers were detained and repatriated back to their respective countries.
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to negotiate the issue, in 1712, the Joseon of Korea and Qing of China agreed to delineate the boundaries of the two countries at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. The Qing delegation was led by Mukedeng, and the Joseon delegation was led by Pak Kwon, and the two held a joint commission to survey and
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Pak Kwon was instructed by the Joseon government to retain all territory south of the Yalu and Tumen rivers, a goal he accomplished. However, some Korean officials lamented the loss of claims on areas north of the river and criticized Pak Kwon for not accompanying Mukedeng to the summit. The
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elements in South Korea that endorse the idea that the region should be a part of modern-day Korea. These groups claim what happened in Jiandao between 1907–1909 (Japan's invasion and subsequent withdrawal) was an illegal transfer of Korean territory between Japan and China.
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Note that two almost identical versions of a first map exists, showing significant differences in the border. One shows the boundaries similar to modern-day province and country borders, while the other shows the Sino-Korean border significantly further north.
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and the liberation of Korea, many Korean expatriates in the region moved back to Korea, but a significant number remained in Manchuria; descendants of these people form much of the Korean ethnic minority in China today. The area was first nominally part of the
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among the Korean minority in China. Although there are occasional arguments over historical interpretation, this issue arouses very little emotion or official interest on the part of any of the parties, and relations between China and both Koreas remain warm.
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698:, effectively losing diplomatic rights, and became a part of the Imperial Japan in 1910. In the early 20th century, Korean immigration to Manchuria steadily increased, either from refugees fleeing Japanese rule, or from encouragement by the
880:. Owing to Pak's age, they agreed for Mukedeng's team to ascend the summit alone. Mukedeng's team quickly identified the source of the Yalu, but identification for the Tumen proved more complicated. At last a spot was decided, and a
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The following maps, made by Korea from the 18th century to the 19th century, show Sino-Korean borders to be aligned along the Yalu and Tumen Rivers, essentially the same as those today (between China and North Korea):
1082:). Compared to the Korean-made maps above, the coastlines and rivers are also significantly less accurate, but the Sino-Korean border is not placed at the Yalu/Amnok River, which is quite clear in the following maps:
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is written as 圖們 (Túmen) in modern Chinese and as 豆滿 in both modern Korean (두만 Duman) and Japanese (とまん Toman). Some Koreans hence claim that the "Tumen" referred to in the treaty is actually a tributary of the
512:, Northeast China that has a high population of ethnic Koreans. The word "Jiandao" , literally "Middle Island", originally referred to a shoal in Tumen River between today's Chuankou Village, Kaishantun in
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The Japanese first infiltrated Jiandao in April 1907 to collect information and data. On August 7, 1907, Japanese troops invaded Jiandao and claimed that the "Jiandao Issue" was "unsettled" (see:
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of present-day Jilin Province covers roughly the same region as historical Jiandao. The prefecture is approximately 42,000 square kilometers in size and is home to about 810,000 ethnic Koreans.
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invaded Jiandao in 1907, but Japan withdrew its forces to Korea in 1909 and, under diplomatic pressure from China, recognized the border along Tumen River that had existed before the invasion.
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living in this area should be placed under its jurisdiction. As one of its first set of attempts to annex northeast China and conquer other parts of mainland China, Imperial Japanese forces in
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Period in Korea. China emphasizes Balhae's temporary tributary relationship to the Tang, while Korea emphasizes that Balhae was a successor state and a cultural extension of Goguryeo.
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looking for settlements across the river. As the number of immigrants increased, the area covered by the name "Jiandao" gradually changed to reflect the areas of Korean settlement.
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Some Korean claims to Gando are based on other maps. The following were made by western missionaries. However, the first is explicitly stated as a map of "Quan-Tong Province" (now
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Today, none of the governments involved (North Korea, South Korea, China, or Japan) make the claim that Gando is Korean territory. In addition, there is very little enthusiasm for
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officials also did not allow its subjects to move to Northeastern China. These governmental regulations, with the general marshy nature of the area, left these lands north of the
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912:, meaning "ten thousand". The official boundary agreement in 1712 identified the Tumen river using the characters 土門 (Tǔmen) for the phonetic transcription. However, the modern
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683:. In 1904, the Japanese embassy in Korea reported the Korean government as claiming that there was no document that explicitly recorded Jiandao as part of the Qing territory.
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protection and rights of ethnic Koreans under Chinese rule. Nevertheless, there were large Korean settlements and the area remained under significant Japanese influence.
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border. However, it is uncertain which modern river the Korean claim corresponds to, as there is no modern tributary of the Songhua River with that name:
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of emigration to develop the land. Some local Chinese governments welcomed the Korean immigrants, as they were a source of labor and agricultural skill.
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The claims by some of the Korean irredentists over Gando stem from what is perceived as an ambiguity in the original Sino-Korean boundary agreement.
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After the liberation of Korea in 1945, some Koreans believed that Jiandao should be given to Korean rule, but the military control by
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was erected as a boundary marker. Over the next year, a fence was built to demarcate the areas where the Tumen river ran underground.
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majority government rise again in parts of China south of the Great Wall, the Manchus could retreat to their original homeland.
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In 1712, the border between Qing and Joseon was formally demarcated. For years, Qing officials did not allow people to move to
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After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan began the process that led to the formal annexation of Korea. In 1905, the Korean Empire
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In China, Yanbian is the name used, and Jiandao is not used, due to its association with Japanese colonial occupation. Both
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demarcate the boundaries between the two states. Efforts were taken to locate the sources of the Yalu and Tumen rivers at
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1600:(반북). This is because if the area is attributed to Korea, it is likely to be attributed to North Korea, not South Korea.
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However there is an exception in the last map, as it shows the border visibly protruding north of the Tumen River.
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led to a retraction of the statement, along with an explanation that its issuance was an "administrative error."
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in 926, and was formally annexed in 936. Over the next nine to ten centuries the region was administered by the
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Many different states and tribes succeeded each other in ruling the area during ancient times. These included
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but with the communist seizure of power in 1949, Sonjiang's borders were changed and Jiandao became part of
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and South Korea recognize the region as a part of the People's Republic of China, but there are some
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1385:"Rethinking the Colonial Conquest of Manchuria: The Japanese Consular Police in Jiandao, 1909–1937"
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921:. Under this interpretation, Gando (where the Koreans settled) would be part of Korean territory.
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ethnic Koreans living in this region should be placed under the jurisdiction of Imperial Japan.
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province, China) and Kau-li (Korea), and the second is stated as a map of the Chinese Tartary (
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In 2004 the South Korean government issued a statement to the effect that it believed that the
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Satellite view of same location; Baekdu Mountain, Lake Tianchi, and the Tumen River are visible
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subsequent local Chinese governments insisted on its territorial sovereignty over the region.
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but this district was itself abolished on 28 May 1945 and Jiandao was once again a province.
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of 1931, the Japanese military (the Kwantung Army) invaded Manchuria. Between 1931 and 1945,
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China to flee famine and poverty. More arrived as refugees when Japan invaded Korea in 1894.
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are less interested in Jiandao than liberals and leftists, which has something to do with
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was null and void. The resultant controversy and strong negative reaction from the
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in the north hindered any unified Korean claim to the territory. The chaos of the
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In the 1870s the Qing government reversed its policy of prohibiting entry to
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in North Korea. The island was an important landmark for immigrants from the
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On 1 October 1943, Jiandao Province was incorporated as a district into the
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to highlight the Gando issue. In 1962, North Korea and China signed the
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112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1516:"Korean Manchuria: The Racial Politics of Territorial Osmosis"
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prepared to take control of Jiandao. In 1901, Korean General
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1469:. West Midlands: Helion & Company Limited. p. 34.
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of Manchukuo after the old Jilin Province was split into
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In December 1938, a counterinsurgency unit called the
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1423:"Jiandao Incident and Jiandao Convention 间岛事件和间岛协约"
1360:"(20) [間島 문제에 관한 淸國 주재 內田 公使의 보고서 사본 轉送 件]"
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170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1285:"(357) [間島 재주 한국인의 재판관할 청국 측 관행에 관한 報告]"
261:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
3452:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China
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967:effectively diminished any opportunity for
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1358:Records of the Japanese Embassy in Korea.
1283:Records of the Japanese Embassy in Korea.
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30:For the former Jiandao/Chientao City, see
1170:李花子 (2017). "试析1907—1909年日本界定的"间岛"地理范围".
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527:In the early 20th century, an expanding
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963:and the geopolitical situation of the
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3447:Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Korea
2855:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
2834:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
1211:"[2030세상읽기]한국엔 왜 파시즘 정당이 없을까"
904:the river itself originates from the
7:
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1146:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
834:adding citations to reliable sources
792:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
544:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
168:adding citations to reliable sources
3457:Territorial disputes of South Korea
3392:1: Divided among multiple claimants
957:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
760:areas which came under its rule."
25:
52:This article has multiple issues.
27:Historical region of Jilin, China
3370:
3363:
3356:
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2569:
2555:
2548:
2532:
2525:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2483:
2476:
2458:
2451:
2444:
1549:"Looking North toward Manchuria"
1225:"Korea China text book argument"
1119:
1112:
1095:
1088:
1064:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
928:
806:
246:
144:
82:
41:
973:Sino–North Korean Border Treaty
639:, as it believed that should a
578:and Goguryeo's successor state
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1338:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
871:After several attempts by the
755:was organized by the Japanese
516:, Jilin, China and Chongsŏng,
472:
458:
398:
384:
354:
340:
1:
2806:Parigas region/Demchok sector
1907:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
765:Dongman Consolidated Province
1594:Conservatives in South Korea
1553:The South Atlantic Quarterly
1520:The South Atlantic Quarterly
700:Japanese government of Korea
597:Balhae was destroyed by the
3442:Korean territories in China
1614:China shock for South Korea
1383:Erik W. Esselstrom (2000).
108:the claims made and adding
3473:
2586:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
1980:Central and Eastern Europe
671:, who was not part of the
29:
3388:
3161:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
2544:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
2430:
2427:
2422:
2342:Border changes since 1914
2334:
1565:10.1215/00382876-99-1-219
1532:10.1215/00382876-99-1-193
1465:Philip S. Jowett (2004).
1401:10.1017/S0026749X04001398
1186:"Jiandao Incident 间岛事件始末"
736:was under the control of
483:
442:
435:
421:
361:
324:
3231:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
2017:unification with Moldova
1700:Turks and Caicos Islands
1239:"Information on Jiandao"
953:United States of America
335:Traditional Chinese
2067:unification with Kosovo
665:Victor Collin de Plancy
584:Three Kingdoms of Korea
582:. Goguryeo, one of the
349:Simplified Chinese
3427:Provinces of Manchukuo
2276:Greater Germanic Reich
2074:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1467:Rays of the Rising Sun
2904:Trans-Karakoram Tract
2264:Annexation of Austria
1547:Andre Schmid (2000).
1514:Hyun Ok Park (2000).
895:, and began allowing
559:left-wing nationalist
496:, known in Korean as
3432:Geography of Yanbian
2404:Territorial disputes
1924:annexation of Taiwan
1598:anti-North sentiment
1441:"AAS Annual Meeting"
1389:Modern Asian Studies
1080:la Tartarie Chinoise
830:improve this section
790:The area is now the
673:Imperial Korean Army
453:Revised Romanization
164:improve this article
3008:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
2959:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
753:Gando Special Force
3437:History of Yanbian
3412:Geography of Jilin
2493:Bhutanese exclaves
2431:Islands and waters
1808:Western Azerbaijan
1742:Dominican Republic
781:Songjiang Province
681:Russo-Japanese War
637:Northeastern China
265:You can assist by
93:possibly contains
3417:Wetlands of China
3399:
3398:
3383:
3382:
3203:Scarborough Shoal
3078:Macclesfield Bank
2980:Dokdo / Takeshima
2541:Part of Heixiazi/
2468:Jammu and Kashmir
2370:
2369:
2337:Related concepts:
1127:
1126:
1103:
1102:
1072:
1071:
1056:
1055:
955:in the south and
866:
865:
858:
777:Republic of China
590:in China and the
487:
486:
479:
478:
467:McCune–Reischauer
405:
404:
372:Standard Mandarin
313:
312:
305:
295:
294:
287:
240:
239:
232:
214:
138:
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130:
95:original research
75:
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3422:History of Jilin
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3352:Tsushima/Daemado
3347:
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2718:Limbang District
2713:
2712:
2706:
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2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2676:Gilgit-Baltistan
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2321:Papua New Guinea
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1491:
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1471:
1470:
1462:
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1453:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:. Archived from
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1380:
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1371:
1370:
1364:db.history.go.kr
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1264:db.history.go.kr
1256:
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1246:
1241:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:. 7 August 2012.
1207:
1201:
1200:
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1188:. Archived from
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1136:Gando Convention
1123:
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988:Gando Convention
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742:Jiandao Province
718:Gando Convention
522:Korean Peninsula
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78:
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45:
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21:
18:Jiandao Province
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2628:Khao Phra Wihan
2617:
2610:
2596:
2589:
2575:
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2521:Doi Pha Hom Pok
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2101:North Macedonia
2055:Southern Europe
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1004:
878:Baekdu Mountain
862:
851:
845:
842:
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798:Boundary claims
730:Mukden Incident
696:Empire of Japan
655:From 1901, The
568:
529:Japanese Empire
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2760:Mainland China
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2694:
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2416:Southeast Asia
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2225:Western Europe
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1992:Czechoslovakia
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1608:External links
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1559:(1): 219–240.
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1526:(1): 193–215.
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1457:
1432:
1429:on 2011-07-08.
1414:
1375:
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1324:
1313:www.okpedia.kr
1300:
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510:Jilin Province
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1717:United States
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628:and then the
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592:Unified Silla
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220:November 2023
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181: –
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153:This article
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39:
38:
33:
19:
2781:North Borneo
2472:Azad Kashmir
2346:Partitionism
2340:
2339:
2336:
1893:Pashtunistan
1779:Western Asia
1712:Saint Martin
1679:South Africa
1589:
1556:
1552:
1523:
1519:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
1427:the original
1417:
1395:(1): 39–75.
1392:
1388:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1336:
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1316:. Retrieved
1312:
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1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1243:the original
1233:
1219:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
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852:
846:January 2010
843:
828:Please help
816:
789:
772:World War II
769:
762:
750:
741:
727:
723:
715:
708:
704:
692:protectorate
685:
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634:
602:Liao dynasty
596:
588:Tang dynasty
569:
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541:
531:argued that
526:
501:
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493:
489:
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379:Hanyu Pinyin
329:Chinese name
314:
299:
281:
272:
259:copy editing
257:may require
256:
226:
217:
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193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
118:January 2010
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3331:Taiwan Area
3029:James Shoal
2358:Revisionism
2300:Switzerland
2295:Netherlands
1956:Philippines
1855:Pan-Turkism
1650:Irredentism
1309:"세계한민족문화대전"
1260:"한국사데이터베이스"
1141:Heaven Lake
980:irredentism
914:Tumen River
897:Han Chinese
669:Yi Beom-yun
661:Yi Hak-gyun
649:Tumen River
608:(Khitans),
551:North Korea
506:Tumen River
410:Korean name
3406:Categories
2440:Aksai Chin
2362:Rump state
2354:Revanchism
2281:Lebensraum
2130:Yugoslavia
1898:Tamil Nadu
1878:Bangladesh
1803:Azerbaijan
1664:Mauritania
1451:2009-06-27
1369:2022-07-16
1344:2022-07-16
1333:"이범윤(李範允)"
1318:2022-05-30
1294:2022-07-16
1269:2022-05-30
1196:2011-06-22
1152:References
961:Korean War
794:in Jilin.
728:After the
393:Wade–Giles
275:March 2024
267:editing it
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
3261:Sir Creek
2565:Hong Kong
2316:Australia
1931:Indonesia
1820:Kurdistan
1760:Argentina
1727:Greenland
1573:144614553
1540:144058997
1409:145309281
1157:Citations
893:Manchuria
817:does not
738:Manchukuo
734:Manchuria
399:Chien-tao
179:"Jiandao"
106:verifying
63:talk page
3106:Noktundo
2607:Kalapani
2247:Wallonia
2161:Dalmatia
2079:Bulgaria
2041:Slovenia
1961:Thailand
1951:Mongolia
1946:Malaysia
1914:Cambodia
1770:Colombia
1130:See also
1076:Liaoning
965:Cold War
746:Binjiang
614:Jurchens
576:Goguryeo
514:Longjing
494:Chientao
3233:Islands
2938:Ambalat
2309:Oceania
2290:Ireland
2259:Austria
2254:Germany
2237:Celtics
2232:Belgium
2214:Karelia
2209:Finland
2156:Corsica
2123:Galicia
2084:Croatia
2062:Albania
2046:Ukraine
2034:Ukraine
2012:Romania
2002:Moldova
1997:Hungary
1987:Belarus
1971:Vietnam
1798:Assyria
1791:Artsakh
1786:Armenia
1674:Somalia
1669:Morocco
1508:Sources
969:Koreans
906:Jurchen
838:removed
823:sources
779:'s new
716:In the
694:of the
622:Mongols
566:History
555:liberal
490:Jiandao
385:Jiāndǎo
320:Jiandao
204:scholar
100:Please
2697:Ladakh
2414:, and
2242:France
2191:Ticino
2166:Istria
2111:Kosovo
2106:Serbia
2094:Enosis
2089:Greece
2029:Crimea
2024:Russia
2007:Poland
1850:Cyprus
1845:Turkey
1835:Israel
1815:Cyprus
1732:Mexico
1722:Canada
1707:Mexico
1695:Canada
1657:Africa
1571:
1538:
1407:
1002:Images
770:After
688:became
645:Joseon
599:Khitan
580:Balhae
416:Hangul
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
2883:Susta
2785:Sabah
2739:Macau
2649:Korea
2412:South
2326:Samoa
2186:Savoy
2176:Malta
2151:Corfu
2146:Italy
2139:Italy
2118:Spain
1966:Timor
1941:Korea
1936:Japan
1919:China
1888:Nepal
1883:India
1862:Yemen
1840:Syria
1765:Chile
1581:Notes
1569:S2CID
1536:S2CID
1405:S2CID
1172:近代史研究
910:tumen
908:word
882:stele
785:Jilin
572:Buyeo
537:Korea
502:Kando
498:Gando
473:Kando
459:Gando
430:Hanja
211:JSTOR
197:books
32:Yanji
2428:Land
2408:East
2181:Nice
1830:Iraq
1825:Iran
1737:Cuba
821:any
819:cite
630:Qing
626:Ming
618:Yuan
606:Liao
557:and
542:The
183:news
2787:) (
2406:in
1561:doi
1528:doi
1397:doi
992:PRC
832:by
713:).
641:Han
632:.
624:),
616:),
610:Jin
508:in
500:or
492:or
166:by
104:by
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1393:39
1391:.
1387:.
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1262:.
1251:^
787:.
690:a
574:,
436:間島
422:간도
355:间岛
341:間島
66:.
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