954:
611:
599:
1207:
729:
918:
2089:
320:
295:
2113:
1030:
461:
579:
1321:
1991:
72:
89:
753:
Qingdao, he was to consider his presence temporary. He responded, thinking the politicians in Berlin had lost their nerve to political or diplomatic complications: "Proclamation already published. ... Revocation not possible." After considerable time and uncertainty, the admiralty finally cabled congratulations and the proclamation was to remain in effect; Wilhelm II promoted him to vice admiral.
2101:
1136:
1250:
1175:
2137:
2125:
961:
Germany invested upwards of $ 100 million in modernizing the territory of
Kiautschou. The impoverished fishing village of Tsingtau was laid out with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system, and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large
563:
Again, intending to directly copy
Britain, the acquisition of a harbor in China was, from the start, intended to be a model colony: all installations, the administration, the surrounding infrastructure, and the utilization thereof were to show the Chinese, the German nation itself, and other colonial
752:
Signalmen restored the telegraph line, and the first messages were received and deciphered. Diederichs was stunned to learn that his orders had been canceled, and that he was to suspend operations at
Jiaozhou pending negotiations with the Chinese government. If he had already occupied the village of
748:
cleared boats to carry an amphibious force of 717 officers, petty officers, and sailors armed with rifles. Diederichs, on horseback, and his column marched toward the
Chinese main garrison and artillery battery. A special unit swiftly disabled the Chinese telegraph line and others occupied the outer
1445:
was appointed in 1872 the first chief of the
Imperial Admiralty. He had no naval experience but brought significant administrative talent to his post – and he understood the power that emanated from “the tip of an army bayonet”. Stosch removed the small contingents of marines from the warships and
808:
Moreover, the treaty included rights for construction of railway lines and mining of local coal deposits. Many parts of
Shandong outside of the German leased territory came under German economic influence. Although the lease treaty set limits to the German expansion, it became a starting point for
853:
On 15 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Japan delivered an ultimatum to
Germany demanding that it relinquish its control of the disputed territory of Kiautschou. Upon rejection of the ultimatum, Japan declared war on 23 August and the same day, its navy bombarded the German
804:
was excluded), as well as in a 50 km wide neutral zone ("neutrales Gebiet"). According to international law, the leased territory ("territoire à bail") remained legally part of China but for the duration of the lease, all sovereign powers were to be exercised by
Germany.
962:
parts of Asia at that time and later. The area had the highest density of schools and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary, and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury and
Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.
1426:, p. 134; the treaty, signed September 1861, allowed Prussian warships to operate in Chinese waters for the protection of German trade and missionaries and promised swift retribution for crimes committed against German nationals by Chinese perpetrators
720:
to catch up at sea. The three ships arrived off
Qingdao after dawn on 13 November 1897, but made no aggressive moves. With his staff and the three captains of his ships aboard, Diederichs landed with his admirals tender at Qingdao's long
552:) without global military influence appeared impracticable, so, assessing that Britain's great strength came from its navy, the Germans began to build one, too. This fleet was supposed to serve German interests during peace through
779:
Negotiations with the Chinese government began and on 6 March 1898, the German Empire retreated from outright cession of the area and accepted a leasehold of the bay for 99 years, or until 1997, as the British were soon to do with
668:". Admiral von Diederichs, commander of the cruiser squadron, wired on 7 November 1897, to the admiralty: "May incidents be exploited in pursuit of further goals?" Upon receipt of the Diederichs cable, chancellor
949:
advised the governor. The departments of finance, construction, education, and medical services were directly subordinated to the governor, because these were crucial with regard to the idea of a model colony.
543:
demanding an active colonial policy from the government. In particular, the opening of China was made a high priority, because it was thought to be the most important non-European market in the world.
676:
intervened and the admiralty sent a message for Diederichs to "proceed immediately to Kiautschou with entire squadron ..." to which the admiral replied, "will proceed ... with greatest energy."
2212:
800:
As a result of the lease treaty, the Chinese government gave up the exercise of its sovereign rights within the leased territory of approximately 83,000 inhabitants (to which the city of
941:. Further important functionaries of Kiautschou were the official for the construction of the harbor, and after 1900, the chief justice and the Commissioner for Chinese Affairs. The
2162:
626:
and explored the region around Jiaozhou Bay. The following year, the Prussian-Chinese Treaty of Peking was signed. After journeys to China between 1868 and 1871, the geographer
797:
was appointed governor. These events ended Admiral von Diederichs' responsibility (but not his interest) in Kiautschou. He wrote that he had "fulfilled purpose in the navy."
2157:
781:
990:
was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by
1868:
788:. One month later, the Reichstag ratified the treaty on 8 April 1898. Kiautschou Bay was officially placed under German protection by imperial decree on 27 April and
527:
Germany was a relative latecomer to the imperialistic scramble for colonies across the globe. A German colony in China was envisioned as a two-fold enterprise: as a
1677:
898:
As the territory was not, strictly speaking, a colony but a lease, and because of its importance to the German navy, it was not placed under the supervision of the
669:
1675:
Silagi, Michael; Faulkner, Susan N (1984). "Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation".
953:
610:
2172:
937:. The governor was head of both the military administration (run by the chief of staff and deputy governor), and the civil administration (managed by the
560:, to protect German trade routes and disrupt hostile ones. Imitating Britain, a network of global naval bases was a key requirement for this intention.
1206:
1001:, many wealthy Chinese and politically connected ex-officials settled in the leased territory because of the safe and orderly environment it offered.
598:
2222:
1713:
728:
1650:
2197:
2217:
1861:
1745:
Ganz, Albert Harding, John A. Moses, and Paul Kennedy. "The German Navy in the Far East and Pacific: The Seizure of Kiautschou and After."
862:, the occupied territory was returned to China on 10 December 1922, but the Japanese again occupied the area from 1937 to 1945, during the
1841:
645:
replaced Tirpitz in East Asia and focused on Jiaozhou Bay, even though the Berlin admiralty had not formally decided on a base location.
725:
to reconnoiter. He determined that his landing force would be vastly outnumbered by Chinese troops, but he had qualitative superiority.
994:. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.
492:
313:
1761:
838:
2177:
1990:
1854:
917:
2182:
1877:
1383:
749:
forts and powder magazines. With speed and effectiveness, Diederichs’ actions had achieved their primary objective by 08.15.
353:
766:
from the Mediterranean to Qingdao to further strengthen the naval presence in East Asia. On 26 January 1898, the marines of
2202:
2167:
1892:
1370:
367:
2079:
2187:
2028:
907:
1355:
539:
in the mother country. Densely populated China was viewed as a potential market to be exploited, with thinkers such as
2192:
638:, examined the area personally, as well as three additional sites in China, for the establishment of a naval base.
972:
1005:
visited the Tsingtau area and stated in 1912, “... I am impressed. The city is a true model for China’s future.”
1794:
1288:
1917:
899:
887:
863:
653:
627:
1783:
The Devils' Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa.
1014:
967:
822:
1446:
instead trained the seamen of cruisers in the use of small arms, infantry tactics and amphibious landings .
1460:
1389:
1360:
1029:
976:
584:
532:
481:
79:
460:
2207:
1836:
1721:
1365:
1327:
1283:
1038:
760:
687:
619:
603:
512:
198:
1142:
71:
1941:
1616:
1442:
1097:
702:
642:
578:
2112:
1213:
965:
With the expansion of economic activity and public works, German banks opened branch offices, the
2001:
1922:
1900:
1439:
987:
934:
930:
635:
631:
573:
508:
500:
790:
756:
Admiral von Diederichs consolidated his positions at Jiaozhou Bay. The admiralty dispatched the
1969:
1757:
1754:
By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902
1646:
1320:
1256:
1018:
879:
855:
826:
757:
694:
680:
649:
553:
240:
1830:
2129:
1686:
1376:
991:
859:
557:
528:
484:
390:
44:
1846:
1905:
998:
929:(all five office holders were senior navy officers), who was directly subordinated to the
875:
536:
441:
1590:
495:
from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of 552 km (213 sq mi), it centered on
1818:
Unter Kaisers Flagge, Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute
1643:
Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute
2141:
2105:
1804:
1690:
1037:
All governors of the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory were high-ranking officers of the
830:
814:
516:
496:
465:
17:
2151:
1591:"Primary Documents – Count Okuma on the Japanese Capture of Tsingtao, 15 August 1914"
1436:
1181:
1147:
834:
801:
794:
722:
665:
56:
88:
2093:
2060:
1974:
1484:
1410:
785:
767:
639:
488:
397:
300:
810:
1782:
1218:
2117:
1413:. Contemporary English romanizations included Kiaochow, Kiauchau, and Kiao-Chau.
1002:
701:
in a dockyard at Hong Kong for an engine refit. The shallow draft small cruiser
657:
548:
519:
resented the German move as an infringement on Russian ambitions in the region.
890:, developed as well, as a mixture of German, Low German, English and Chinese.
2055:
1933:
673:
590:
1033:
The residence of the governor in Tsingtau, now the Qingdao Yingbinguan Museum
740:
steamed into the inner harbor to provide inshore fire support, if necessary.
1946:
1135:
698:
540:
411:
1773:
Schrecker, John E. "Kiautschou and the problems of German colonialism." in
1249:
1174:
1951:
1910:
983:
926:
661:
418:
2021:
1927:
709:
672:
counseled caution, preferring a diplomatic resolution. However, Kaiser
504:
469:
101:
1791:
Germany's Asia-Pacific Empire: Colonialism and Naval Policy, 1885–1914
614:
Pier with German naval personnel, apparent expansion in progress, 1898
883:
842:
818:
708:, operating independent of the cruiser division, was patrolling the
1487:
capacity between departure of Truppel and arrival of Meyer-Waldeck.
630:
recommended the Bay of Jiaozhou as a possible naval base. In 1896,
531:
to support a global naval presence, and because it was felt that a
1409:
Kiautschou and Kiaochau were contemporary German romanizations of
952:
916:
727:
609:
597:
459:
623:
1850:
679:
Diederichs, at that moment, only had his division's flagship
957:
The branch office of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank in Tsingtau
1474:; the two 4-ship divisions would form the 8-ship squadron.
979:
and thus allowed travel by train from Tsingtau to Berlin.
602:
Main gate of a Chinese munitions depot, taken over by the
423:
1768:
Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism; Germany in Shantung
1459:
became the flagship of a second cruiser division with
2077:
402:
2048:
2041:
2009:
2000:
1962:
1891:
1884:
440:
435:
417:
410:
396:
389:
384:
366:
352:
347:
338:
250:
237:
227:
215:
192:
179:
165:
158:
137:
125:
115:
107:
97:
32:
652:murdered two German Roman Catholic priests of the
2213:1898 establishments in the German colonial empire
1770:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1971.
971:being the most prominent. The completion of the
1714:"Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred (1864–1928), Gouverneur"
1678:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1379:, Germany's enduring legacy to Chinese brewing
697:was laid up for repairs and the light cruiser
693:available at anchor in Shanghai. The corvette
2163:States and territories disestablished in 1914
1862:
1775:Germany in the Pacific and Far East 1914-1870
1747:Germany in the Pacific and Far East 1914–1870
894:Organization and development of the territory
372:
358:
36:
8:
1118:
1078:
499:(Jiaozhou Bay) on the southern coast of the
446:
1786:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
854:territory. On 7 November 1914, the bay was
825:interests in Manchuria, of the transfer of
2158:States and territories established in 1898
2045:
2006:
1888:
1869:
1855:
1847:
1756:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2003.
921:Civilian administration flag of Kiautschou
381:
87:
29:
1878:Former German colonies and protectorates
1043:
1028:
577:
2084:
1645:(in German). Universitas. p. 183.
1500:
1402:
523:Background of German expansion in China
157:
124:
114:
106:
96:
925:At the top of the territory stood the
564:powers, an effective colonial policy.
335:
27:German concession in China (1897–1914)
1392:, card game named after the territory
975:in 1910 provided a connection to the
712:. Diederichs weighed anchor, ordered
267:
263:
249:
236:
226:
222:
191:
178:
174:
164:
136:
132:
93:Contemporary German map of Kiautschou
7:
736:At 06:00, Sunday, 14 November 1897,
2173:Former countries in Chinese history
1820:. Munich: Universitas Verlag. 1985.
732:Disembarkation of the landing force
568:German acquisition of the territory
503:. The administrative center was at
1691:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x
1615:Toyokichi Iyenaga (Oct 26, 1914).
594:arriving at Kiautschou Bay in 1899
507:(Qingdao). It was operated by the
25:
1641:Schultz-Naumann, Joachim (1985).
1589:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
845:in southern China and Indochina.
121:552 km (213 sq mi)
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
1989:
1319:
1248:
1205:
1173:
1134:
1017:in Qingdao issued the so-called
982:The territory fully implemented
906:) but instead under that of the
634:, at that time commander of the
318:
293:
70:
776:. Jiaozhou Bay was now secure.
664:. This event was known as the "
632:Rear Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz
556:, and in times of war, through
478:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
424:
339:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
33:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
2223:1914 disestablishments in Asia
1842:Monetary history of Kiautschou
1801:The Statesman's Year-Book 1913
1384:Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten
1047:
858:. Following resolution of the
628:Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen
403:
373:
359:
166:
148:3,896 Europeans (3,806 German)
37:
1:
314:Republic of China (1912–1949)
1272:10 years, 72 days
2218:1898 establishments in Asia
1343:3 years, 80 days
1197:1 year, 342 days
986:policy. Its sole source of
874:The local language was the
856:occupied by Japanese forces
782:Hong Kong's New Territories
636:East Asian Cruiser Division
2239:
1816:Schultz-Naumann, Joachim.
1435:After German unification,
1371:Kiautschou Governor's Hall
809:the following cessions of
571:
546:However, a global policy (
1985:
1617:"What is Kiaochou worth?"
1117:
1077:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
454:
380:
343:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:• Returned to China
229:• Leased to Germany
223:
211:
207:
175:
154:
133:
86:
67:
62:
54:
900:Imperial Colonial Office
888:Kiautschou German pidgin
864:Second Sino-Japanese War
716:to follow next day, and
648:On 1 November 1897, the
354:Traditional Chinese
2198:China–Germany relations
1752:Gottschall, Terrell D.
1703:Schultz-Naumann, p. 184
1665:Schultz-Naumann, p. 182
1356:China–Germany relations
1015:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
968:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
823:Chinese Eastern Railway
368:Simplified Chinese
18:Jiaozhou Bay concession
2178:Former German colonies
1424:By Order of the Kaiser
1361:German colonial empire
1119:
1079:
1034:
977:Trans-Siberian Railway
973:Tsingtau-Jinan railway
958:
922:
733:
686:and the light cruiser
670:Chlodwig von Hohenlohe
620:Prussian expeditionary
615:
607:
595:
533:German colonial empire
493:Early Republican China
473:
447:
80:German colonial empire
2183:Geography of Shandong
1789:Stephenson, Charles.
1373:, located in Qingdao.
1032:
956:
945:and, after 1902, the
920:
908:Imperial Naval Office
837:, and the cession of
772:arrived on the liner
731:
613:
601:
581:
572:Further information:
463:
2203:Georgist communities
2168:Concessions in China
1366:Eulenburg expedition
1328:Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
1039:Imperial German Navy
821:to support Russia's
784:and the French with
604:Imperial German Navy
513:Imperial German Navy
404:Jiāozhōu Wān Zūjièdì
199:Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
2188:History of Shandong
1780:Steinmetz, George.
1766:Schrecker, John E.
1749:(1977) pp: 115–136.
1443:Albrecht von Stosch
1098:Otto von Diederichs
1085:(Military Governor)
643:Otto von Diederichs
241:Japanese occupation
2193:History of Qingdao
1799:Keltie, J. Scott.
1579:Gottschall, p. 177
1570:Gottschall, p. 176
1561:Gottschall, p. 163
1552:Gottschall, p. 161
1543:Gottschall, p. 166
1534:Gottschall, p. 160
1525:Gottschall, p. 157
1516:Gottschall, p. 156
1440:Lieutenant General
1194:27 January 1901 †
1035:
988:government revenue
959:
935:Alfred von Tirpitz
931:secretary of state
923:
734:
616:
608:
596:
574:Scramble for China
535:would support the
509:East Asia Squadron
501:Shandong Peninsula
474:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2037:
2036:
1983:
1982:
1918:South West Africa
1652:978-3-8004-1094-1
1595:firstworldwar.com
1347:
1346:
1308:22 November 1911
1257:Oskar von Truppel
1191:19 February 1899
1162:19 February 1899
1107:14 November 1897
1080:Militärgouverneur
1019:Kiautschou dollar
947:Chinese Committee
904:Reichskolonialamt
880:Jiaoliao Mandarin
769:III. Seebataillon
758:protected cruiser
650:Big Sword Society
622:fleet arrived in
554:gunboat diplomacy
458:
457:
431:
430:
391:Standard Mandarin
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
306:
305:
194:• 1911–1914
181:• 1898–1899
16:(Redirected from
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2007:
1993:
1942:Kapitaï and Koba
1936:
1889:
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1777:(1977): 185–208.
1733:
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1729:
1720:. Archived from
1710:
1704:
1701:
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1514:
1508:
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1481:
1475:
1457:Kaiserin Augusta
1453:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1377:Tsingtao Brewery
1340:7 November 1914
1334:
1323:
1301:
1292:
1263:
1252:
1234:27 January 1901
1231:
1222:
1209:
1188:
1177:
1156:
1151:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1104:
1086:
1082:
1059:
1049:
1044:
992:land speculation
943:Gouvernementsrat
860:Shandong Problem
763:Kaiserin Augusta
746:Prinzess Wilhelm
714:Prinzess Wilhelm
690:Prinzess Wilhelm
558:commerce raiding
485:leased territory
450:
427:
426:
406:
405:
382:
376:
375:
362:
361:
336:
322:
321:
310:
309:
297:
296:
290:
289:
274:
273:
256:10 December 1922
203:
188:
91:
74:
49:
48:
40:
39:
30:
21:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2033:
1996:
1979:
1958:
1932:
1906:Kionga Triangle
1880:
1875:
1831:German colonies
1827:
1813:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1621:The Independent
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
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1491:
1482:
1478:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1352:
1337:19 August 1911
1332:
1331:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1284:Wilhelm Höpfner
1269:19 August 1911
1261:
1260:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1186:
1185:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1124:
1123:
1102:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1073:Time in office
1062:Term of office
1057:
1056:
1027:
1011:
999:1911 Revolution
939:Zivilkommissar)
912:Reichsmarineamt
896:
876:Qingdao dialect
872:
851:
791:Kapitän zur See
654:Steyler Mission
576:
570:
529:coaling station
525:
319:
294:
253:
246:7 November 1914
243:
230:
201:
195:
186:
185:Carl Rosendahl
182:
145:165,000 Chinese
140:
118:
92:
82:
76:
75:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
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2017:Kiautschou Bay
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833:from Japan to
831:Liugong Island
795:Carl Rosendahl
569:
566:
524:
521:
517:Russian Empire
497:Kiautschou Bay
466:Kiautschou Bay
456:
455:
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429:
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412:Yue: Cantonese
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1805:archived copy
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1762:1-55750-309-5
1759:
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1724:on 2014-03-29
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1437:Prussian Army
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1184:
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1182:Paul Jaeschke
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1159:7 March 1898
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1110:7 March 1898
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849:Later history
848:
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835:Great Britain
832:
828:
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723:Zhanqiao Pier
719:
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666:Juye Incident
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425:gaau zau waan
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57:German Empire
53:
46:
31:
19:
2061:Nazi Germany
2059:(claimed by
2042:Unrecognised
2016:
1817:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1753:
1746:
1740:Bibliography
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1717:
1708:
1699:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1431:
1423:
1422:Gottschall,
1418:
1405:
1382:
1326:
1305:14 May 1911
1298:
1282:
1266:8 June 1901
1255:
1237:8 June 1901
1228:
1214:Max Rollmann
1212:
1180:
1141:
1096:
1070:Left office
1067:Took office
1036:
1012:
996:
981:
966:
964:
960:
946:
942:
938:
933:of the RMA,
924:
911:
903:
897:
873:
852:
839:Guangzhouwan
807:
799:
789:
786:Guangzhouwan
778:
773:
768:
762:
755:
751:
745:
741:
737:
735:
717:
713:
704:
689:
682:
678:
660:in southern
647:
640:Rear Admiral
617:
589:
583:
582:Postcard of
562:
547:
545:
526:
477:
475:
398:Hanyu Pinyin
348:Chinese name
301:Qing dynasty
283:Succeeded by
282:
277:
233:6 March 1898
139:• 1912
78:Flag of the
2208:City-states
2002:Concessions
1923:West Africa
1901:East Africa
1833:(in German)
1463:Deutschland
1333:(1864–1928)
1296:(1868–1951)
1287: [
1262:(1854–1931)
1226:(1857–1942)
1217: [
1187:(1851–1901)
1155:(1852–1917)
1146: [
1103:(1843–1918)
1003:Sun Yat-sen
886:, known as
882:. A German
841:to support
811:Port Arthur
658:Juye County
618:In 1860, a
585:Deutschland
549:Weltpolitik
436:German name
278:Preceded by
117:• 1912
2152:Categories
2056:New Swabia
2049:Antarctica
1970:New Guinea
1934:Neukamerun
1728:2017-01-21
1495:References
1483:Served in
1390:Kiautschou
1125:(Governor)
1120:Gouverneur
997:After the
802:Kiautschou
695:SMS Arcona
674:Wilhelm II
448:Kiautschou
159:Government
126:Population
2130:Geography
1947:Mahinland
1811:In German
1052:Portrait
1025:Governors
914:or RMA).
827:Weihaiwei
774:Darmstadt
699:SMS Irene
541:Max Weber
63:1898–1914
2029:Tientsin
2022:Tsingtao
1952:Togoland
1911:Wituland
1885:Colonies
1718:Tsingtao
1626:July 24,
1472:Cormoran
1466:and SMS
1411:Jiaozhou
1350:See also
1009:Currency
984:Georgist
927:governor
870:Language
738:Cormoran
718:Cormoran
705:Cormoran
662:Shandong
505:Tsingtau
489:Imperial
470:Tsingtau
419:Jyutping
167:Governor
102:Tsingtau
2142:History
2106:Germany
2080:Portals
1963:Oceania
1928:Kamerun
1803:(1913)
1793:(2009)
1600:28 July
710:Yangtze
537:economy
511:of the
464:Map of
239:•
216:History
187:(first)
98:Capital
45:Chinese
1893:Africa
1760:
1649:
1485:acting
1468:Gefion
1299:Acting
1229:Acting
884:pidgin
843:France
819:Russia
815:Dalian
742:Kaiser
683:Kaiser
606:, 1898
591:Gefion
515:. The
482:German
480:was a
472:, 1905
442:German
374:胶州湾租借地
360:膠州灣租借地
219:
202:(last)
171:
129:
111:
41:
38:膠州灣租借地
2094:China
2010:China
1975:Samoa
1397:Notes
1291:]
1221:]
1150:]
910:(the
468:with
2118:Asia
1758:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1628:2012
1602:2014
1470:and
1461:SMS
1455:SMS
1055:Name
1013:The
829:and
813:and
761:SMS
744:and
703:SMS
688:SMS
681:SMS
624:Asia
588:and
491:and
476:The
108:Area
1687:doi
1048:No.
1021:.
878:of
817:to
656:in
487:in
2154::
1716:.
1683:43
1681:.
1619:.
1593:.
1316:5
1289:de
1277:–
1245:4
1219:de
1202:–
1170:3
1148:de
1131:2
1091:1
1041:.
866:.
2082::
2063:)
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1731:.
1693:.
1689::
1655:.
1630:.
1604:.
902:(
47:)
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
