945:" and was originally set for piano accompaniment, although "De Blue Tail Fly" was marketed in Boston as one of "Emmett's Banjo Melodies". The four-part chorus favors a single bass and three tenors: the first and third tenors harmonize in thirds with the second completes the triads or doubles the root, sometimes crossing the melody line. The versions published in 1846 differed rather markedly: "De Blue Tail Fly" is modal (although Lhamar emends its B♠notation to C minor) and hexatonic; "Jim Crack Corn", meanwhile, is in G major and more easily singable. Its simplicity has made it a common beginner's tune for acoustic guitar. The melody is a chain of thirds (G-B, F♯-A, G-B, -C, B-D, C-E) harmonized a third above and below in the manner of the choruses in
213:
90:
1111:", it could also refer to the slave being so overcome that he has no concern about his rotgut alcohol. The 1811 Dictionary of Vulgar Tongue by Francis Grose defines a jimcrack as a "spruce woman", so perhaps the lyric refers to the slave being so sad he doesn't have interest in an approaching beautiful woman.
1238:
hits, it is quite possible Emmett simply received credit for arranging and publishing an existing
African-American song. The song was certainly picked up by slaves and became widely popular among them. The chorus of the song not uncommonly appeared in the middle of other African-American folk songs,
1029:. There has been much debate, however, over the subtext. In the 19th century, the singer was often considered mournful and despondent at his master's death; in the 20th, celebratory: "Jimmy Crack Corn" has been called "the baldest, most loving account of the master's demise" in American song.
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1162:
have been named "Jim Crack" or "Blue Tail Fly" and, in at least one early-20th century variant of the song, it's given as the name of the horse that killed the master, but that is not a common element of the song. (Another uncommon variant appeared in the 1847
1415:
in
December 2006 raised some controversy when a character having a conversation with "Jim" begins referring to him by every nickname he can think of including Jimmy Crack Corn. Following "a half dozen complaints", Cingular edited out the sequence.
2184:
As early as the next year (1847), a minstrel song devoted to the travails of Jim Crack Corn's wedding day appeared in the same London songbook as the first
British version of "Jimmy Crack Corn", which is given as "Jim Crack
4335:
1032:
The debate has been further muddled by changes to the refrain over time. Throughout the 19th century, the lines referred to "Jim", "Jim Crack", or "Jim Crack Corn" and lacked any conjunction across the line's
1093:("worthless"): The narrator is so overcome with emotion (be it pleasure or sorrow) that he has no concern at all about his gimcrack cracked corn, his substandard rations. Since "corn" was also a common rural
195:'s death in a horse-riding accident. The song, however, is also interpreted as having a subtext of celebration about that death and of the slave having contributed to it through deliberate negligence or even
1190:, leaving him chickenfeed; the same lines could also just be asking for the whiskey jug to be passed around. The idea that Jim or Jimmy is "cracking open" a jug of whiskey is similarly unsupported: that
1122:
slang meaning "to gossip" or "to sit around chitchatting"; that the singer is resting from his oversight duties and allowing Jim to steal corn or corn liquor; that "Jim Crack" is simply a synonym for "
3660:
1831:
Minstrel Songs, Old and New, a
Collection of World-Wide, Famous Minstrel and Plantation Songs, Including the Most Popular of the Celebrated Foster Melodies; Arranged with Piano-Forte Accompaniment
4367:
2468:
1469:"De Blue Tail Fly" was published by both Keith's Music House and Oliver Ditson in Boston in 1846, but Eric Lott (citing Hans Nathan) gives the version a date of 1844. This probably refers to
491:"De Blue Tail Fly" was published by both Keith's Music House and Oliver Ditson in Boston in 1846, but Eric Lott (citing Hans Nathan) gives the version a date of 1844. This probably refers to
499:, which has sometimes been mistakenly attributed to 1844; in fact, that series did not begin publishing until 1847 and did not include Christy's version of this song until its 1848 edition.
1477:, which has sometimes been mistakenly attributed to 1844; in fact, that series did not begin publishing until 1847 and did not include Christy's version of this song until its 1848 edition.
2892:
discussion on Mudcat.org gives several variants of title and lyrics, early publication information; its links include numerous other discussions of the song. Accessed
September 10, 2005.
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is attested at least as early as 1803 but initially applied to literal ruptures; its application to opening the cap or cork of a bottle of alcohol was a later development.
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one of which may have been its original source. The song differed from other minstrel tunes in long remaining popular among
African Americans: it was recorded by both
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is convened to investigate the master's death, or the singer is criminally charged with that death, but owing to the "blue-tail fly," the slave escapes culpability.
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4626:
1816:
The
Ethiopian Glee Book: Containing the Songs Sung by the Christy Minstrels, with Many Other Popular Negro Melodies, in Four Parts, Arranged for Quartett Clubs
1182:(here being allowed into the old master's corn fields instead of being chased away) or deriving "jimmy" from "gimme" are unsupported by the existing records.
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article averred that "instead of ... chronicling the life cycle of the blue-tailed fly", the "most sought-after folk singers in the business"—including
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1186:, for instance, is said to have maintained that the original lyrics were "gimme cracked corn" and referred to a punishment in which a slave's
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2200:: "This dress, you must know, is 'made of Mammy's old one' like Jim Crack Corn's coat—Little Diary, I am afraid you do not know very much of
2039:
1977:
4287:
4271:
3708:
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1387:) to perform and market the work as a children's sing-along. Usually under the name "Jimmy Crack Corn", it remains common at campfires and
1257:
was an admirer of the tune, calling it "that buzzing song". Throughout the 19th century, it was usually accompanied by the harmonica or by
1952:
Letter of 20 Sept 1897 in the "Report of the
Commissioners on Inland Fisheries and Game for the Year Ending December 31, 1897", p. 12
1850:
Christy's Nigga
Songster, Containing Songs As Are Sung by Christy's, Pierce's, White's Sable Brothers, & Dumbleton's Band of Minstrels
1994:
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1941:
The blue-bottle fly now appears in
British proverbs as the "blue-arsed fly" but this name does not seem to predate the 20th century.
1573:
1446:
961:. He is then charged with protecting the master out of doors—and his horse as well—from the "blue-tailed fly". This is possibly the
192:
136:
118:
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1325:—were "singing with hot-eyed fervor about police dogs and racial murder". All the same, Seeger claimed to have been present when
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Sometimes mistakenly attributed to 1844. With some minor change of punctuation, this is the version that was republished by
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The Medical Repository, and Review of American Publications on Medicine, Surgery, and the Auxiliary Branches of Science
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2327:: "There was an old hair trunk in one corner, and a guitar-box in another, and all sorts of little knickknacks and
973:
1060:. This has obscured some of the possible original meanings: some have argued that—as "Jim" was a generic name for
239:
4611:
4383:
4021:
3684:
3652:
3417:
3195:
2509:
2358:
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1349:
1134:) open during his fall. The 1847 version of the song published in London singularly has the lyrics "Jim Crack com
1499:), 1846. Hosted by the Temple Sheet Music Collections at the Temple University Libraries. Accessed July 1, 2014.
1064:
in minstrel songs—the song's "Jim" was the same person as its blackface narrator: Speaking about himself in the
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converted the name to "Jimmy" or "Jimmie" and the "and" appeared, both putting more stress on their measures'
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and likely played along on his harmonica. It is said that he asked for it to be played as the lead-in to his
1013:
The chorus can be mystifying to modern listeners, but its straightforward meaning is that someone is roughly
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2898:
discussion on Mudcat.org includes discussion of lyrics, cites further sources. Accessed September 10, 2005.
1800:
Songs of Ireland and Other Lands; Being a Collection of the Most Popular Irish, Sentimental and Comic Songs
1616:"De Blue Tail Fly." Keith's Music Publishing House (Boston), 1846. Reprinted in Mahar, pp. 237 f.
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2512:, but the rougher milling involved in its production has associated it with livestock in other regions.
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through the '50s and early '60s before losing favor to more politically charged fare, as parodied by
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1218:", the tune was one of the breakout hits of the genre and continued to headline Emmett's acts with
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166:
64:
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2009:
1900:, e.g., uses the tune as its first two lessons, on tuning the guitar and performing basic scratch.
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1951:
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at Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture at the University of Virginia. Accessed July 1, 2014.
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at Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture at the University of Virginia. Accessed July 1, 2014.
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40:
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and has since become a popular children's song. Over the years, several variants have appeared.
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which mimicked the buzzing of the fly (which on at least one occasion was noted disrupting the
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1973:
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1524:
Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture
1412:
1007:
2794:
2649:
2571:
2148:
1881:
1542:
3793:
3548:
3239:
3074:
2594:, Vol. III: "Slaves and Masters, 1567—1854", p. 52. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1969.
2323:
2264:
1866:
1657:
1240:
1154:); the same version explicitly makes the fly's name a wordplay on the earlier minstrel hit "
1094:
185:
184:
versions now predominate. The basic narrative remains intact. On the surface, the song is a
181:
1114:
Other suppositions include that "cracking" or "cracking corn" referred to the now-obsolete
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Jump Jim Crow: Lost Plays, Lyrics, and Street Prose of the First Atlantic Popular Culture
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A surf version (inspired by "Beatnik Fly"), "Foam And Fiberglass", was recorded by
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1234:
in 1846, although it is sometimes mistakenly dated to 1844. However, as with later
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1399:'s compositions (both titled "Jimmy Crack Corn")—playing on the present usage of "
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1493:
No. 5. "Jim Crack Corn or the Blue tail Fly, Composed for the Piano Forte".
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55:
2667:
Front Porch Songs, Jokes, & Stories: 48 Great Southern Sing-Along Favorites
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An instrumental rock & roll rendition, "Beatnik Fly", was recorded by
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published in New York: it has the slave being given away by the master.)
1123:
1057:
3839:
1357:
1258:
1130:; or that it is all code for the old master "Jim" cracking his "corn" (
1108:
1045:
1034:
1026:
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978:
3801:
2501:
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1226:. The song was first published (with two distinct sets of lyrics) in
1022:
157:" is an American song which first became popular during the rise of
2908:
1566:
Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class
957:
The first verses usually establish that the singer was initially a
2505:
1852:, pp. 45–47. T.W. Strong (New York), c. 1850. Hosted in
1270:
1131:
1127:
1105:
1018:
3725:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
1179:
1175:
1049:
36:
4229:
2912:
2720:
Seeger related that Lomax claimed to have learnt the song from
3661:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
2737:
Holden, Stephen. "The Cream of Folk, Reunited for a Cause" in
1330:
1170:
Explanations of the song based upon "jimmy" or "jimmie" being
1002:. In this, the singer, ultimately, is unsuccessful; the horse
206:
83:
1587:
The Viking Book of Folk Ballads of the English Speaking World
1210:, whose shows in New York City in the mid-1840s helped raise
4225:
1709:
The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk
1568:, pp. 199–200. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1993.
1337:
in New York City in 1993 was Ives' last public performance.
2377:
5 Terrifying Origin Stories Behind Popular Children's Songs
1995:"Learn to live with and respect horse flies and deer flies"
1804:. D. & J. Sadlier & Co. (New York), 1847.
2317:
In its noun sense of "trinket" or "bauble", it appears in
1885:, Vol. I: 1846, p. 62: "New Music by C.H. Keith"
2833:. CBS Broadcasting Inc. December 16, 2006. Archived from
3637:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
2756:
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 14th Edition: 1955-2012
2094:'s notes using the expression "cracked corn" to explain
1436:", another minstrel song still sung by American children
1391:. It is also sampled in a number of rap songs—including
2263:
dates the variant spelling to the 17th century but the
1126:" by means of the dialectical "crack" to reference the
235:
2874:
From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore
2272:
still included it as a separate entry as late as 1908.
1648:
1646:
2618: Jim crack corn, I don't care ...
1762:), 1925. Hosted at Archive.org. Accessed 3 July 2014.
1356:, catalog number M-520. It charted on the Billboard
1379:
Seeger maintained that the song's subtext gave it a
4553:
4458:
4263:
4101:
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4013:
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2616: An' lef' dis Nigger a-hoein' up corn.
1079:Another now-obscured possible meaning derives from
110:References should only be after punctuation as per
70:
54:
46:
35:
30:
4205:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
1656:, pp. 429–431. University of Oklahoma Press (
2859:Full lyrics of Dorothy Scarborough's 1925 account
2436: An' flinged old Master in de ditch.
1654:Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy
2813:"Mike Adams And The Red Jackets – Surfer's Beat"
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
4159:List of last surviving American enslaved people
2432: How Master rode de blue-tail fly.
1970:Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
1360:at number 15 in the US, and number 8 in the UK.
1284:, the "Blue Tail Fly" was repopularized by the
914:
791:
689:
599:
509:
372:
266:
3749:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
2405:A usage attested as early as the 18th century.
2193:years reports he also appeared as a figure in
1954:. Wright & Potter Printing (Boston), 1898.
4241:
2924:
2558:, Vol. 18, p. 55. Ziff-Davis, 1967.
1872:. D. Appleton & Company (New York), 1893.
1222:into the 1860s. It was also a common song of
587: Jim Crack com', &c.
8:
2612: When he died he'd set me free.
1265:, Australia.). Lincoln would ask his friend
576: Jim Crack com', &c.
565: Jim Crack com', &c.
554: Jim Crack com', &c.
2831:"Cingular Pulls Ad After Racism Complaints"
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1142:(presumably an overseer or new owner) or a
1072:, he has no concern with his demotion to a
543: Jim Crack com', &c
4248:
4234:
4226:
2967:
2931:
2917:
2909:
2331:around, like girls brisken up a room with.
2026:Mullens, Bradley A.; Lance Durden (2009).
1723:
1721:
1719:
1690:, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Folkways, 2002.
1202:The present song is generally credited to
1068:or repeating his new masters' commands in
27:
4173:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
2703:
2701:
2566:
2564:
2394:Who is Jimmy, and why does he crack corn?
2227:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1899.
1744:
1742:
1740:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1329:first taught the song to Burl Ives for a
1006:, and the master is thrown and killed. A
673:I nebber shall forget till the day I die,
161:in the 1840s through performances by the
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
4154:Treatment of slaves in the United States
3928:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
3242:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
2284:Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present
2028:"Horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae)"
1624:
1622:
1487:
1485:
1483:
677: Jim crack, &c.
480:De skeeter bites y'e through your close,
354:De skeeter bites y'e through your close,
238:by adding descriptive text and removing
2695:. July 19, 1963. Accessed July 2, 2014.
2347:Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1893.
2269:Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary
2245:". W. & R. Chambers (London), 1908.
2238:Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary
2125:Elmer L. Foote Lantern Slide Collection
1794:
1792:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1612:
1610:
1457:
931: Ole—marster's—gone—away!
886:I neber shall forget till de day I die,
666: Jim crack, &c.
655: Jim crack, &c.
644: Jim crack, &c.
633: Jim crack, &c.
616:You'll soon find but dat blue tail fly.
471:I neber shall forget till de day I die,
392:From diff'rent sort ob insects springs;
34:
4091:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
3912:Queen: The Story of an American Family
3832:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
2607:, where it appears in "My Ole Mistis":
2536:
2534:
2487:Four Little Blossoms at Brookside Farm
2212:
2210:
1964:Eaton, Eric R.; Kenn Kaufman. (2007).
1713:. Dover Publications (New York), 2000.
1465:
1463:
1461:
1150:(thus referencing indifference at the
895:De skeeter bite you troo your clothes;
875:'Beneath this stone I'm forced to lie,
807:From different sort ob inseck springs;
800:You'll soon find out de blue tail fly.
557:De pony jump'd, he rear'd, he pitch'd,
398: An scratch 'im wid a brier too.
387: An scratch 'im wid a brier too.
385:You'll soon find out de blue tail fly,
334:'Beneath this stone I'm forced to lie,
4627:Songs about fictional male characters
3864:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
3693:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
3129:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
2500:In fact, cracked corn in the form of
2452:RE: Jimmy Crack Corn and I Don't Care
2446:
2444:
2379:". 21 Sept 2012. Accessed 6 Jul 2014.
2308:. Chatto & Windus (London), 1884.
1546:, 35th ann. ed., p. 32
1295:. It then became part of the general
929: Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
927: Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
925: Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
893:De hornet gets in your eyes and nose,
759:All by de means ob de blue-tail fly.'
757:'Beneath dis stone I'm forced to lie,
622: For massa me gave away.
583:I shall neber forget to de day I die,
176:Most versions include some idiomatic
169:in the 1940s at the beginning of the
7:
4288:The Return of the Wayfaring Stranger
4272:Okeh Presents the Wayfaring Stranger
3709:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
3204:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
2528:T. & Y. Swords (New York), 1803.
2484:As, for instance, in Mabel Hawley's
2034:. Academic Press. pp. 254–267.
1932:" 27 Sept 2012. Accessed 8 Jul 2014.
877:All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
696:Pass down de bottle when he get dry,
664:Dat de verdict was de blue tail fly.
620: Jim crack corn! I don't care.
574:All by de means ob de blue-tail fly.
572:Beneath de shade he's forced to lie,
568:Dey buried him 'neath a simmon tree;
530: Jim Crack com', I don't care.
528: Jim Crack com', I don't care,
526: Jim Crack com', I don't care,
478:De hornet gets in your eyes an nose,
462:All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
460:Beneath dis stone I'm forced to lie,
396:But August fotches de blue tail fly,
352:De hornet gets in your eyes an nose,
336:All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
312:One chance to bite 'im on the thigh,
273:Pass down de bottle when he git dry,
261:Jim Crack Corn, or the Blue tail Fly
2637:p. .1961: "November 25, 1879".
2396:" 30 Oct 1998. Accessed 6 Jul 2014.
1214:to national attention. Along with "
1021:in preparation for turning it into
882:Ole massa's gone, now let 'im rest,
853:One chance to bite 'im on de thigh,
811:But Augus fotches de blue tail fly.
735:One chance to bite him on the thigh
733:De flies so numerous dey did swarm;
704: Jim crack corn I don't care,
702: Jim crack corn I don't care,
700: Jim crack corn I don't care,
653:Kase he bitten by de blue tail fly.
649:I follow arter wid a hickory broom,
642:He tell me watch dat blue tail fly.
627:On massa's table and hand de plate,
618: Jim crack corn I don't care!
539:I pass'd de bottle when he was dry,
532: Ole Massa well a-day.
467:Ole Massa's gone, now let him rest,
451:De verdict was, de "blue tail fly."
438:One chance to bite 'im on de thigh,
390:Dar's many kind ob dese here tings,
310:De flies so numerous dey did swarm;
281: Jim crack corn I don't care,
279: Jim crack corn I don't care,
277: Jim crack corn I don't care,
4360:It's Just My Funny Way of Laughin'
4048:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
3920:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
3198:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
3151:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
2304:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
1972:. Hillstar Editions. p. 284.
919:Behine ole marster, han' he plate,
917:When I was young, I useter to wait
871:Dey laid him under a 'simmon tree,
833:He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
831:An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
798:An' in de shade you chance to lie,
796:To South Carolinar's sultry clime,
753:Dey laid 'im under a 'simmon tree,
715:He tell me watch de blue-tail fly.
713:An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
669:Ole massa's dead now let him rest,
614:And in de shade you chance to lie,
579:Ole Massa's dead, so let him res';
570:His paragraph is dere, you'll see;
541:An' brush'd away de blue-tail fly.
418:He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
403:On Massa's table an hand de plate;
345:I nebber forget till de day I die,
330:Dey laid 'im under a 'simmon tree,
292:He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
290:An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
31:"Jimmy Crack Corn (Blue-Tail Fly)"
14:
4149:Songs of the Underground Railroad
4109:Abolitionism in the United States
3617:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
3248:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
2543:The Encyclopedia of New York City
2155:. Lewis & Son (London), 1847.
2129:Corn Cracking (Step in Moonshine)
2032:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1541:Harris, Middleton & al.
1447:Songs of the Underground Railroad
1333:radio show and their duet at the
1076:now that his old master is dead.
923:An' bresh away dat blue-tail fly.
901:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
884:Dey say all tings am for de best;
864:He died and de jury wondered why—
809:Some hatch in June an' some July,
805:Dar's many kind ob curious tings,
794:If you should go, in summer time,
768:I neber forget till de day I die,
766:Dey say all tings am for de best;
764:Ole massa gone, now let 'im rest,
746:He died, an' de jury wonder'd why
737:De debble take dat blue-tail fly.
720:An' when he ride in de arternoon,
671:Dey say all tings am for de best,
660:He trowed ole massa in the ditch,
640:And when he gows to shut his eye,
581:Dey say all tings is for de bes'.
548:I follows him wid a kickeribroom;
537:On Massa—han' him roun' de plate;
469:Dey say all tings am for de best;
456:Dey laid 'im under a simmon tree,
440:De debble take dat blue tail fly.
394:Some hatch in June, an some July,
383:If in de shade you chance to lie,
343:Dey say all tings am for de best;
341:Ole massa gone, now let 'im rest,
323:He died, an' de jury wonder'd why
297:An' when he ride in de arternoon,
4197:Slave Songs of the United States
3701:The Underground Railroad Records
3611:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
2872:", a modern version recorded in
2863:On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs
2726:On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs
2631:Victoria. Parliamentary Debates,
2521:Mitchill, Samuel & al.
2430:I won't forgit till de day I die
2420:On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs
1776:On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs
1754:On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs
1548:. Random House (New York), 2009.
1528:. University of Illinois Press (
1441:Slave Songs of the United States
899:But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
890:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
888:Ole massa an' dat blue tail fly.
879:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
868:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
857:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
846:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
844:When bitten by de blue tail fly.
835:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
824:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
822:Den brush away de blue tail fly.
818:On massa table and hand de plate
813:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
802:An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
742:De poney run, he jump an' pitch,
726:When bitten by de blue-tail fly.
698:And brush away de blue-tail fly.
629:I'd pass the bottle when he dry,
625:When I was young I used to wait,
563:When bitten by de blue-tail fly.
524:An' sing about de blue-tail fly.
522:Wid your desire I'll now comply,
484:But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
445:De poney run, he jump, an pitch,
429:When bitten by de blue tail fly.
416:An when he gwine to shut he eye,
405:I'de pass de bottle when he dry,
401:When I was young, I used to wait
358:But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
347:Ole massa an' dat blue tail fly.
319:De poney run, he jump an' pitch,
314:De debble take dat blu tail fly.
303:When bitten by de blue tail fly.
275:And bresh away de blue tail fly.
211:
88:
4637:Songs of the American Civil War
3577:(19th century Indian Territory)
3551:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
2758:. Record Research. p. 438.
2711:. Music Sales (New York), 1961.
2422:, credited to Garnett Eskew of
1835:. Oliver Ditson (Boston), 1882.
1630:De Blue Tail Fly. A Negro Song.
1385:American Folksongs for Children
1383:element but began (with 1953's
1138:", which could refer to a poor
1037:; following the rise of highly-
921:An' pass de bottle when he dry,
866:De verdic was de blue tail fly.
855:De debil take de blue tail fly.
851:De flies so numerous did swarm,
820:I'd pass de bottle when he dry,
816:When I was young I used to wait
772: Jim crack corn, &c.
770:Ole massa an' dat blue-tail fly
731:One day he rode around de farm,
694:On Massa and hand him de plate;
692:When I was young I used to wait
675:Ole massa and de blue tail fly.
662:He died an de Jury all did cry,
638:He bid dis nigga sight to keep,
631:An brush away de blue tail fly.
585:Ole Massa an' de blue-tail fly.
552:An' bitten by de blue-tail fly.
550:De pony rear'd when he was dry,
546:Ole Massa ride in de arternoon,
535:When I was home, I used to wait
520:So often you want someting new;
449:He died, an de Jury wonder why,
436:De flies so numerous did swarm;
407:An brush away de blue tail fly.
375:O when you come in summer time,
325:De verdic was de blue tail fly.
308:One day he rode aroun' de farm,
271:On Massa and hand him de plate;
269:When I was young I us'd to wait
4416:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
4181:Slave-Trading in the Old South
3235:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
2896:Jimmy Crack Corn – Man or Myth
2795:"Reverb Central .:. Review .:"
2639:John Ferres (Melbourne), 1880.
2189:". Susan Eppes's diary of her
1887:. A.N. Johnson (Boston), 1846.
1678:"Blue Tail Fly" (liner notes).
1365:Mike Adams and the Red Jackets
1340:The song has also occurred as
1158:", about a horse. A number of
1017:("cracking") the old master's
862:An' tumbl'd massa in de ditch;
860:De pony run he jump an' pitch,
849:One day he rode aroun de farm,
829:He bid dis nigga vigils keeps;
827:Den arter dinner massa sleeps,
761: Jim crack corn, &c.
750: Jim crack corn, &c.
748:De verdic was de blue-tail fly
739: Jim crack corn, &c.
728: Jim crack corn, &c.
717: Jim crack corn, &c.
658:De pony run dar jump an pitch,
636:When ole massa take his sleep,
486: An scratch 'im &c.
473:Ole Massa an de blue tail fly.
434:One day he rode aroun de farm,
367:De Blue Tail Fly, A Negro Song
360: Jim crack corn &c.
21:Jimmy Crack Corn (Eminem song)
1:
4432:The Times They Are a-Changin'
3856:The Confessions of Nat Turner
3821:
3814:
3645:The Narrative of Robert Adams
3059:
2653:, p. 35: "Blue Tail Fly"
2651:The Language of the Civil War
2592:The Negro in American History
2434:Dat pony r'ar, dat pony kick,
2175:), 1926. Accessed 2 Jul 2014.
2169:, p. 205, "1 Sept 1863".
2002:The Tennessee Conservationist
1778:records a variant replacing "
897:De yalla nipper sweeten high,
838:When he ride in de arternoon,
722:I foller wid a hickory broom;
711:He bid dis niggar vigil keep;
709:Den arter dinner massa sleep,
606:you should go in summer time,
594:Jim Crack Corn! I Don't Care.
475: An scratch 'im &c.
464: An scratch 'im &c.
453: An scratch 'im &c.
442: An scratch 'im &c.
431: An scratch 'im &c.
425:I foller wid a hickory broom;
423:When he ride in de arternoon,
420: An scratch 'im &c.
412:Den arter dinner massa sleep,
409: An scratch 'im &c.
349: Jim crack corn &c.
338: Jim crack corn &c.
327: Jim crack corn &c.
321:An' tumble massa in de ditch;
316: Jim crack corn &c.
305: Jim crack corn &c.
299:I foller wid a hickory broom;
294: Jim crack corn &c.
288:He bid dis niggar vigil keep;
286:Den arter dinner massa sleep,
4495:The Big Rock Candy Mountains
4440:Christmas at the White House
4424:Have a Holly Jolly Christmas
4304:Christmas Day in the Morning
4189:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
4144:Slavery in the United States
3501:Greensbury Washington Offley
2614:Now ol' master dead and gone
2577:. Harvard University Press (
2281:Farmer, John & al.
2151:The Vauxhall Comic Song-book
1966:"Deer flies and horse flies"
1910:The Traditional Ballad Index
1820:. Elias Howe (Boston), 1848.
1730:The Vauxhall Comic Song-book
1188:bacon rations were curtailed
840:I foller wid a hickory brom;
647:Ole massa ride in arternoon,
592:
561:De wonder was he didn't die,
559:He tumbled Massa in a ditch;
482:De gallinipper sweeten high,
447:An tumble massa in de ditch;
414:He bid me vigilance to keep;
356:De gallinipper sweeten high,
165:. It regained currency as a
19:For the song by Eminem, see
4213:The Hemingses of Monticello
4114:African-American literature
2890:Lyr Add: (De) Blue Tail Fly
2489:(Ch. viii, p. 84)
2458:. Accessed January 2, 2006.
2167:Through Some Eventful Years
1711:, 5th ed., p. 312
1676:Place, Jeff & al.
1585:Friedman, Alfred B. (ed.).
1304:
1269:to sing and play it on his
744:An tumble massa in de ditc'
706: Ole Massa gone away.
283: Ole Massa gone away.
171:American folk music revival
108:. The specific problem is:
4655:
4561:List of works by Burl Ives
4376:America's Musical Heritage
4320:Burl Ives Sings... For Fun
4296:Historical America in Song
4029:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
3135:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
2951:Slave Narrative Collection
2902:December 12, 2007, at the
2741:, C 15. May 19, 1993.
2469:"Food and Land Tenure" in
2219:, 1st ed. "gimcrack,
1950:See, e.g., Kirkland, A.H.
1898:Teach Yourself Folk Guitar
1883:The Boston Musical Gazette
1758:Harvard University Press (
1601:December 12, 2007, at the
1427:Shoo, Fly, Don't Bother Me
1288:' 1947 recording with the
941:The melody is similar to "
873:His epitaph am dere to see
781:in subsequent song books.
755:His epitaph am dar to see:
458:His epitaph am dar to see;
332:His epitaph am dar to see:
104:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
18:
4022:To a Southern Slaveholder
3810:The Bondwoman's Narrative
3685:My Bondage and My Freedom
3669:The Life of Josiah Henson
3653:American Slavery as It Is
3081:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
2946:
2709:American Favorite Ballads
2682:They Hear America Singing
2610:My ol' master promised me
2605:Scarborough, p. 224
2359:Oxford English Dictionary
2341:Oxford English Dictionary
2286:, Vol. III: Fla–Hyps
2260:Oxford English Dictionary
2217:Oxford English Dictionary
1993:Murphree, Steve. (2006).
1926:Oxford English Dictionary
1688:American Favorite Ballads
1683:December 4, 2010, at the
1352:in 1959, and released on
1350:Johnny and the Hurricanes
724:De poney being berry shy,
427:De poney being berry shy,
191:'s lament over his white
4602:Blackface minstrel songs
4344:The Versatile Burl Ives!
4312:Down to the Sea in Ships
3968:The Underground Railroad
3733:The Peculiar Institution
3378:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
2885:Traditional Ballad Index
2590:Adler, Mortimer J.
2123:See, e.g, Foote, Elmer.
2101:The Last of the Mohicans
2060:The Last of the Mohicans
2030:. In Gary Mullen (ed.).
1818:, No. 2, p. 64
1491:The Virginia Minstrels,
974:Protophormia terraenovae
842:De pony being berry shy,
518:about de long-tail blue,
301:De poney being berry shy
178:African American English
4544:A Holly Jolly Christmas
4139:Films featuring slavery
3603:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
3527:William Henry Singleton
3332:Ellen and William Craft
2655:. Greenwood Publishing.
2471:Popular Science Monthly
1930:Appeals: blue-arsed fly
1854:Pre-1852 Minstrel Songs
1756:, pp. 200 ff.
1638:Pre-1852 Minstrel Songs
651:De pony he is bery shy,
240:less pertinent examples
4597:Big Bill Broonzy songs
4481:The Wayfaring Stranger
4280:The Wayfaring Stranger
3987:Amos Fortune, Free Man
3221:Juan Francisco Manzano
3196:Marie-Joseph Angélique
3104:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
3087:Johann Georg Wolffgang
3069:GuĂ°rĂĂ°ur SĂmonardĂłttir
3008:James Leander Cathcart
2687:July 14, 2014, at the
2620:
2438:
2134:July 14, 2014, at the
2073:Cooper, James Fenimore
2055:Cooper, James Fenimore
1526:, pp. 234 ff
1263:parliament of Victoria
934:
904:
775:
680:
590:
489:
363:
4530:Funny Way of Laughin'
4516:The Wild Side of Life
4368:Sing of Faith and Joy
4328:Australian Folk Songs
3936:Walk Through Darkness
3872:Underground to Canada
3485:Jermain Wesley Loguen
3430:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
3357:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
3173:Konstantin Mihailović
3121:Lovisa von Burghausen
2799:www.reverbcentral.com
2608:
2428:
2362:as occurring by 1820.
2092:James Fenimore Cooper
1802:, pp. 271 f
1275:address at Gettysburg
998:found throughout the
4448:Christmas by the Bay
4134:Caribbean literature
4124:Atlantic slave trade
3677:Twelve Years a Slave
3570:Booker T. Washington
3372:Jordan Winston Early
2837:on December 12, 2008
2770:"officialcharts.com"
2508:was (and remains) a
2149:"Jim Crack Corn" in
1749:Scarborough, Dorothy
1728:"Jim Crack com’" in
977:), but probably the
968:Calliphora vomitoria
159:blackface minstrelsy
119:improve this article
4632:Songs about insects
4587:American folk songs
4523:A Little Bitty Tear
4509:On Top of Old Smoky
4129:Captivity narrative
3960:The Book of Negroes
3741:The Slave Community
3605:(1845–1847, Brazil)
3532:James Lindsay Smith
3439:John Andrew Jackson
3374:(1814 – after 1894)
3328:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
3321:William Wells Brown
3280:Jared Maurice Arter
3275:William J. Anderson
3168:Johann Schiltberger
2722:Dorothy Scarborough
2556:Hi Fi/Stereo Review
2416:Dorothy Scarborough
2147:Sharp, J.W. (ed.).
2008:(4). Archived from
1896:John Pearse's 1963
1868:Children of Destiny
1772:Dorothy Scarborough
1636:), 1846. Hosted in
1475:Ethiopian Glee Book
1471:Christy's Minstrels
909:Children of Destiny
497:Ethiopian Glee Book
493:Christy's Minstrels
236:improve the article
4083:Unchained Memories
3588:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
3362:Frederick Douglass
3133:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
3032:Maria ter Meetelen
2881:The Blue Tail Fly
2774:officialcharts.com
2739:The New York Times
2467:Atkinson, Edward.
2062:, Ch. xxviii.
2015:on April 23, 2009.
1914:The Blue Tail Fly
1865:Seawell, Molly E.
1732:, pp. 202–203
1521:Mahar, William J.
1434:Polly Wolly Doodle
1407:In popular culture
1220:Bryant's Minstrels
1208:Virginia Minstrels
994:with a blue-black
163:Virginia Minstrels
41:Virginia Minstrels
4622:Songs about death
4617:Pete Seeger songs
4569:
4568:
4537:Chim Chim Cher-ee
4502:Riders in the Sky
4352:Songs of the West
4336:Little White Duck
4223:
4222:
3995:I, Juan de Pareja
3979:Young adult books
3786:Uncle Tom's Cabin
3629:Non-fiction books
3624:
3623:
3581:Harriet E. Wilson
3465:Elizabeth Keckley
3311:Henry "Box" Brown
3229:(1860–1965, Cuba)
3223:(1797–1854, Cuba)
3178:George of Hungary
3153:(1792 – fl. 1828)
2633:Vol. XXXII:
2570:Lhamon, W.T. Jr.
2450:Peterson, Pete. "
2390:The Straight Dope
2343:, 1st ed. "corn,
2297:Clemens, Samuel (
2041:978-0-12-372500-4
1979:978-0-618-15310-7
1632:" Oliver Ditson (
1413:Cingular Wireless
1411:A commercial for
979:mourning horsefly
257:
256:
147:
146:
139:
106:quality standards
97:This article may
82:
81:
4644:
4612:Lead Belly songs
4408:Chim Chim Cheree
4250:
4243:
4236:
4227:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3794:The Heroic Slave
3549:Pierre Toussaint
3544:(1793 VA – 1860)
3508:(1827 VA – 1900)
3240:Pierre Toussaint
3075:Antoine Qaurtier
3064:
3061:
2968:
2940:Slave narratives
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2870:Jimmy Crack Corn
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2678:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2646:
2640:
2635:Session 1879–80,
2627:
2621:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:"Dan Emmett" in
2538:
2529:
2519:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2448:
2439:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2356:Attested by the
2354:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2324:Huckleberry Finn
2315:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2252:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2164:Eppes, Susan B.
2162:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:". c. 1915.
2121:
2115:
2088:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1846:Blue Tailed Fly.
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1813:'Chaff, Gumbo'.
1811:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1735:
1725:
1714:
1704:
1691:
1674:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1519:
1500:
1489:
1478:
1467:
1241:Big Bill Broonzy
1165:Songs of Ireland
1140:Southern cracker
1137:
605:
517:
516:
381:'s sultry clime,
252:
249:
243:
215:
214:
207:
182:General American
151:Jimmy Crack Corn
142:
135:
131:
128:
122:
92:
91:
84:
75:
28:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4607:Burl Ives songs
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4549:
4488:Lavender's Blue
4454:
4259:
4254:
4224:
4219:
4165:Book of Negroes
4119:Anti-Tom novels
4097:
4070:
4035:
4009:
3974:
3944:The Known World
3824:
3817:
3755:
3717:Up from Slavery
3620:
3609:Miguel de BurĂa
3591:
3560:Wallace Turnage
3496:Solomon Northup
3428:Fountain Hughes
3270:Jordan Anderson
3257:
3251:
3227:Esteban Montejo
3213:
3207:
3188:
3182:
3156:
3127:Olaudah Equiano
3109:
3092:
3062:
3026:Elizabeth Marsh
3014:Ă“lafur Egilsson
3002:Felice Caronni
2963:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2937:
2904:Wayback Machine
2855:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2707:Seeger, Peter.
2706:
2699:
2689:Wayback Machine
2679:
2675:
2664:Erbsen, Wayne.
2663:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2526:, Vol. VI.
2520:
2516:
2510:Southern staple
2499:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2335:
2316:
2312:
2306:, Ch. xxvi
2296:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2253:
2249:
2235:
2231:
2215:
2208:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2089:
2085:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2012:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1766:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1706:Fuld, James J.
1705:
1694:
1685:Wayback Machine
1675:
1664:
1651:
1644:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:Wayback Machine
1584:
1580:
1563:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1520:
1503:
1490:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1422:
1409:
1354:Warwick Records
1286:Andrews Sisters
1255:Abraham Lincoln
1200:
1135:
984:Tabanus atratus
963:blue bottle fly
955:
939:
933:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
913:
903:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
790:
786:Blue Tailed Fly
774:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
688:
684:Jim Crack Corn.
679:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
607:
603:
598:
589:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
514:
513:
508:
488:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
388:
386:
384:
382:
376:
371:
362:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
295:
293:
291:
289:
287:
285:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
265:
253:
247:
244:
233:
216:
212:
205:
197:deniable action
143:
132:
126:
123:
116:
93:
89:
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:American poems
4589:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4392:Scouting Along
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3904:Middle Passage
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3761:Fiction/novels
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3575:Wallace Willis
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Harriet Tubman
3552:
3545:
3542:Austin Steward
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:William Parker
3509:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3480:J. Vance Lewis
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Harriet Jacobs
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3418:William Grimes
3415:
3410:(19th century
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:Kate Drumgoold
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Solomon Bayley
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3256:North America:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3212:North America:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3202:John R. Jewitt
3199:
3192:
3190:
3187:North America:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3161:Ottoman Empire
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3139:Jean Marteilhe
3136:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:(late 19th c.)
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2996:Isaac Brassard
2993:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2964:of enslavement
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2876:(Google Books)
2866:
2865:at Archive.org
2854:
2853:External links
2851:
2849:
2848:
2822:
2804:
2786:
2761:
2752:Whitburn, Joel
2743:
2730:
2724:'s collection
2713:
2697:
2673:
2657:
2648:Wright, John.
2641:
2622:
2596:
2583:
2560:
2548:
2546:, 2nd ed.
2530:
2514:
2493:
2477:
2473:, Vol. 59
2460:
2440:
2407:
2398:
2388:Adams, Cecil.
2381:
2364:
2349:
2333:
2310:
2290:
2274:
2247:
2229:
2206:
2198:nursery rhymes
2177:
2157:
2140:
2116:
2083:
2080:, Ch. ii.
2065:
2047:
2040:
2018:
1985:
1978:
1956:
1943:
1934:
1918:
1902:
1889:
1874:
1858:
1837:
1822:
1806:
1788:
1780:South Carolina
1764:
1736:
1715:
1692:
1662:
1652:Nathan, Hans.
1642:
1618:
1606:
1591:Jimmy Crack...
1578:
1550:
1544:The Black Book
1534:
1501:
1495:F.D. Benteen (
1479:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1381:social justice
1377:
1376:
1361:
1319:Theodore Bikel
1305:Folk Song Army
1216:Old Dan Tucker
1199:
1196:
1156:Long Tail Blue
1042:musical genres
1008:coroner's jury
1004:begins to buck
1000:American South
954:
951:
943:Miss Lucy Long
938:
935:
915:
912:
905:
792:
789:
788:(c. 1850)
783:
690:
687:
681:
600:
597:
591:
510:
507:
504:Jim Crack Corn
501:
379:South Carlinar
373:
370:
364:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
219:
217:
210:
204:
201:
145:
144:
96:
94:
87:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4650:
4649:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:Blue Tail Fly
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:Pearly Shells
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:Documentaries
4073:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:South America
3594:
3587:
3586:Zamba Zembola
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Bethany Veney
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Venture Smith
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:James Roberts
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Lunsford Lane
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3459:Paul Jennings
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Omar ibn Said
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Josiah Henson
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:William Green
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:Peter Fossett
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Lucinda Davis
3340:
3338:
3337:Hannah Crafts
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:James Bradley
3303:
3301:
3300:Leonard Black
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:United States
3254:
3247:
3246:Marcos Xiorro
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:Thomas Pellow
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:Petro Kilekwa
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2826:
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2424:West Virginia
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2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
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2374:
2371:Kroes, John.
2368:
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2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1989:
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1981:
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1967:
1960:
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1875:
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1859:
1855:
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1841:
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1834:
1833:, p. 211
1832:
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1596:
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1574:0-19-509641-X
1571:
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1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1373:Crown Records
1370:
1367:on the album
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:instrumentals
1338:
1336:
1335:92nd Street Y
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
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1177:
1173:
1172:slaves' slang
1168:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
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986:
985:
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976:
975:
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969:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
947:Italian opera
944:
936:
932:
910:
906:
902:
787:
784:
782:
780:
779:Oliver Ditson
773:
685:
682:
678:
612:sultra clime,
611:
610:Souf Carolina
595:
588:
505:
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500:
498:
494:
487:
380:
368:
365:
361:
262:
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251:
241:
237:
231:
229:
225:
220:This article
218:
209:
208:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:Blue-Tail Fly
152:
141:
138:
130:
120:
115:
113:
112:MOS:CITEPUNCT
107:
103:
102:
95:
86:
85:
77:
74:
73:Songwriter(s)
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
29:
26:
22:
16:American song
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4089:
4081:
4062:
4056:The Octoroon
4054:
4046:
4027:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3449:Thomas James
3398:Moses Grandy
3393:David George
3352:Lucy Delaney
3326:Peter Bruner
3265:Sam Aleckson
3145:Roustam Raza
3056:Joseph Pitts
2978:Robert Adams
2962:by continent
2884:
2873:
2862:
2841:November 16,
2839:. Retrieved
2835:the original
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2708:
2692:
2676:
2669:, p. 10
2666:
2660:
2650:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2609:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2572:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2429:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2389:
2384:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2258:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2202:Mother Goose
2180:
2171:J.W. Burke (
2166:
2160:
2153:, p. 92
2150:
2143:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2031:
2021:
2010:the original
2005:
2001:
1988:
1969:
1959:
1946:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1799:
1782:" with "old
1775:
1767:
1753:
1729:
1708:
1687:
1653:
1637:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1565:
1564:Lott, Eric.
1543:
1537:
1523:
1474:
1439:
1410:
1389:summer camps
1384:
1378:
1369:Surfers Beat
1368:
1339:
1308:
1297:Folk Revival
1282:World War II
1279:
1253:
1249:World War II
1201:
1192:phrasal verb
1169:
1164:
1152:Judgment Day
1148:Jesus Christ
1113:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1031:
1012:
989:bloodsucking
982:
972:
966:
956:
940:
916:
908:
793:
785:
776:
691:
683:
601:
593:
511:
503:
496:
490:
374:
366:
268:
260:
245:
234:Please help
222:may contain
221:
175:
154:
150:
148:
133:
124:
117:Please help
109:
98:
25:
4582:1840s songs
4384:Animal Folk
3825: 1861
3818: 1853
3522:Moses Roper
3506:John Parker
3492:(1790–1880)
3470:Boston King
3461:(1799–1874)
3290:Polly Berry
3233:Mary Prince
3147:(1783–1845)
3141:(1684-1777)
3123:(1698–1733)
3106:(1684–1736)
3089:(1644–1744)
3083:(1660–1736)
3077:(1632–1702)
3071:(1598–1682)
3063: 1735
3046:(1708–1754)
3038:Mende Nazer
3028:(1735–1785)
3016:(1564–1639)
3010:(1767–1843)
3004:(1747–1815)
2998:(1620–1702)
2990:Francis Bok
2986:(1714-1761)
2984:Marcus Berg
2980:(c. 1790–?)
2960:Individuals
2603:See, e.g.,
2475:. Oct 1901.
2111:The Prairie
2108:-mortar in
2090:See, e.g.,
2078:The Prairie
1870:, p. 2
1315:Pete Seeger
1290:folk singer
1184:Pete Seeger
1144:minced oath
1120:Appalachian
1085:eye dialect
959:house slave
180:, although
121:if you can.
78:Traditional
4576:Categories
4003:Copper Sun
3952:Unburnable
3888:Dessa Rose
3615:Osifekunde
3547:Venerable
3490:James Mars
3403:Lear Green
3387:Monticello
3347:Noah Davis
3316:John Brown
3295:Henry Bibb
3238:Venerable
3044:Hark Olufs
2779:August 10,
2319:Mark Twain
2299:Mark Twain
1595:Mudcat.org
1589:cited in "
1453:References
1327:Alan Lomax
1307:". A 1963
1301:Tom Lehrer
1280:Following
1267:Ward Lamon
1245:Lead Belly
1236:rockabilly
1212:minstrelsy
1204:Dan Emmett
1160:racehorses
1074:field hand
1070:apostrophe
1066:3rd person
1039:syncopated
248:March 2017
228:irrelevant
4474:Foggy Dew
4257:Burl Ives
3728:(1936–38)
3214:Caribbean
3040:(b. 1982)
2992:(b. 1979)
2883:" at the
2579:Cambridge
2329:jimcracks
2191:Civil War
2096:succotash
1760:Cambridge
1530:Champaign
1497:Baltimore
1393:Tuff Crew
1323:Bob Dylan
1293:Burl Ives
1228:Baltimore
1102:euphemism
1081:jim crack
1054:anaptyxis
224:excessive
167:folk song
47:Published
4024:" (1848)
3770:Oroonoko
3454:John Jea
3058:(1663 –
3052:(1705–?)
3034:(1704–?)
2900:Archived
2754:(2013).
2685:Archived
2581:), 2003.
2265:American
2243:Jimcrack
2195:Southern
2132:Archived
1784:Virginia
1774:'s 1925
1681:Archived
1660:), 1962.
1599:Archived
1532:), 1999.
1420:See also
1375:in 1963.
1224:Tom Rice
1124:Jim Crow
1098:ellipsis
1095:American
1090:gimcrack
1058:backbeat
1044:such as
230:examples
127:May 2023
99:require
61:Minstrel
4554:Related
4459:Singles
4102:Related
3896:Beloved
3880:Kindred
3848:Jubilee
3840:Our Nig
2819:. 1963.
2817:Discogs
2671:. 1993.
2575:, p. 21
2373:Cracked
2288:. 1893.
2256:British
1358:Hot 100
1259:humming
1198:History
1116:English
1109:whiskey
1046:ragtime
1035:caesura
1015:milling
996:abdomen
953:Meaning
101:cleanup
4451:(1977)
4443:(1972)
4435:(1968)
4427:(1965)
4419:(1964)
4411:(1964)
4403:(1964)
4395:(1964)
4387:(1963)
4379:(1963)
4371:(1963)
4363:(1962)
4355:(1961)
4347:(1961)
4339:(1959)
4331:(1958)
4323:(1956)
4315:(1956)
4307:(1952)
4299:(1950)
4291:(1949)
4283:(1944)
4275:(1941)
4264:Albums
4216:(2008)
4208:(2002)
4200:(1867)
4192:(2008)
4184:(1931)
4176:(1847)
4168:(1783)
4094:(2008)
4086:(2003)
4067:(2022)
4059:(1859)
4051:(1858)
4032:(1853)
4014:Essays
4006:(2006)
3998:(1965)
3990:(1951)
3971:(2016)
3963:(2007)
3955:(2006)
3947:(2003)
3939:(2002)
3931:(2001)
3923:(1996)
3915:(1993)
3907:(1990)
3899:(1987)
3891:(1986)
3883:(1979)
3875:(1977)
3867:(1976)
3859:(1967)
3851:(1966)
3843:(1859)
3835:(1856)
3805:(1853)
3802:Clotel
3797:(1852)
3789:(1852)
3781:(1841)
3773:(1688)
3752:(2018)
3744:(1972)
3736:(1956)
3720:(1901)
3712:(1881)
3704:(1872)
3696:(1861)
3688:(1855)
3680:(1853)
3672:(1849)
3664:(1845)
3656:(1839)
3648:(1816)
3640:(1789)
3389:–1901)
3385:(1815
3307:(1834)
3189:Canada
3114:Europe
2971:Africa
2502:hominy
2456:Mudcat
2106:hominy
2104:and a
2038:
1976:
1658:Norman
1634:Boston
1572:
1397:Eminem
1321:, and
1247:after
1232:Boston
1083:being
1062:slaves
1027:liquor
1023:hominy
937:Melody
911:(1893)
686:(1848)
596:(1847)
506:(1847)
369:(1846)
263:(1846)
203:Lyrics
193:master
153:" or "
4040:Plays
2691:" in
2506:grits
2454:" on
2414:From
2173:Macon
2013:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1848:" in
1593:" at
1401:crack
1271:banjo
1180:mules
1176:crows
1132:skull
1128:crake
1104:for "
987:), a
907:From
189:slave
186:black
56:Genre
50:1840s
4064:Omar
3097:Asia
2843:2008
2781:2022
2693:Time
2254:The
2225:adj.
2223:and
2036:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1395:and
1310:Time
1303:'s "
1243:and
1230:and
1174:for
1146:for
1118:and
1106:corn
1100:and
1087:for
1050:jazz
1048:and
1019:corn
992:pest
515:SING
65:folk
37:Song
3778:Sab
2861:in
2504:or
2418:'s
2392:. "
2375:. "
2345:n.Âą
2321:'s
2301:).
2241:. "
2185:com
2127:. "
2098:in
1928:. "
1912:: "
1403:".
1371:by
1331:CBS
1206:'s
1178:or
1025:or
971:or
608:To
377:To
226:or
39:by
4578::
3822:c.
3820:–
3815:c.
3412:MD
3060:c.
2815:.
2797:.
2772:.
2700:^
2563:^
2533:^
2443:^
2221:n.
2209:^
2204:."
2075:.
2057:.
2006:72
2004:.
2000:.
1968:.
1916:".
1791:^
1786:".
1751:.
1739:^
1718:^
1695:^
1665:^
1645:^
1621:^
1609:^
1597:.
1553:^
1504:^
1482:^
1473:'
1460:^
1429:!"
1344::
1317:,
1277:.
1251:.
1052:,
949:.
512:I
495:'
199:.
63:,
4546:"
4542:"
4539:"
4535:"
4532:"
4528:"
4525:"
4521:"
4518:"
4514:"
4511:"
4507:"
4504:"
4500:"
4497:"
4493:"
4490:"
4486:"
4483:"
4479:"
4476:"
4472:"
4469:"
4465:"
4249:e
4242:t
4235:v
4020:"
3827:)
3813:(
3414:)
3065:)
2932:e
2925:t
2918:v
2879:"
2868:"
2845:.
2801:.
2783:.
2728:.
2680:"
2491:.
2426::
2187:'
2114:.
2044:.
1982:.
1844:"
1734:.
1628:"
1576:.
1432:"
1425:"
1136:'
981:(
965:(
604:f
602:I
250:)
246:(
242:.
232:.
149:"
140:)
134:(
129:)
125:(
114:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.