Jin–Song wars - Knowledge (XXG)

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opposition to the war was severely punished. The Song had been notified beforehand of Wanyan Liang's plan. They prepared by securing their defenses along the border, mainly near the Yangtze River, but were hampered by Emperor Gaozong's indecisiveness. Gaozong's desire for peace made him averse to provoking the Jin. Wanyan Liang began the invasion in 1161 without formally declaring war. Jurchen armies personally led by Wanyan Liang left Kaifeng on October 15, reached the Huai River border on October 28, and marched in the direction of the Yangtze. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens but captured a few Jin prefectures in the west, slowing the Jurchen advance. A group of Jurchen generals were sent to cross the Yangtze near the city of Caishi (south of

1914:, a nomadic confederation, had unified in the middle of the twelfth century. They and other steppe nomads occasionally raided the Jin empire from the northwest. The Jin shied away from punitive expeditions and was content with appeasement, similar to the practices of the Song. The Mongols, formerly a Jin tributary, ended their Jurchen vassalage in 1210 and attacked the Jin in 1211. In light of this event, the Song court debated ending tributary payments to the weakened Jin, but they again chose to avoid antagonizing the Jin. They refused Western Xia's offers of allying against the Jin in 1214 and willingly complied when in 1215 the Jin rejected a request to lower the annual indemnity. Meanwhile, in 1214, the Jin retreated from the 1396:

Between 1130 and 1137, the court would sporadically move to Jiankang, and back to Lin'an. There were proposals to make Jiankang the new capital, but Lin'an won out because the court considered it a more secure city. The natural barriers that surrounded Lin'an, including lakes and rice paddies, made it more difficult for the Jurchen cavalry to breach its fortifications. Access to the sea made it easier to retreat from the city. In 1138, Gaozong officially declared Lin'an the capital of the dynasty, but the label of temporary capital would still be in place. Lin'an would remain the capital of the Southern Song for the next 150 years, growing into a major commercial and cultural center.

1898: 1752:, to suicide. Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162. Emperor Gaozong retired from the throne that same year. His mishandling of the war with Wanyan Liang was one of many reasons for his abdication. Skirmishes between the Song and Jin continued along the border, but subsided in 1165 after the negotiation of a peace treaty. There were no major territorial changes. The treaty dictated that the Song still had to pay the annual indemnity, but the indemnity was renamed from "tribute", which had implied a subordinate relationship, to "payment". 1875:) was executed, and other officials connected to Han were dismissed or exiled. Since neither combatant was eager to continue the war, they returned to negotiations. A peace treaty was signed on November 2, 1208, and the Song tribute to the Jin was reinstated. The Song annual indemnity increased by 50,000 taels of silver and 50,000 packs of fabric. The treaty also stipulated that the Song had to present to the Jin the head of Han Tuozhou, who the Jin held responsible for starting the war. The heads of Han and Su were severed from their exhumed corpses, exhibited to the public, then delivered to the Jin. 38: 6214: 1411:, it is necessary for the southerners to stay in the south and the northerners in the north." Gaozong, who considered himself a northerner, initially rejected the proposal. There were gestures toward peace in 1132, when the Jin freed an imprisoned Song diplomat, and in 1133, when the Song offered to become a Jin vassal, but a treaty never materialized. The Jin requirement that the border between the two states be moved south from the Huai River to the Yangtze was too large of a hurdle for the two sides to reach an agreement. 2262: 993:; 1083–1140) rallied around the proposal of remaining in defensive positions until reinforcements arrived and Jurchen supplies ran out. They botched an ambush against the Jin that was carried out at night, and were replaced by officials who supported peace negotiations. The failed attack pushed Qinzong into meeting the Jurchen demands, and his officials convinced him to go through with the deal. The Song recognized Jin control over the three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege in March after 33 days. 1578: 1855:; d. 1207), the governor-general of Sichuan, defected to the Jin in December 1206. The Song had depended on Wu's success in the west to divert Jin soldiers away from the eastern front. He had attacked Jin positions earlier in 1206, but his army of about 50,000 men had been repelled. Wu's defection could have meant the loss of the entire western front of the war, but Song loyalists assassinated Wu on March 29, 1207, before Jin troops could take control of the surrendered territories. 1061: 1590:

Zhang Jun (1086–1154) with titles that relieved them of their command over the Song armies. Han Shizhong, a critic of the treaty, retired. Yue Fei also announced his resignation as an act of protest. In 1141 Qin Hui had him imprisoned for insubordination. Charged with treason, Yue Fei was poisoned in jail on Qin's orders in early 1142. Jurchen diplomatic pressure during the peace talks may have played a role, but Qin Hui's alleged collusion with the Jin has never been proven.

1052:), where they were stripped of their royal privileges and reduced to commoners. The former emperors were humiliated by their captors. They were mocked with disparaging titles like "Muddled Virtue" and "Double Muddled". In 1128 Jin made them perform a ritual meant for war criminals. The harsh treatment of the Song royalty softened after the death of Huizong in 1135. Titles were granted to the deceased monarch, and his son Qinzong was promoted to Duke, a position with a salary. 2030:(r. 1224–1234) of the Jin dispatched diplomats to implore the Song for supplies. Jin envoys reported to the Song that the Mongols would invade the Song after they were done with the Jin—a forecast that would later be proven true—but the Song ignored the warning and rebuffed the request. They instead formed an alliance with the Mongols against the Jin. The Song provided supplies to the Mongols in return for parts of Henan. The Jin dynasty collapsed when Mongol and Song troops 639: 2175:

nearly doubled between the closing of the Northern Song era in 1127 and the final years of Gaozong's reign in the early 1160s. The recovery was not uniform, and areas like Huainan and Hubei that had been directly affected by the war took decades to return to their pre-war levels. In spite of multiple wars, the Jin remained one of the main trading partners of the Song. Song demand for foreign products like fur and horses went unabated. Historian

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Jurchens by this time round had depopularised him amongst the common people which situation was exploited by the Empress Yang and Shi Miyuan, his most powerful political rivals to Garner support amongst other Courtiers which led to his demise. On November 24, 1207, Han Touzhou on his way to Court he was intercepted, dragged outside Imperial precincts and bludgeoned to death by the Imperial Palace Guards. His accomplice Su Shidan (

1933:(r. 1224–1264), was hesitant to fight the Jin and delayed the declaration of war for two months. Song generals were largely autonomous, allowing Shi to evade blame for their military blunders. The Jin advanced across the border from the center and western fronts. Jurchen military successes were limited, and the Jin faced repeated raids from the neighboring state of Western Xia. In 1217, the Song generals Meng Zongzheng ( 1418:(the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. The Jurchens believed that this state, nominally ruled by someone of Han Chinese descent, would be able to attract the allegiance of disaffected members of the insurgency. The Jurchens also suffered from a shortage of skilled manpower, and controlling the entirety of northern China was not administratively feasible. In the final months of 1129, 1139:

by Liao. Instead of continuing their invasion of the Song, an empire with a military that outnumbered their own, they adopted the strategy of "using Chinese to control the Chinese". The Jin hoped a proxy state would be capable of administering northern China and collecting the annual indemnity without requiring Jurchen interventions to quell anti-Jin uprisings. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official,

1980:; d. 1221). In the west, command of the Song forces in Sichuan was given to An Bing, who had previously been dismissed from this position. He successfully defended the western front, but was unable to advance further because of local uprisings in the area. The Jin tried to extort an indemnity from the Song but never received it. In the last of the three campaigns, in early 1221, the Jin captured the city of Qizhou ( 1444: 1594:

was only one of many generals who fought against the Jin in northern China. Traditional accounts have also blamed Gaozong for Yue Fei's execution and submitting to the Jin. Qin Hui, in a reply to Gaozong's gratitude for the success of the peace negotiations, told the emperor that "the decision to make peace was entirely Your Majesty's. Your servant only carried it out; what achievement was there in this for me?"

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Song historians may have confused the number of Jurchen soldiers at the Battle of Caishi with the total number of soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang. The conflict was not the one-sided battle that traditional accounts imply, and the Song had numerous advantages over the Jin. The Song fleet was larger than the Jin's, and the Jin were unable to use their greatest asset, cavalry, in a naval battle.

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siege, came back with his western army. Overwhelmed, Taiyuan fell in September 1126, after 260 days of siege. When the Song court received news of the fall of Taiyuan, the officials who had advocated defending the empire militarily fell from favor again and were replaced by counselors who favored appeasement. In mid-December the two Jurchen armies converged on Kaifeng for the second time that year.

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decimated and the morale of Song soldiers was on the decline. On January 9, 1127, the Jurchens broke through and started to loot the conquered city. Emperor Qinzong tried to appease the victors by offering the remaining wealth of the capital. The royal treasury was emptied and the belongings of the city's residents were seized. The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender a few days later.

1609: 1147:" (Great Chu) dynasty. The puppet government did not deter the resistance in northern China, but the insurgents were motivated by their anger towards the Jurchens' looting rather than by a sense of loyalty towards the inept Song court. A number of Song commanders, stationed in towns scattered across northern China, retained their allegiance to the Song, and armed volunteers organized 624:. Song refugees from the north resettled in southern China. The north was the cultural center of China, and its conquest by Jin diminished the regional stature of the Song dynasty. The Southern Song, however, quickly returned to economic prosperity, and trade with Jin was lucrative despite decades of warfare. Lin'an, the Southern Song capital, expanded into a major city for commerce. 2011: 927: 1678: 1086:

failed wars against the Western Xia. The Song insistence on a greater share of Liao territory only succeeded in provoking their Jin allies. Song diplomatic oversights underestimated Jin and allowed the unimpeded rise of Jurchen military power. The state had plentiful resources, with the exception of horses, but managed its assets poorly during battles. Unlike the expansive

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their sails. Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again. In early 1131, Jin armies between the Huai and the Yangtze were repelled by bandits loyal to the Song. Zhang Rong (

1115: 919: 439: 1574:, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory. He continued on to Henan, where he recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang. Later in 1140, Yue was forced to withdraw after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court. 1543:, Qin purged his enemies and continued negotiations. In 1138 the Jin and Song agreed to a treaty that designated the Yellow River as border between the two states and recognized Gaozong as a "subject" of the Jin. But because there remained opposition to the treaty in both the courts of the Jin and Song, the treaty never came into effect. A Jurchen army led by 1520:(r. 1135–1150) inherited the Jin throne from Taizong, and pushed for peace. He and his generals were disappointed with Liu Yu's military failures and believed that Liu was secretly conspiring with Yue Fei. In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi. The Jin and Song renewed the negotiations towards peace. 980:, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan; and offered an indemnity of 50 million taels of silver, 5 million taels of gold, 1 million packs of silk, 1 million packs of satin, 10,000 horses, 10,000 mules, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000 camels. This indemnity was worth about 180 years of the annual tribute the Song had been paying to the Jin since 1123. 738: 952:, they had faced fierce resistance from the Han Chinese population, yet when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all. By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures. The eastern army was nearing Kaifeng by early 1126. 1030:

warrior flowed in Yao’s blood. For three generations, his family served the state loyally and their name was feared among the barbarians. Ever since the defense began, he labored day and night and allowed himself little time to eat and rest. He was the only court official to do this. How ironic that he would meet his tragic end because of it!

905:. The Song forces were not expecting an invasion and were caught off guard. The Chinese general Tong Guan was informed of the military expedition by an envoy he had sent to the Jin to obtain the cession of two prefectures. The returning envoy reported that the Jurchens were willing to forgo an invasion if the Song ceded control of 1516:) killed his superior official and defected to the Jin with 30,000 soldiers. This rebellion was provoked by Zhang Jun's attempt to reassert government control over the regional military commanders, as the court had previously been forced to tolerate growing military autonomy during the chaos of the Jin invasion. Meanwhile, 1761: 2312:

of the Jin and not for combat against the Jin infantry. Song soldiers compensated for the limited range and mobility of the weapon by timing their attacks on the Jin siege engines, waiting until they were within range of the fire lances. Later fire lances used metal barrels, fired projectiles farther

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of the government. Jurchen clans adopted Chinese personal names with their Jurchen names. Wanyan Liang (Prince of Hailing; r. 1150–1161) was an enthusiastic proponent of Jurchen sinicization and enacted policies to encourage it. Wanyan Liang had been acculturated by Song diplomats from childhood, and

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hero Yue Fei and Han orchestrated the publishing of historical records that justified war with the Jin. From 1204 onwards, Chinese armed groups raided Jurchen settlements. Han Tuozhou was designated the head of national security in 1205. The Song funded insurgents in the north that professed loyalist

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A modern analysis of the battlefield has shown that it was a minor battle, although the victory did boost Song morale. The Jin lost, but only suffered about 4,000 casualties and the battle was not fatal to the Jurchen war effort. It was Wanyan Liang's poor relationships with the Jurchen generals, who

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Government troops using the “sea-eels” sailed straight towards the seventeen boats, and split them up into two groups. The government troops shouted “The government troops have won,” and struck at the men of Jin. The bottoms of the boats of the Jin were as broad as a box and the boats were unstable.

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The treaty reduced the Southern Song dynasty status to that of a Jin vassal. The document designated the Song as the "insignificant state", while the Jin was recognized as the "superior state". The text of the treaty has not survived in Chinese records, a clear sign of its humiliating reputation. The

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After his execution, Yue Fei's reputation for defending the Southern Song grew to that of a national folk hero. Qin Hui was denigrated by later historians, who accused him of betraying the Song. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths based on his exploits. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue

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The Jin assault commenced in mid-December 1126. Even as fighting raged on, Qinzong continued to sue for peace, but Jin demands for territory were enormous: they wanted all provinces north of the Yellow River. After more than twenty days of heavy combat against the besieging forces, Song defenses were

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From 1127 to 1129, the Song sent thirteen embassies to the Jin to discuss peace terms and to negotiate the release of Gaozong's mother and Huizong, but the Jin court ignored them. In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and

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The Jin leadership had not expected or desired the fall of the Song dynasty. Their intention was to weaken the Song in order to demand more tribute, and they were unprepared for the magnitude of their victory. The Jurchens were preoccupied with strengthening their rule over the areas once controlled

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A modern analysis by Ari Daniel Levine places more of the blame on deficiencies in the military and bureaucratic leadership. The loss of northern China was not inevitable. The military was overextended by a government too assured of its own military prowess. Huizong diverted the state's resources to

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Many factors contributed to the Song's repeated military blunders and subsequent loss of northern China to the Jurchens. Traditional accounts of Song history held the venality of Huizong's imperial court responsible for the decline of the dynasty. These narratives condemned Huizong and his officials

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in the south. When a Song army under Tong Guan's command finally attacked Yanjing in May 1122, the smaller forces of the weakened Liao repelled the invaders with ease. Another attack failed in the fall. Both times, Tong was forced to retreat back to Kaifeng. After the first attack, Aguda changed the

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casings, are the first known hard casing bombs. The bomb needed to be capable of detonating in order to penetrate the iron casing. The Song army had a large supply of incendiary bombs, but there are no reports of them having a weapon similar to the Jin's detonating bombs. A participant in the siege

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to Kaifeng, which became the new capital of the dynasty. As the Mongols expanded, the Jin suffered territorial losses and attacked the Song in 1217 to compensate for their shrinking territory. Periodic Song raids against the Jin were the official justification for the war. Another likely motive was

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on the Grand Canal just south of the Huai River. Bi defended the town, and the Jurchens withdrew from the siege after three months. By the fall of 1206, however, the Jurchens had captured multiple towns and military bases. The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front

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The quick collapse of the Liao led to more negotiations between the Song and Jin. Jurchen military success and their effective control over the Sixteen Prefectures gave them more leverage. Aguda grew increasingly frustrated as he realized that despite their military failures the Song still intended

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that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Song agreed but the Jin's quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede territory. After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song in 1125, dispatching one army

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recognized the Jin, not the Song, as the legitimate dynasty of China. The Song's military failures reduced it to a subordinate of the Jin, turning it into a "China among equals". The Song economy, however, recovered quickly after the move south. Government revenues earned from taxing foreign trade

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remarked that "this city is greater than any in the world". Once retaking northern China became less plausible and Lin'an grew into a significant trading city, the government buildings were extended and renovated to better befit its status as an imperial capital. The modestly sized imperial palace

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that devastated Hebei and Shandong in northern China, and the droughts and swarming locusts that plagued the south near the Huai. The Song were informed of the Jurchen predicament by their ambassadors, who traveled twice a year to the Jin capital, and started provoking their northern neighbor. The

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gave the Jurchens a passage into the central valley of the Yangtze River. Their southward push was halted by the general Yue Fei. In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures. Later that year, however, Qi and Jin initiated a new offensive further east along the

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and tried to prevent Wuzhu from crossing back to the north bank of the Yangtze. The small boats of the Jin army were outmatched by Han Shizhong's fleet of seagoing vessels. Wuzhu eventually managed to cross the river when he had his troops use incendiary arrows to neutralize Han's ships by burning

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Accusing the Song of violating the agreement and realizing the weakness of the Song, the Jin generals launched a second punitive campaign, again dividing their troops into two armies. Wanyan Zonghan, who had withdrawn from Taiyuan after the Kaifeng agreement and left a small force in charge of the

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In the south, the retreat of the Song dynasty led to major demographic changes. The population of refugees from the north that resettled in Lin'an and Jiankang (modern Hangzhou and Nanjing) eventually grew greater than the population of original residents, whose numbers had dwindled from repeated

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in the 4th century. Contemporaneous Song accounts claimed that the 18,000 Song soldiers commanded by Yu Yunwen and tasked with defending Caishi were able to defeat the invading Jurchen army of 400,000 soldiers. Modern historians are more skeptical and consider the Jurchen numbers an exaggeration.

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The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China. In late 1127 Gaozong moved his court further south

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On the evening of the twenty-fifth, Zhongyou was beaten to death by soldiers in the southern part of the city. His brain and intestines scattered, it was impossible to locate his flesh and bones afterward. Even his home got ransacked. What a shameful end to a good man like him! The spirit of the

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Emperor Gaozong supported settling a peace treaty with the Jurchens and sought to rein in the assertiveness of the military. The military expeditions of Yue Fei and other generals were an obstacle to peace negotiations. The government weakened the military by rewarding Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and

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Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A

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Jurchen migrants from the northeastern reaches of Jin territory settled in the Jin-controlled lands of northern China. Constituting less than ten percent of the total population, the two to three million ruling Jurchens were a minority in a region that was still dominated by 30 million Han

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The Song court returned to Hangzhou in 1133, and the city was renamed Lin'an. The imperial ancestral temple was built in Lin'an later that same year, a sign that the court had in practice established Lin'an as the Song capital without a formal declaration. It was treated as a temporary capital.

1387:). The most important battles between Jin and Song in 1131 and 1132 took place in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan. The Jin lost two battles at Heshang Yuan in 1131. After failing to enter Sichuan, Wuzhu retreated to Yanjing. He returned to the western front again from 1132 to 1134. The Jin attacked 1020:

After the defeat of several Song armies in the north, Emperor Qinzong wanted to negotiate a truce with the Jin, but he committed a massive strategic blunder when he commanded his remaining armies to protect prefectural cities instead of Kaifeng. Neglecting the importance of the capital, he left

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The emperor's political reforms were connected with his desire to conquer all of China and to legitimize himself as a Chinese emperor. The prospect of conquering southern China was cut short by Wanyan Liang's assassination. Wanyan Liang's successor, Emperor Shizong, was less enthusiastic about

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Fighting continued in 1207, but by the end of that year the war was at a stalemate. The Song was now on the defensive, while the Jin failed to make gains in Song territory it therefore cost both parties much more than it gained them. The failure of Han Tuozhou's aggressive policies against the

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by announcing that the Song had broken the 1142 peace treaty by acquiring horses. He instituted an unpopular draft that was the source of widespread unrest in the empire. Anti-Jin revolts erupted among the Khitans and in Jin provinces bordering the Song. Wanyan Liang did not allow dissent, and

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about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Yanjing, killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song. The Jurchens defeated his armies a few months later and Zhang took refuge in Yanjing. Even though the Song agreed to execute him in late 1123, this incident put tension

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After reigning for barely one month, Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line. Li Gang pressured Gaozong to execute Zhang for betraying the Song. The emperor relented and Zhang was coerced into

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in Anhui). Yue Fei was assigned to head the Song forces defending the Huainan region. Instead of advancing to Huainan, however, Wuzhu retreated to Kaifeng and Yue's army followed him into Jin territory, disobeying an order by Gaozong that forbade Yue from going on the offensive. Yue captured

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Fearing the approaching Jin army, Song emperor Huizong planned to retreat south. The emperor deserting the capital would have been viewed as an act of capitulation, so court officials convinced him to abdicate. There were few objections. Rescuing an empire in crisis from destruction was more

1842:). By the fall of 1206, the Song offensive had already failed disastrously. Soldier morale sank as weather conditions worsened, supplies ran out, and hunger spread, forcing many to desert. The massive defections of Han Chinese in northern China that the Song had expected never materialized. 700:

of silver. Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.

1207:; 1059–1128), the Song general responsible for fortifying Kaifeng, entreated Gaozong to move the court back to the city, but Gaozong refused and retreated south. The southward move marked the end of the Northern Song and the beginning of the Southern Song era of Chinese history. 791:

to seize most of the prefectures. In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song–Jin treaty. Only seven prefectures (including Yanjing) would be returned to the Song, and the Song would pay an annual indemnity of 300,000 packs of silk and 200,000

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Meanwhile, the eastern army, commanded by Wanyan Zongwang, was dispatched towards Yanjing (modern Beijing) and eventually the Song capital Kaifeng. It did not face much armed opposition. Zongwang easily took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi

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of silver to the Jin, as well as a one-time payment of one million strings of copper coins to compensate the Jurchens for the tax revenue they would have earned had they not returned the prefectures. In May 1123 Tong Guan and the Song armies entered the looted Yanjing.

2150:(r. 1189–1208), who promoted reforms that transformed the political structure of the dynasty closer to that of the Song and Tang dynasties. Despite cultural and demographic changes, military hostilities between the Jin and the Song persisted until the fall of the Jin. 1459:

The Jin granted Qi more autonomy than the first puppet government of Chu, but Liu Yu was obligated to obey the orders of the Jurchen generals. With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Li Cheng, a Song turncoat who had joined the Qi, led the campaign.

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in eastern Hubei) in 1132, during the Jin invasion of Hubei and Shaanxi. The weapon consisted of a spear attached with a flamethrower capable of firing projectiles from a barrel constructed of bamboo or paper. They were built by soldiers under the command of Chen Gui

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The joint attack against the Liao had been planned for 1121, but it was rescheduled for 1122. On February 23 of that year, Jin captured the Liao Central Capital as promised. The Song delayed their entry into the war because it diverted resources to fighting the

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suicide. The killing of Zhang showed that the Song was willing to provoke the Jin, and that the Jin had yet to solidify their control over the newly conquered territories. The submission and abolition of Chu meant that Kaifeng was now back under Song control.

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and Shanxi to the Jin. Tong Guan retreated from Taiyuan and left command of his troops to Wang Bing. Jin armies besieged the city in mid January 1126. Under Wang Bing's command, Taiyuan held on long enough to stop the Jurchen troops from advancing to Luoyang.

1723:. Traditional Chinese accounts consider this the turning point of the war, characterizing it as a military upset that secured southern China from the northern invaders. The significance of the battle is said to have rivaled a similarly revered victory at the 1081:

in 1076. Corruption marred the reign of Huizong, who was more skilled as a painter than as a ruler. Huizong was known for his extravagance, and funded the costly construction of gardens and temples while rebellions threatened the state's grip on power.

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bombs, overwhelmed the light ships of the Jin fleet. Jin ships were unable to compete because they were smaller and hastily constructed. The bombs launched by the Song contained mixtures of gunpowder, lime, scraps of iron, and a poison that was likely

612:, and other related weapons. In northern China, Jurchens were the ruling minority of an empire predominantly inhabited by former subjects of the Song. Jurchen migrants settled in the conquered territories and assimilated with the local culture. Jin, a 1306:

commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered. Wuzhu set out from Jiankang and advanced rapidly to try to capture Gaozong. The Jin seized Hangzhou (January 22, 1130) and then

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Kaifeng was besieged on January 31, 1126. The commander of the Jurchen army promised to spare the city if the Song submitted to Jin as a vassal; forfeited the prime minister and an imperial prince as prisoners; ceded the Chinese prefectures of

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that the Song had been giving the Liao. By the end of 1120, however, the Jurchens had seized the Liao Supreme Capital, and offered the Song only parts of the Sixteen Prefectures. Among other things, Jin would keep the Liao Western Capital of

1440:, made an attempt at reforming the bureaucracy, and enacted laws that enforced the collection of high taxes. It was also responsible for supplying a large portion of the troops that fought the Song in the seven years following its creation. 2316: 1391:

and Shaanxi in 1132. Wuzhu captured Heshang Yuan in 1133, but his advance was halted by a defeat at Xianren Pass. He gave up on taking Sichuan, and no more major battles were fought between the Jin and Song for the rest of the decade.

756:. Negotiations for an alliance began secretly under the pretense that the Song wanted to acquire horses from the Khitans. Song diplomats traveled to the Jin court to meet Aguda in 1118, while Jurchen envoys arrived in the Song capital 838:

between the two states, because the 1123 treaty had explicitly forbidden both sides from harboring defectors. In 1124, Song officials further angered Jin by asking for the cession of nine more border prefectures. The new Jin emperor

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Huai River. For the first time, Gaozong issued an edict officially condemning Da Qi. The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou (

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the next year. At the beginning, the two sides agreed to keep whatever Liao territory they would seize in combat. In 1120, Aguda agreed to cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song in exchange for transfer to the Jin of the annual

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led a coup against Emperor Xizong and became fourth emperor of the Jin dynasty in 1150. Wanyan Liang presented himself as a Chinese emperor, and planned to unite China by conquering the Song. In 1158, Wanyan Liang provided a

2246:

However, there was also a reverse migration when the war was over of Han Chinese from the Southern Song towards Jin ruled northern China leading southern China's population to shrink and northern China's population to grow.

1193:, the founder of the dynasty, who had previously served in that city as a military governor. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new emperor, who was enthroned there on June 12. 510:. Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital. The Jin resumed war and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127. They captured Qinzong, many members of the 787:

terms of the agreement and only promised Yanjing and six other prefectures to the Song. In early 1123 it was Jurchen forces that easily took the Liao Southern Capital. They sacked it and enslaved its population.

2157:

The new capital Lin'an grew into a major commercial and cultural center. It rose from a middling city of no special importance to one of the world's largest and most prosperous. During his stay in Lin'an in the

1962:; modern Shaanxi) in late 1217. The Jin tried to captured Suizhou in Jingxi South circuit again in 1218 and 1219, but failed. A Song counteroffensive in early 1218 captured Sizhou and in 1219 the Jin cities of 1538:

Gaozong promoted Qin Hui in 1138 and put him in charge of deliberations with the Jin. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and a large number of officials at court criticized the peace overtures. Aided by his control of the

1277:) vacated his forces from Kaifeng, exposing Jiankang to attack. The emperor moved back to Hangzhou in September, leaving Jiankang in Du Chong's hands. The Jin eventually captured Kaifeng in early 1130. 1996:; d. 1231) defeated the Jin, who then withdrew. In 1224 both sides agreed on a peace treaty that ended the annual tributes to the Jin. Diplomatic missions between the Jin and Song were also cut off. 1632:

contents of the agreement were recovered from a Jurchen biography. Once the treaty had been settled, the Jurchens retreated north and trade resumed between the two empires. The peace ensured by the

1098:

where a large proportion of its horses could be bred or procured. As Song general Li Gang noted, without a consistent supply of horses the dynasty was at a significant disadvantage against Jurchen

7359: 2154:

Jurchen raids. The government encouraged the resettlement of peasant migrants from the southern provinces of the Song to the underpopulated territories between the Yangtze and the Huai rivers.

983:

With little prospect of help from afar arriving, infighting broke out in the Song court between the officials who supported the Jin offer and those who opposed it. Opponents of the treaty like

1331:. The Jin sent ships to chase after Gaozong, but failed to catch him. They gave up the pursuit and the Jurchens retreated north. After they plundered the undefended cities of Hangzhou and 2146:

sinicization and reversed several of Wanyan Liang's edicts. He sanctioned new policies with the intent to slow the assimilation of the Jurchens. Shizong's prohibitions were abandoned by

1628:, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states. The Song agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 packs of silk to the Jin. 257: 5547: 522:

between Jin and Song. Remnants of the Song imperial family retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Lin'an (modern

1170:. The Jurchens tried to lure him back to Kaifeng where they could finally capture him, but did not succeed. Zhao Gou finally arrived in the Song Southern Capital at Yingtianfu ( 5750:

Levine, Ari Daniel (2009). "The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

1414:

The continuing insurgency of anti-Jin forces in northern China hampered the Jurchen campaigns south of the Yangtze. Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create

1865:; d. 1221) was given Wu Xi's position, but the cohesion of Song forces in the west fell apart after Wu's demise and commanders turned on each other in the ensuing infighting. 2074:

Chinese. The southward expansion of the Jurchens caused the Jin to transition their decentralized government of semi-agrarian tribes to a bureaucratic Chinese-style dynasty.

1781:(r. 1194–1224) took little interest in the war effort. Under Han Tuozhou's supervision, preparations for the war proceeded gradually and cautiously. The court venerated the 2089:

The Jin government initially promoted an independent Jurchen culture alongside their adoption of the centralized Chinese imperial bureaucracy, but the empire was gradually

856:) vehemently refused to give them any more territory. Taizong eventually granted two prefectures, but by then the Jin leaders were ready to attack their southern neighbor. 1479:). Their sudden withdrawal in 1135 in response to the death of Jin Emperor Taizong gave the Song time to regroup. The war recommenced in late 1136 when Da Qi attacked the 1952:

A second Jin campaign in late 1217 did marginally better than the first. In the east, the Jin made little headway in the Huai River valley, but in the west they captured

584:

The wars engendered an era of swift technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China. Battles between the Song and Jin brought about the introduction of various

871:, the last emperor of the Liao, putting an end to the Liao dynasty for good. Ready to end their alliance with the Song, the Jurchens began preparations for an invasion. 7352: 1744:

despised him, that doomed the chances of a Jin victory. On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by

537:

The Jurchens tried to conquer southern China in the 1130s but were bogged down by a pro-Song insurgency in the north and a counteroffensive by Song generals, including

2170:

The loss of northern China, the cultural center of Chinese civilization, diminished the regional status of the Song dynasty. After the Jurchen conquest of the north,

506:, his eldest son, was enthroned. The Jin dynasty laid siege to Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated their retreat from the capital by agreeing to a large annual 2142:

as the Jin main capital in 1153. Palaces were erected in Beijing and Kaifeng, while the original, more northerly residences of Jurchen chieftains were demolished.

734:

in 938, and that the Song had repeatedly but unsuccessfully tried to reconquer. The Song thus sought an alliance with the Jin against their common enemy the Liao.

1733:

Moreover, their men knew nothing about handling boats and were quite helpless. Only five or seven men could use their bows. So they were all killed in the river.

569:(1206–1208) was also unsuccessful. A decade later, Jin launched an abortive military campaign against the Song in 1217 to replace territory they had lost to the 6458: 6246: 1407:, an official of the Song court, recommended a peaceful solution to the conflict in 1130, saying that, "If it is desirable that there will be no more conflicts 1510:(1097–1164) convinced Gaozong to begin plans for a counterattack. Gaozong first agreed, but he abandoned the counteroffensive when an officer named Li Qiong ( 6672: 770:

at the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures. The two sides agreed that the Jin would now attack the Liao Central Capital, whereas the Song would seize the

7388: 7345: 1021:

Kaifeng defended with fewer than 100,000 soldiers. The Song forces were dispersed throughout China, powerless to stop the second Jurchen siege of the city.

250: 7128: 2256: 6307: 2097:

was used to legitimize the ruling government. Confucian state rituals were adopted during the reign of Emperor Xizong (1135–1150). The Jin implemented

2109:

were translated into Jurchen and studied by Jin intellectuals, but very few Jurchens actively contributed to the classical literature of the Jin. The

2426:

in 1206 by a Song army stationed in Xiangyang. The arrows were most likely an incendiary weapon, but its function may also have resembled that of an

7570: 2188:

believes that Song commerce with the north was profitable enough that it compensated for the silver delivered annually as an indemnity to the Jin.

1158:

while on a diplomatic mission, and never made it back to Kaifeng. He was not present in the capital when the city fell to the Jurchens. The future

243: 7240: 5861:

Paper Given at the Symposium "Dynastic Renaissance: Art and Culture of the Southern Song", National Palace Museum (Taipei), 22–24 November 2010

2308:), who led the Song army defending De'an. The fire lances with which Song soldiers were equipped at De'an were built for destroying the wooden 2052:, was killed in the town a few days later. The Mongols later turned their sights towards the Song. After decades of war, the Song dynasty also 1790:

Song officials, and war against the Jin was officially declared on June 14, 1206. The document that announced the war claimed the Jin lost the

5568:

Davis, Richard L. (2009). "The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224)". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

2391:) proposed to make incendiary bombs and arrows mandatory for all warships in the Song navy. At the battle of Caishi in 1161, Song ships fired 1738:

Zhao Shengzhi, writing after the death of Yu Yunwen, describing the battle at Caishi as a relatively minor battle involving only a few vessels

7141: 6446: 6149: 6119: 6087: 6063: 5972: 5949: 5930: 5903: 5884: 5845: 5810: 5791: 5759: 5740: 5707: 5688: 5665: 5630: 5600: 5580: 5535: 5512: 2628: 1436:

in Hebei was the first capital of Qi, before its move to Kaifeng, former capital of the Northern Song. The Qi government instituted military

5853: 968:

on January 27, 1126, two days after the New Year. Huizong fled Kaifeng the next day, escaping south and leaving the newly enthroned emperor

6568: 6553: 6540: 6505: 6470: 6441: 1698:

was in command of the army defending the river. The Jurchen army was defeated while attacking Caishi between November 26 and 27 during the

1369:

in the far west, to attack the Jin there to relieve pressure on the court. Zhang put together a large army, but was defeated by Wuzhu near

7505: 7276: 7000: 6939: 6831: 1817:) but suffered large losses against the Jurchens in Hebei. The Jin repelled the Song and moved south to besiege the Song town of Chuzhou 6028: 2053: 1892: 752:

Because the land routes between the Song and Jin were controlled by the Liao, diplomatic exchanges had to occur by traveling across the

578: 557:, but conflicts between the two dynasties continued until the fall of Jin in 1234. A war against the Song begun by the 4th Jin emperor, 2048:) led the Song army against Caizhou. The penultimate emperor of the Jin, Emperor Aizong, took his own life. His short-lived successor, 7440: 6573: 6337: 5277: 5250: 5179: 5144: 2601: 2411:), from trebuchets against the ships of the Jin fleet commanded by Wanyan Liang. The gunpowder mixture of the bomb contained powdered 2031: 1888: 1044:

Qigong, the former emperor Huizong, and members of the Song court were captured by the Jurchens as hostages. They were taken north to

570: 70: 7398: 2493: 1226:

in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. Zhang Xuan 張選, a great-grandson of

6239: 6036: 5995: 5833: 4369: 3927: 3890: 2385:) were employed by the Song troops defending De'an and by the Jin soldiers besieging the city. The government official Lin Zhiping ( 1919:

that the conquest of the Song would have given the Jin a place to escape should the Mongols succeed in taking control of the north.

1483: 1636:

lasted for the next 70 years, but was interrupted twice. One military campaign was initiated by the Song and the other by the Jin.

7215: 6563: 5294: 1064:

A painting by Emperor Huizong. Huizong's excessive interest in the arts may have played a role in the fall of the northern Song.

818:

at the Museum of the First Capital of Jin. Taizong ordered military campaigns that led to the fall of the northern Song in 1127.

5169: 2204: 2192: 5196: 1432:

in Shandong before his defection to the Jin in 1128. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.

1255:. The court spent over a year in the city. When the Jurchens advanced to the Huai River, the court was partially evacuated to 7565: 7560: 6295: 5964: 5922: 5570: 5304: 5267: 5240: 5223: 2574: 350: 1835: 1465: 6054:

Tao, Jing-Shen (2009). "The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung". In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett (eds.).

879:

In November 1125 Taizong ordered his armies to attack the Song. The defection of Zhang Jue two years earlier served as the

708:(1068–1123) united the disparate Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. In 1115 he named himself emperor of the 498:

retreated from Taiyuan, which was besieged and later captured. As the second Jin army approached the capital, Song emperor

7101: 6399: 6290: 6017: 1151:

opposed to the Jurchen military presence. The insurgency hampered the ability of the Jin to exert control over the north.

364: 6204: 6599: 6268: 6232: 2415:, which produced blinding smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered. The Song also deployed incendiary weapons at the 2279:

The battles between the Song and the Jin spurred the invention and use of gunpowder weapons. There are reports that the

2102: 1749: 1069:

for their moral failures. Early Song emperors were eager to enact political reforms and revive the ethical framework of

617: 7368: 1259:

in 1129. Days later, Gaozong narrowly escaped on horseback, just a few hours ahead of Jurchen vanguard troops. After a

1223: 746: 709: 455: 126: 7060: 6591: 6587: 6513: 6485: 6264: 6129: 5641: 5610: 2488: 1707: 1656: 1507: 1358: 805: 577:, the last refuge of the Jin emperor. The Jin dynasty collapsed that year. After the demise of Jin, the Song became a 519: 7555: 2138:

for recreation. Under his reign, the administrative core of the Jin state was moved south from Huining. He instated

1428:; 1073–1143) won the favor of the Jin emperor Taizong. Liu was a Song official from Hebei who had been a prefect of 1180:) in early June 1127. For Gaozong (r. 1127–1162), Yingtianfu was the first in a series of temporary capitals called 6475: 6426: 6285: 5527: 5504: 5213: 731: 1897: 565:(1161) and was later assassinated by his own disaffected officers. An invasion of Jin territory motivated by Song 7383: 6347: 5728: 2114: 1162:

managed to evade the Jurchen troops tailing him by moving from one province to the next, traveling across Hebei,

633: 475: 321: 6332: 6923: 6678: 6300: 6165: 5825: 1884: 1778: 2371:) during the first Jin siege of Kaifeng in 1126. On the opposing side, the Jin launched incendiary bombs from 2243:

family also moved south with the Southern Song while the other part of the Zengzi family stayed in the north.

1768:

The Jin were weakened by the pressure of the rising Mongols to the north, a series of floods culminating in a

1547:

invaded in early 1140. The Song counteroffensive that followed achieved large territorial gains. Song general

1155: 1419: 7526: 7465: 7435: 7408: 7185: 6954: 6666: 6529: 6362: 2019: 1794:, a sign that they were unfit to rule, and called for an insurrection of Han Chinese against the Jin state. 1769: 1344: 969: 930: 868: 713: 546: 503: 499: 288: 1106:, while we opposed them with foot soldiers. It is only to be expected that were scattered and dispersed." 859:

Before they could invade the Song, the Jurchens reached a peace agreement with their western neighbors the

7580: 7575: 6779: 6327: 5984:

Taxing Heaven's Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry 1074–1224

2284: 1930: 1745: 984: 839: 815: 643: 5545:

Coblin, Weldon South (2002). "Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed".

7590: 7585: 7460: 7450: 7309: 6548: 5136: 2027: 1517: 1190: 531: 527: 2126:

his emulation of Song practices earned him the Jurchen nickname of "aping the Chinese". He studied the

1319:

gave Gaozong time to escape. By the time Wuzhu resumed pursuit, the Song court was fleeing on ships to

1548: 1357:

After the Jin incursion that almost captured Gaozong, the sovereign ordered pacification commissioner

956:

important than preserving the rituals of imperial inheritance. In January 1126, a few days before the

7195: 6684: 6453: 6404: 2098: 1903: 1846: 847: 658: 585: 2261: 7234: 7074: 6463: 6409: 2196: 2110: 1724: 1312: 1252: 949: 724: 545:. The Song generals regained some territories but retreated on the orders of Southern Song emperor 479: 2167:

was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.

1497: 1263:

in Hangzhou almost dethroned him, in May 1129 he moved his capital back north to Jiankang (modern

712:(1115–1234). Informed by a Liao defector of the success of the Jurchen uprising, the Song emperor 7510: 7455: 7445: 7428: 7413: 7170: 6377: 6372: 6190: 6182: 6133: 5987: 5864: 5649: 5645: 5614: 2106: 1633: 1621: 1613: 1603: 1571: 1533: 1447:

A Southern Song painting depicting the generals who stopped the Jin advance into southern China.

1078: 1045: 654: 550: 326: 298: 20: 7393: 7210: 6352: 6312: 5095: 3920:

The Ancestors' Instructions Must Not Change: Political Discourse and Practice in the Song Period

1624:

was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the

267: 37: 2039: 1971: 1354:), the leader of the bandits, was given a government position for his victory against the Jin. 696:, the Song paid its northern neighbor an annual indemnity of 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 7418: 7403: 7249: 7089: 7084: 7021: 6558: 6382: 6367: 6357: 6145: 6115: 6111: 6083: 6059: 6042: 6032: 5991: 5968: 5945: 5926: 5899: 5880: 5841: 5829: 5806: 5787: 5755: 5736: 5703: 5684: 5661: 5626: 5596: 5576: 5531: 5508: 5300: 5273: 5246: 5219: 5175: 5150: 5140: 4365: 3923: 3886: 2624: 2597: 2591: 2570: 2416: 2288: 2049: 1987: 1915: 1798: 1791: 1268: 1260: 1015: 589: 515: 303: 293: 283: 2564: 1856: 1198: 7470: 7423: 7160: 7094: 6641: 6609: 6392: 6387: 6174: 6137: 5896:

Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7

5732: 5719: 5653: 5618: 5556: 2147: 2127: 2122: 2035: 2005: 1699: 1650: 957: 682: 613: 574: 562: 387: 313: 308: 77: 61: 2207:

which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called "

1415: 642:

The Song and Jin were allies against the Khitan Liao. Painting of Khitan hunters, from the

149: 6827: 6414: 6317: 6277: 2412: 2176: 1286: 1159: 1140: 693: 160: 5677: 5501:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

2223:). In 1126–1127 over half a million fled from northern China to southern China including 1760: 806:

History of the Song dynasty § Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song

7533: 7520: 7488: 7147: 6797: 6518: 6480: 6056:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279

5752:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279

2469:), 7000 incendiary gunpowder arrows for crossbows and 10000 for bows, as well as 20000 2330: 2118: 2082: 1703: 1687: 961: 843: 650: 451: 415: 408: 2056:

in 1279, when the remaining Song loyalists lost to the Mongols in a naval battle near

1577: 1443: 657:

group of semi-agrarian tribes inhabiting areas of northeast Asia that are now part of

478:

against their common enemy the Liao dynasty, the Jin promised to cede to the Song the

7549: 7226: 7220: 7205: 7027: 7015: 6495: 6490: 6194: 6160: 5915: 4357: 2235:

with Southern Song emperor Gaozong while his brother Kong Duancao remained behind in

2228: 2135: 2093:

over time. The Jurchens became fluent in the Chinese language, and the philosophy of

1582: 1433: 1384: 1248: 1222:

Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established

1219: 860: 834: 666: 511: 467: 205: 201: 189: 134: 5700:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

7321: 7200: 7175: 7009: 6960: 6809: 6701: 6656: 6651: 6523: 6255: 6218: 6142:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

5658:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

5623:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

2309: 2159: 2105:, first regionally and then for the entire empire. The Classics and other works of 2094: 2090: 2023: 1661: 1567: 1452: 1437: 1340: 1299:). They were ordered to retreat a few months later when the eastern army withdrew. 1091: 1070: 965: 864: 771: 742: 705: 689: 662: 621: 558: 542: 471: 463: 394: 184: 5171:

An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China

2563:

Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).

1671: 1267:) on the south bank of the Yangtze. One month later, however, Zong Ze's successor 1154:

Meanwhile, one Song prince, Zhao Gou, had escaped capture. He had been held up in

960:, Huizong abdicated in favor of his son and was demoted to the ceremonial role of 7337: 2618: 2436:) in 1221, the Jurchens fought the Song with gunpowder bombs and arrows. The Jin 893:

The western army, led by Wanyan Zonghan, departed from Datong and headed towards

7493: 7315: 7272: 7165: 7155: 7117: 7106: 6996: 6972: 6846: 6815: 6719: 6646: 6604: 2372: 2271: 2224: 2077: 1953: 1814: 1782: 1774: 1094:

empires that preceded the Song, the Song did not have a significant foothold in

1087: 881: 779: 686: 674: 638: 459: 223: 215: 172: 165: 6108:

Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC – AD 1419 14194

1451:(1103–1142) is second from left, the general Zhang Jun (1086–1154) fourth, and 7111: 7068: 6966: 6929: 6899: 6893: 6870: 6852: 6761: 6749: 6725: 5560: 5296:

The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility

2423: 2280: 2200: 2163: 2010: 1920: 1787: 1625: 1244: 1103: 1095: 1074: 948:) switched his allegiances to the Jin. When the Song had tried to reclaim the 842:(r. 1123–1135), Aguda's brother and successor, hesitated, but warrior princes 737: 609: 593: 566: 554: 6161:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage" 6046: 5961:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

2162:(1260–1368), when the city was not as wealthy as it had been under the Song, 1986:; in Huainan West) deep in Song territory. Song armies led by Hu Zaixing and 1506:; 1102–1166). The victory boosted Song morale, and the military commissioner 7136: 7045: 6990: 6984: 6905: 6773: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6737: 6661: 6624: 6614: 5783: 5154: 2451: 2358: 2191:

The Jin–Song Wars were one of several wars in northern China along with the

2057: 1715: 1711: 1695: 1682: 1677: 1612:

Emperor Gaozong supported negotiating a peace treaty with the Jurchens, the

1563: 1540: 1461: 1227: 1211: 810: 753: 720: 507: 495: 1114: 1035:

Shi Maoliang describing the aftermath of one of the defenders of Bianjing (

918: 727:, a line of fortified cities and passes that the Liao had annexed from the 438: 2566:

China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History

1060: 466:(960–1279). In 1115, Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords, the 7500: 7297: 7285: 7266: 7190: 7079: 7039: 6911: 6887: 6864: 6821: 6803: 6629: 6079: 1963: 1839: 1786:

sympathies. These early clashes continued to escalate, partly abetted by

1464:

and nearby prefectures fell to his army. The capture of Xiangyang on the

1370: 1324: 1320: 1308: 1296: 1256: 1240: 1177: 1167: 670: 573:. The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and in the next year jointly 523: 104: 2596:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468. 1608: 1570:

to stir up a peasant rebellion against the Jin. On July 8, 1140, at the

1189:. The court moved to Yingtianfu because of its historical importance to 7515: 7303: 7291: 7180: 6935: 6713: 6707: 6634: 6619: 6342: 6322: 6186: 2139: 1946: 1911: 1825: 1720: 1529: 1480: 1448: 1408: 1404: 1366: 1362: 1336: 1328: 1282: 1264: 1148: 1099: 1036: 934: 902: 894: 783: 762: 757: 597: 538: 514:

and high officials of the Song imperial court in an event known as the

488: 484: 6224: 5877:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations

1674:

in modern Anhui) while Wanyan Liang established a base near Yangzhou.

6917: 6858: 6840: 6791: 6785: 6731: 2427: 2361:

were also in use as incendiary weapons. The defending Song army used

2240: 2232: 2214: 2171: 1967: 1558: 1332: 1316: 1144: 1133: 1049: 977: 898: 767: 728: 717: 141: 6178: 5338:, p. 660 (campaign during which the siege of De'an took place). 2117:, formed the basis of a national writing system for the empire, the 1073:, but the enthusiasm for reforms gradually died after the reformist 616:, instituted a centralized imperial bureaucracy modeled on previous 5854:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song" 2239:

and became the Duke Yansheng for the Jin dynasty. A section of the

1764:

Jurchen warrior with a bow on an early 17th-century woodblock print

926: 6978: 6948: 2315: 2260: 2076: 2022:

of more than 10 months and the Jin court retreated to the town of

2009: 1896: 1759: 1676: 1607: 1576: 1544: 1493: 1476: 1442: 1429: 1388: 1374: 1335:, they finally started to face resistance from Song armies led by 1303: 1163: 1059: 925: 906: 827:

Barely one month after the Song had recovered Yanjing, Zhang Jue (

809: 782:

in the northwest and suppressing a large popular rebellion led by

736: 678: 637: 5679:

Daily Life in China, on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

1945:) defeated the Jin and prevented them from capturing Zaoyang and 833:), who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of 420: 7033: 2298: 2266: 2265:

The fire lance, an early firearm first recorded at the siege of

2236: 1585:

of Yue Fei, a general who led his forces against the Jin dynasty

1215: 885:. Two armies were sent to capture the major cities of the Song. 792: 697: 235: 7341: 6228: 2324:

bombs at Caishi contained mixtures of lime and gunpowder. This

1657:

History of the Song dynasty § Defeat of Jin invasion, 1161

239: 5198:

The History of Science of Song, Liao, Jin and Xixia of Dynasty

2131: 1807:; d. 1217) captured the barely defended border city of Sizhou 1748:(r. 1161–1189), who had long resented Digunai for driving his 1143:(張邦昌; 1081–1127), as puppet emperor of the newly established " 526:). The retreat divided the dynasty into two distinct periods, 1620:

On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the

937:

on January 28, 1126, as the Jurchen army approached the city.

5218:(illustrated ed.). Sotheby's Publications. p. 16. 3395: 3393: 2459:(辛巳泣蘄錄) that the Song army at Qizhou had an arsenal of 3000 2313:

and with greater force, and could be used against infantry.

6021:] (in Chinese). Vol. 6, Song, Liao, and Jin Times 1002:

second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful.

5477: 5475: 5346: 5344: 5803:

The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb

5780:

War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795

5573:: Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279 5006: 5004: 4867: 4865: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4635: 4633: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4410: 4408: 4383: 4381: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4258: 4256: 4203: 4201: 4176: 4174: 4172: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4556: 4554: 4468: 4466: 4464: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3247: 3245: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3041: 3039: 2993: 2991: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2867: 2865: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2740: 2738: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2617:

Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998).

1845:

A notable betrayal did occur on the Song side, however:

1813:(on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern 4360:(1976). "Chapter 6: The Jurchen Movement for Revival". 4019: 4017: 2668: 2666: 2664: 723:

saw the Liao weakness as an opportunity to recover the

692:(960–1276). The Song and Liao were at peace, but since 5548:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4292: 4290: 3662: 3660: 3582: 3580: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2929: 2927: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 716:(r. 1100–1127) and his highest military commander the 549:, who supported a peaceful resolution to the war. The 6202: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3864: 3862: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3803:, pp. 197 (150 years) and 461 (major Song city). 3696: 3694: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3535: 3533: 3504: 3502: 3449: 3447: 3445: 1901:

Battle between the Jin and Mongols in 1211, from the

553:(1142) set the boundary of the two empires along the 399: 42:

Jin dynasty (blue) and Song dynasty (orange) in 1141

7481: 7376: 7259: 7127: 7059: 6880: 6694: 6586: 6539: 6504: 6434: 6263: 2620:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492

474:(916–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin. 414: 407: 393: 386: 381: 363: 349: 340: 5914: 5725:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 5718: 5676: 4364:. University of Washington Press. pp. 69–83. 1557:) won a battle against Wuzhu at Shunchang (modern 2085:, one of the Jin empire's three working languages 863:Western Xia in 1124. The following year near the 661:. Many of the Jurchen tribes were vassals of the 6058:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643. 5754:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–643. 5625:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–320. 5575:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 756–838. 5299:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 311. 3883:The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History 3527:, pp. 229–230 (Jin control not solidified). 2569:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. 2479:), probably leather bags filled with gunpowder. 1970:were pillaged twice by a Song army commanded by 6144:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–153. 2982: 2756: 1730: 1373:in late 1130. Wuzhu advanced further west into 1027: 494:Surprised by news of an invasion, Song general 30: 2181: 1102:: "Jin were victorious only because they used 7353: 6240: 6132:; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In 6022: 6006: 5660:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–42. 2474: 2464: 2441: 2431: 2406: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2342: 2303: 2292: 2227:. One section of the Confucius family led by 2208: 2043: 1991: 1981: 1975: 1957: 1940: 1934: 1924: 1870: 1860: 1850: 1829: 1818: 1808: 1802: 1552: 1511: 1501: 1487: 1470: 1423: 1378: 1349: 1290: 1272: 1202: 1184: 1171: 988: 943: 851: 828: 369: 355: 251: 8: 6673:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 5595:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5266:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012). 5239:Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (2012). 3881:Paul Jakov Smith, Richard von Glahn (2020). 3715:, p. 298 (date of return to Hangzhou); 2287:, was used by the Song against the Jurchens 1281:west. On the western front, an army invaded 5334:, p. 31 (use of fire lance at De'an); 1879:Jin–Song war during the rise of the Mongols 1524:Song counteroffensive and the peace process 665:(907–1125), an empire ruled by the nomadic 7360: 7346: 7338: 7256: 6691: 6501: 6247: 6233: 6225: 5593:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5402: 2257:Science and technology of the Song dynasty 1773:hostilities were instigated by chancellor 745:, who in 1115 became first emperor of the 592:in 1132 was the first recorded use of the 378: 258: 244: 236: 27: 6099:Monstrosity and Chinese Cultural Identity 5269:Voyages in World History, Complete, Brief 5242:Voyages in World History, Volume I, Brief 1486:of the Song. Qi lost a battle at Outang ( 972:(r. 1126–1127) in charge of the capital. 901:, on its way to the Song western capital 5959:Rossabi, Morris (1983). "Introduction". 4983: 4332: 4316: 4151: 2526: 1311:further south (February 4), but general 1113: 917: 600:. There were also reports of incendiary 437: 6209: 5481: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5398: 5374: 5319: 5082: 5046: 4328: 4312: 4054:, p. 687 (collusion never proven). 2510: 450:were a series of conflicts between the 57:1125–42, Jin conquest of northern China 7241:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified 7166:Endless power transmitting chain drive 5034: 5010: 4995: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4871: 4837: 4789: 4757: 4716: 4699: 4663: 4639: 4596: 4529: 4496: 4484: 4443: 4426: 4414: 4387: 4281: 4262: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4192: 4180: 4163: 3853: 3764: 3740: 3555: 3551: 3524: 3477: 3436: 3420: 3399: 3311: 3299: 3263: 3251: 3236: 3224: 3181: 3177: 3153: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3057: 3045: 2997: 2970: 2954: 2918: 2871: 2856: 2835: 2831: 2819: 2815: 2791: 2775: 2744: 2725: 2701: 2672: 2643: 1315:'s (1086–1154) battle with Wuzhu near 337: 5917:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 5414: 5386: 5362: 5350: 5331: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4856: 4825: 4813: 4801: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4745: 4733: 4687: 4675: 4651: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4541: 4512: 4500: 4472: 4455: 4139: 4023: 3432: 3372: 3355: 3165: 3149: 3069: 3030: 3018: 2966: 2933: 2538: 1929:; 1164–1233), the chancellor of Song 1681:Song dynasty river ship armed with a 1377:, and drove as far south as Jiezhou ( 694:a military defeat to the Liao in 1005 442:Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars 7: 5022: 4362:The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China 4103: 4091: 4067: 4047: 4008: 4004: 3992: 3800: 3712: 3666: 3586: 3567: 3523:, p. 649 (willing to provoke); 3493: 3481: 3465: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3315: 3287: 3275: 3205: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2803: 2787: 2729: 2713: 2684: 2655: 2623:. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.21. 2550: 16:1125–1234 Jurchen campaigns in China 6029:China Cartographic Publishing House 5335: 5070: 5058: 4545: 4399: 4308: 4296: 4247: 4235: 4127: 4115: 4079: 4063: 4051: 4035: 3980: 3961: 3949: 3905: 3868: 3841: 3824: 3812: 3788: 3776: 3752: 3728: 3716: 3700: 3685: 3651: 3634: 3615: 3598: 3571: 3539: 3520: 3508: 3453: 3384: 3193: 2839: 2375:down onto the city below. In 1127, 2269:in 1132, shown in the Ming dynasty 2014:Mongol–Song conquest of Jurchen Jin 1685:catapult on its top deck, from the 1128:The enthronement of Emperor Gaozong 685:. To the south of the Liao lay the 109:Southern Song dynasty period begins 7441:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty 5524:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 4344: 4234:, p. 241 (securing borders); 4050:, p. 303 (Jurchen pressure); 1361:(1097–1164), who was in charge of 1123:Southern retreat of the Song court 487:and the other to Bianjing (modern 14: 5986:. Council on East Asian Studies, 5591:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) . 5499:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 5272:. Cengage Learning. p. 255. 5245:. Cengage Learning. p. 255. 2475: 2465: 2442: 2432: 2407: 2397: 2387: 2381: 2367: 2353: 2343: 2337:Early rudimentary bombs like the 2304: 2293: 2044: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1958: 1941: 1935: 1925: 1871: 1861: 1851: 1830: 1819: 1809: 1803: 1553: 1512: 1502: 1488: 1471: 1424: 1379: 1350: 1302:Meanwhile, on the eastern front, 1291: 1273: 1203: 1185: 1172: 989: 964:. The Jurchen forces reached the 944: 852: 829: 823:Collapse of the Song–Jin alliance 6425: 6212: 5723:. In John Stewart Bowman (ed.). 5215:China in ancient and modern maps 5127:中华书局编辑部, ed. (1 January 1999). 2590:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014). 2081:A medallion with writing in the 2069:Cultural and demographic changes 1345:a major defeat on Jurchen forces 1289:resided, and captured Hongzhou ( 1230:, also fled south with Gaozong. 1118:Jin invasions of Song, 1126–1130 922:Jin invasions of Song, 1125–1126 561:, was unsuccessful. He lost the 69:1217–24, Jin–Song war after the 54:November 1125 – 9 February 1234 36: 7571:Wars involving the Song dynasty 7506:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) 5613:(1994). "The Chin dynasty". In 4238:, p. 704 (indecisiveness). 3719:, p. 696 (renamed Lin'an). 2658:, pp. 64–65, 195, and 208. 2205:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 2193:Uprising of the Five Barbarians 421: 100:Jurchens conquer northern China 6667:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding 6023: 6007: 5965:University of California Press 5923:Johns Hopkins University Press 5898:. Cambridge University Press. 5894:——— (1987). 5879:. Cambridge University Press. 5805:. Cambridge University Press. 5801:——— (2008). 5772:China as a Sea Power 1127–1368 5702:. Cambridge University Press. 5571:The Cambridge History of China 5522:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). 3072:, p. 53 (failed attack); 2430:. At the Jin siege of Qizhou ( 2422:Gunpowder was also applied to 2219: 2203:Rebellion and the wars of the 2018:In February 1233, the Mongols 1616:, ratified on October 11, 1142 772:Liao Southern Capital, Yanjing 400: 370: 356: 1: 7102:Southern Song dynasty coinage 6018:The Historical Atlas of China 5683:. Stanford University Press. 5135:] (in Chinese). Beijing: 2494:Timeline of the Jin–Song wars 2275:firing pellets as projectiles 1566:and sent soldiers across the 1496:, against a Song army led by 800:War against the Northern Song 669:that included most of modern 620:, basing their legitimacy on 2842:, pp. 10–11 (location). 2231:Kong Duanyou moved south to 1343:. The latter even inflicted 1327:, and then further south to 677:, Northeast China, northern 66:1206–08, Song revanchist war 6514:Department of State Affairs 5944:. Oxford University Press. 5820:Mote, Frederick W. (1999). 5648:(1994). "Introduction". In 3922:. BRILL. pp. 555–556. 2983:Franke & Twitchett 1994 2757:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 2489:History of the Song dynasty 1916:besieged capital of Zhongdu 1797:Song armies led by general 1110:Wars with the Southern Song 7607: 6476:Bureau of Military Affairs 6159:Wilson, Thomas A. (1996). 6106:Turnbull, Stephen (2002). 5913:Partington, J. R. (1960). 5720:"China, Political History" 5698:Holcombe, Charles (2011). 5528:Cambridge University Press 5505:Princeton University Press 3076:, p. 639 (officials). 2254: 2020:took Kaifeng after a siege 2003: 1882: 1770:Yellow River flood in 1194 1654: 1648: 1601: 1527: 1285:, the area where the Song 1131: 1013: 803: 631: 502:abdicated and fled south. 103:Song court moves south to 18: 7384:Alliance Conducted at Sea 6423: 6348:Alliance Conducted at Sea 6338:Song–Viet war (1075–1077) 5852:Murray, Julia K. (2010). 5729:Columbia University Press 5561:10.1017/S0041977X02000320 5174:. John Wiley & Sons. 2209: 2182: 2121:. All three scripts were 2115:Chinese family of scripts 897:through the mountains of 634:Alliance Conducted at Sea 628:Fragile Song–Jin alliance 581:, and collapsed in 1279. 432: 422:/suoŋ kˠiɪm t͡ɕiᴇnt͡ʃˠɛŋ/ 377: 345: 275: 118: 46: 35: 6679:Four Great Books of Song 6166:Journal of Asian Studies 6012: 5875:Needham, Joseph (1954). 5826:Harvard University Press 5822:Imperial China: 900–1800 5675:Gernet, Jacques (1962). 5128: 5101: 5096: 2285:ancestors of the firearm 1885:Mongol invasion of China 1056:Reasons for Song failure 351:Traditional Chinese 19:Not to be confused with 7527:Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka 7436:1194 Yellow River flood 7369:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 6530:Secretariat-Chancellery 5982:Smith, Paul J. (1991). 4776:, pp. 827 and 829. 2064:Historical significance 1224:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 1010:Second siege of Kaifeng 704:In 1114, the chieftain 596:, an early ancestor of 456:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 365:Simplified Chinese 7161:Early Bessemer process 7129:Science and technology 6328:Nong Zhigao rebellions 5942:China in World History 5940:Ropp, Paul S. (2010). 5863:: 1–18. Archived from 5770:Lo, Jung-pang (2012), 5717:Hymes, Robert (2000). 5168:Guo, Rongxing (2011). 2419:during the same year. 2334: 2283:, one of the earliest 2276: 2086: 2015: 1907: 1824:of the war, capturing 1765: 1741: 1691: 1617: 1586: 1456: 1400:Da Qi invades the Song 1251:, by sailing down the 1119: 1065: 1042: 938: 923: 914:First siege of Kaifeng 819: 774:(modern-day Beijing). 749: 646: 644:National Palace Museum 443: 71:Mongol invasion of Jin 7566:13th century in China 7561:12th century in China 6549:Ministry of Personnel 6454:Imperial examinations 5778:Lorge, Peter (2005). 5137:Zhonghua Book Company 3918:Xiaonan Deng (2021). 3885:. BRILL. p. 74. 2357:) bombs propelled by 2319: 2264: 2080: 2032:defeated the Jurchens 2013: 1900: 1763: 1680: 1611: 1580: 1446: 1191:Emperor Taizu of Song 1117: 1104:iron-shielded cavalry 1063: 929: 921: 813: 740: 641: 579:target of the Mongols 520:north and south China 491:), the Song capital. 476:Allying with the Song 441: 76:1233–34, Jin fall to 60:1161–65, Jin emperor 6685:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu 6459:Administrative units 6333:Song–Tibet relations 6308:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war 4982:, pp. 239–240; 2790:, pp. 209–210; 2728:, pp. 628–630; 2328:is from the earlier 2000:Mongol–Song alliance 710:Jin "golden" dynasty 622:Confucian philosophy 7235:Forensic entomology 7196:Watertight bulkhead 7075:Joint-stock company 6569:Ministry of Justice 6554:Ministry of Revenue 6464:Sixteen Prefectures 6097:Yue, Isaac (2020). 6074:Tong, Yong (2012). 5405:, pp. 263–264. 5293:Deng, Gang (2002). 4970:, pp. 282–283. 4816:, pp. 828–829. 4678:, pp. 819–821. 4666:, pp. 251–252. 4627:, pp. 808–811. 4615:, pp. 803–804. 4487:, pp. 247–248. 4429:, pp. 245–247. 4402:, pp. 708–709. 4222:, pp. 240–241. 4130:, pp. 688–689. 3856:, pp. 230–232. 3827:, pp. 673–674. 3558:, pp. 571–572. 3402:, pp. 229–230. 3290:, pp. 207–208. 3266:, pp. 556–557. 3239:, pp. 232–233. 3140:, pp. 641–642. 2806:, pp. 209–210. 2197:An Lushan Rebellion 1725:Battle of Fei River 1644: 1239:from Yingtianfu to 950:Sixteen Prefectures 816:Jin emperor Taizong 725:Sixteen Prefectures 681:, and parts of the 480:Sixteen Prefectures 7511:Huining Prefecture 7429:Treaty of Shaoxing 7171:Astronomical clock 6378:Treaty of Shaoxing 6136:; Herbert Franke; 6134:Denis C. Twitchett 5988:Harvard University 5652:; Herbert Franke; 5650:Denis C. Twitchett 5617:; Herbert Franke; 5615:Denis C. Twitchett 5212:Yan, Ping (1998). 5108:] (in Chinese) 2335: 2277: 2107:Chinese literature 2103:Confucian Classics 2087: 2016: 1939:) and Hu Zaixing ( 1908: 1766: 1750:wife, Lady Wulinda 1704:paddle-wheel ships 1694:The Song official 1692: 1645:Wanyan Liang's war 1634:Treaty of Shaoxing 1622:Treaty of Shaoxing 1618: 1614:Treaty of Shaoxing 1604:Treaty of Shaoxing 1598:Treaty of Shaoxing 1587: 1572:Battle of Yancheng 1534:Battle of Yancheng 1457: 1455:(1089–1151) fifth. 1210:The descendant of 1120: 1066: 939: 924: 820: 763:tributary payments 750: 741:Jurchen chieftain 647: 551:Treaty of Shaoxing 444: 401:Sòng Jīn zhànzhēng 327:Treaty of Shaoxing 62:Wanyan Liang's war 21:Battle of Song-Jin 7543: 7542: 7404:Jingkang incident 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7250:Dream Pool Essays 7142:Gunpowder weapons 7055: 7054: 6582: 6581: 6574:Ministry of Works 6559:Ministry of Rites 6506:Three Departments 6343:Fang La rebellion 6323:Wang Ze rebellion 6151:978-0-521-24331-5 6121:978-1-78200-017-4 6112:Osprey Publishing 6089:978-1-59884-415-3 6065:978-0-521-81248-1 5974:978-0-520-04562-0 5967:. pp. 1–13. 5951:978-0-19-979876-6 5932:978-0-8018-5954-0 5905:978-0-521-30358-3 5886:978-0-521-05799-8 5846:978-0-674-01212-7 5812:978-0-521-84682-0 5793:978-0-203-96929-8 5761:978-0-521-81248-1 5742:978-0-231-11004-4 5709:978-0-521-51595-5 5690:978-0-8047-0720-6 5667:978-0-521-24331-5 5632:978-0-521-24331-5 5602:978-0-521-12433-1 5582:978-0-521-81248-1 5537:978-0-521-82274-9 5514:978-0-691-13589-2 5353:, pp. 31–32. 4548:, pp. 52–53. 3767:, pp. 22–23. 3743:, pp. 23–25. 3168:, pp. 53–54. 3033:, pp. 52–53. 2630:978-0-7607-1976-3 2455:recounted in the 2417:battle of Tangdao 2251:Gunpowder warfare 2148:Emperor Zhangzong 2123:working languages 2038:in 1234. General 1904:Jami' al-tawarikh 1792:Mandate of Heaven 1640:Further campaigns 1323:off the coast of 1247:and north of the 1016:Jingkang Incident 814:Modern statue of 655:Tungusic-speaking 618:Chinese dynasties 610:incendiary arrows 604:or the exploding 586:gunpowder weapons 518:. This separated 516:Jingkang Incident 436: 435: 428: 427: 388:Standard Mandarin 335: 334: 234: 233: 228: 220: 210: 194: 177: 170: 154: 146: 114: 113: 78:Mongol–Song siege 7598: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7281: 7278: 7257: 7005: 7004: 1174–1189 7002: 6944: 6943: 1050–1080 6941: 6836: 6835: 1111–1117 6833: 6692: 6642:Longquan celadon 6610:Five Great Kilns 6502: 6429: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6198: 6155: 6138:John K. Fairbank 6130:Twitchett, Denis 6125: 6102: 6093: 6069: 6050: 6026: 6025: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5978: 5955: 5936: 5920: 5909: 5890: 5871: 5870:on 4 March 2016. 5869: 5858: 5839: 5816: 5797: 5774: 5765: 5746: 5722: 5713: 5694: 5682: 5671: 5654:John K. Fairbank 5646:Twitchett, Denis 5636: 5619:John K. Fairbank 5606: 5586: 5564: 5541: 5518: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5339: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4326: 4320: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4061: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3655: 3649: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3565: 3559: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3440: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3319: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2829: 2823: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2478: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2445: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2307: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2128:Chinese classics 2047: 2046: 2036:siege of Caizhou 2006:Siege of Caizhou 1995: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1961: 1960: 1956:and Dasan Pass ( 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1779:Emperor Ningzong 1739: 1700:Battle of Caishi 1651:Battle of Caishi 1556: 1555: 1515: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1491: 1490: 1474: 1473: 1427: 1426: 1382: 1381: 1353: 1352: 1294: 1293: 1276: 1275: 1206: 1205: 1188: 1187: 1175: 1174: 1077:'s expulsion as 1040: 992: 991: 947: 946: 889:Siege of Taiyuan 867:, they captured 855: 854: 832: 831: 683:Russian Far East 614:conquest dynasty 575:captured Caizhou 571:invading Mongols 563:Battle of Caishi 424: 423: 403: 402: 379: 373: 372: 359: 358: 338: 270: 260: 253: 246: 237: 226: 218: 208: 192: 175: 168: 152: 144: 48: 47: 40: 28: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7477: 7372: 7366: 7336: 7327: 7279: 7255: 7211:Horner's method 7123: 7051: 7003: 6955:Emperor Huizong 6942: 6876: 6834: 6690: 6578: 6564:Ministry of War 6535: 6500: 6430: 6421: 6400:Mongol conquest 6318:Chanyuan Treaty 6278:Chenqiao mutiny 6259: 6253: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6201: 6179:10.2307/2646446 6158: 6152: 6128: 6122: 6105: 6096: 6090: 6073: 6066: 6053: 6039: 6014: 6004: 5998: 5981: 5975: 5958: 5952: 5939: 5933: 5912: 5906: 5893: 5887: 5874: 5867: 5856: 5851: 5836: 5819: 5813: 5800: 5794: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5749: 5743: 5716: 5710: 5697: 5691: 5674: 5668: 5642:Franke, Herbert 5640: 5633: 5611:Franke, Herbert 5609: 5603: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5544: 5538: 5521: 5515: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5429:, p. 156; 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5403:Partington 1960 5401:, p. 156; 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5342: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5147: 5139:. p. 761. 5130: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788:, p. 827; 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4760:, p. 259; 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599:, p. 248; 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4544:, p. 796; 4540: 4536: 4528: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331:, p. 166; 4327: 4323: 4315:, p. 166; 4311:, p. 706; 4307: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3937: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3622: 3614: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3570:, p. 293; 3566: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480:, p. 230; 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3443: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330:, p. 208; 3326: 3322: 3314:, p. 615; 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180:, p. 229; 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100:, p. 640; 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2917:, p. 196; 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2846: 2838:, p. 227; 2834:, p. 633; 2830: 2826: 2818:, p. 225; 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2593:Emperor Huizong 2589: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2485: 2401:), also called 2289:besieging De'an 2259: 2253: 2179: 2177:Shiba Yoshinobu 2071: 2066: 2008: 2002: 1895: 1883:Main articles: 1881: 1758: 1756:Song revanchism 1746:Emperor Shizong 1740: 1737: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1642: 1606: 1600: 1536: 1528:Main articles: 1526: 1402: 1287:dowager empress 1243:, south of the 1236: 1160:Emperor Gaozong 1141:Zhang Bangchang 1136: 1130: 1125: 1112: 1058: 1041: 1034: 1018: 1012: 999: 997:Second campaign 962:Retired Emperor 931:Emperor Huizong 916: 891: 877: 848:Wanyan Zongwang 825: 808: 802: 673:, a portion of 659:Northeast China 636: 630: 512:imperial family 336: 331: 316: 271: 266: 264: 212: 198:Co-belligerents 196: 188: 179: 161:Co-belligerents 158: 157: 131: 91: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7534:History of Jin 7530: 7523: 7521:Yanqing Temple 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7489:Jurchen people 7485: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7280: 10th c. 7270: 7263: 7261: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7223: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148:Wujing Zongyao 7144: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6798:Huang Tingjian 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6541:Six Ministries 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6481:Qingli Reforms 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6301:Gaoliang River 6298: 6293: 6288: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6222: 6221: 6200: 6199: 6173:(3): 559–584. 6156: 6150: 6126: 6120: 6103: 6094: 6088: 6071: 6064: 6051: 6037: 6002: 5996: 5979: 5973: 5956: 5950: 5937: 5931: 5910: 5904: 5891: 5885: 5872: 5849: 5834: 5817: 5811: 5798: 5792: 5775: 5767: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5714: 5708: 5695: 5689: 5672: 5666: 5638: 5631: 5607: 5601: 5588: 5581: 5565: 5555:(3): 529–543. 5542: 5536: 5519: 5513: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484:, p. 170. 5471: 5469:, p. 156. 5459: 5447: 5445:, p. 166. 5435: 5433:, p. 134. 5419: 5417:, p. 168. 5407: 5391: 5379: 5377:, p. 222. 5367: 5355: 5340: 5324: 5322:, p. 238. 5312: 5305: 5285: 5279:978-1111352332 5278: 5258: 5252:978-1111352349 5251: 5231: 5224: 5204: 5187: 5181:978-0470826751 5180: 5160: 5146:978-7101017168 5145: 5119: 5087: 5075: 5073:, p. 699. 5063: 5061:, p. 701. 5051: 5039: 5027: 5025:, p. 461. 5015: 5013:, p. 533. 5000: 4998:, p. 250. 4988: 4986:, p. 129. 4972: 4960: 4958:, p. 282. 4948: 4946:, p. 310. 4936: 4934:, p. 271. 4924: 4922:, p. 306. 4912: 4900: 4898:, p. 858. 4888: 4876: 4874:, p. 264. 4861: 4859:, p. 856. 4842: 4840:, p. 261. 4830: 4828:, p. 829. 4818: 4806: 4804:, p. 828. 4794: 4792:, p. 538. 4778: 4766: 4764:, p. 829. 4750: 4748:, p. 827. 4738: 4736:, p. 822. 4721: 4719:, p. 259. 4704: 4702:, p. 254. 4692: 4690:, p. 821. 4680: 4668: 4656: 4654:, p. 812. 4644: 4642:, p. 249. 4629: 4617: 4605: 4603:, p. 805. 4589: 4587:, p. 800. 4577: 4575:, p. 796. 4565: 4563:, p. 805. 4550: 4534: 4532:, p. 248. 4517: 4515:, p. 799. 4505: 4489: 4477: 4475:, p. 793. 4460: 4458:, p. 791. 4448: 4446:, p. 247. 4431: 4419: 4417:, p. 244. 4404: 4392: 4390:, p. 243. 4377: 4370: 4358:Tao, Jing-shen 4349: 4347:, p. 166. 4337: 4321: 4301: 4299:, p. 707. 4286: 4284:, p. 242. 4267: 4265:, p. 241. 4252: 4250:, p. 709. 4240: 4224: 4212: 4210:, p. 240. 4197: 4195:, p. 239. 4185: 4183:, p. 235. 4168: 4166:, p. 234. 4156: 4154:, p. 175. 4144: 4132: 4120: 4118:, p. 687. 4108: 4106:, p. 301. 4096: 4094:, p. 299. 4084: 4082:, p. 686. 4072: 4056: 4040: 4038:, p. 684. 4028: 4013: 3997: 3995:, p. 303. 3985: 3983:, p. 682. 3966: 3964:, p. 679. 3954: 3952:, p. 677. 3935: 3928: 3910: 3908:, p. 676. 3898: 3891: 3873: 3871:, p. 675. 3858: 3846: 3844:, p. 674. 3829: 3817: 3815:, p. 673. 3805: 3793: 3791:, p. 662. 3781: 3779:, p. 661. 3769: 3757: 3755:, p. 697. 3745: 3733: 3731:, p. 696. 3721: 3705: 3703:, p. 660. 3690: 3688:, p. 655. 3671: 3669:, p. 298. 3656: 3654:, p. 658. 3639: 3637:, p. 657. 3620: 3618:, p. 654. 3603: 3601:, p. 652. 3591: 3589:, p. 293. 3576: 3574:, p. 650. 3560: 3544: 3542:, p. 650. 3529: 3513: 3511:, p. 649. 3498: 3496:, p. 292. 3486: 3484:, p. 197. 3470: 3468:, p. 291. 3458: 3456:, p. 647. 3441: 3435:, p. 54; 3425: 3423:, p. 230. 3404: 3389: 3387:, p. 646. 3377: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3320: 3318:, p. 208. 3304: 3302:, p. 615. 3292: 3280: 3278:, p. 207. 3268: 3256: 3254:, p. 614. 3241: 3229: 3227:, p. 232. 3210: 3208:, p. 197. 3198: 3186: 3184:, p. 642. 3170: 3158: 3156:, p. 642. 3152:, p. 53; 3142: 3130: 3128:, p. 641. 3118: 3116:, p. 640. 3106: 3104:, p. 229. 3090: 3088:, p. 639. 3078: 3062: 3060:, p. 638. 3050: 3048:, p. 229. 3035: 3023: 3002: 3000:, p. 637. 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 636. 2959: 2957:, p. 636. 2938: 2923: 2921:, p. 636. 2907: 2905:, p. 210. 2895: 2893:, p. 196. 2876: 2874:, p. 634. 2861: 2859:, p. 633. 2844: 2824: 2822:, p. 632. 2808: 2796: 2794:, p. 632. 2780: 2778:, p. 632. 2761: 2759:, p. 149. 2749: 2747:, p. 630. 2734: 2732:, p. 209. 2718: 2716:, p. 209. 2706: 2704:, p. 629. 2689: 2687:, p. 208. 2677: 2675:, p. 628. 2660: 2648: 2646:, p. 221. 2636: 2629: 2609: 2603:978-0674726420 2602: 2582: 2575: 2555: 2553:, p. 116. 2543: 2541:, p. 136. 2531: 2529:, p. 129. 2509: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2457:Xinsi Qi Qi Lu 2450:"), which had 2331:Wujing Zongyao 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2220:yì guān nán dù 2119:Jurchen script 2099:imperial exams 2083:Jurchen script 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2028:Emperor Aizong 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1931:Emperor Lizong 1880: 1877: 1828:and Guanghua ( 1757: 1754: 1735: 1688:Wujing Zongyao 1649:Main article: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1525: 1522: 1518:Emperor Xizong 1401: 1398: 1295:, present-day 1235: 1234:The move south 1232: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1111: 1108: 1057: 1054: 1032: 1014:Main article: 1011: 1008: 998: 995: 915: 912: 890: 887: 876: 875:First campaign 873: 844:Wanyan Zonghan 824: 821: 801: 798: 629: 626: 590:siege of De'an 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 418: 416:Middle Chinese 412: 411: 409:Middle Chinese 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 384: 383: 382:Transcriptions 375: 374: 367: 361: 360: 353: 347: 346: 343: 342: 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 276: 273: 272: 265: 263: 262: 255: 248: 240: 232: 231: 230: 229: 221: 200: 180: 164: 156: 155: 147: 138: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 101: 97: 93: 92: 89: 87: 83: 82: 81: 80: 74: 67: 64: 58: 52: 44: 43: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7603: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581:1130s in Asia 7579: 7577: 7576:1120s in Asia 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Jin–Song Wars 7554: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7409:Huangtiandang 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7394:Jin–Song Wars 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7227:Yingzao Fashi 7224: 7222: 7221:Liaodi Pagoda 7219: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Tianchi basin 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7028:Zhao Mengjian 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016:Wuzhun Shifan 7014: 7011: 7008: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6496:Three Bureaus 6494: 6492: 6491:Baojia system 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6363:Huangtiandang 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6353:Jin–Song Wars 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313:Song–Xia wars 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Southern Tang 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6220: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6038:7-5031-0385-X 6034: 6030: 6020: 6019: 6005:Tan, Qixiang 6003: 5999: 5997:0-674-40641-9 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840:(hardcover); 5837: 5835:0-674-44515-5 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5389:, p. 36. 5388: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5365:, p. 35. 5364: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5133:Quan Tang shi 5123: 5120: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5049:, p. 10. 5048: 5043: 5040: 5037:, p. 25. 5036: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4984:Holcombe 2011 4981: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4910:, p. 36. 4909: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4886:, p. 73. 4885: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4371:0-295-95514-7 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4335:, p. 46. 4334: 4333:Turnbull 2002 4330: 4325: 4322: 4319:, p. 46. 4318: 4317:Turnbull 2002 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4152:Beckwith 2009 4148: 4145: 4142:, p. 34. 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4026:, p. 56. 4025: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929:9789004473270 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3892:9781684173815 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554:, p. 3; 3553: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439:, p. 22. 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3375:, p. 54. 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358:, p. 16. 3357: 3352: 3349: 3346:, p. 71. 3345: 3340: 3337: 3334:, p. 71. 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3196:, p. 44. 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3021:, p. 53. 3020: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2985:, p. 39. 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2936:, p. 52. 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527:Holcombe 2011 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2310:siege engines 2300: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:Duke Yansheng 2226: 2222: 2216: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2136:Chinese chess 2134:, and played 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Khitan script 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1932: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1858: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1816: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710:, armed with 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1583:Summer Palace 1581:Mural in the 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1495: 1492:), in modern 1485: 1482: 1478: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Yangtze River 1246: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:Duke Yansheng 1217: 1213: 1208: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1003: 996: 994: 986: 981: 979: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 953: 951: 936: 932: 928: 920: 913: 911: 908: 904: 900: 896: 888: 886: 884: 883: 874: 872: 870: 866: 862: 857: 849: 845: 841: 836: 822: 817: 812: 807: 799: 797: 794: 788: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 764: 759: 755: 748: 744: 739: 735: 733: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 699: 695: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 645: 640: 635: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 532:Southern Song 529: 528:Northern Song 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:Jin–Song Wars 440: 431: 419: 417: 413: 410: 406: 398: 396: 392: 389: 385: 380: 376: 368: 366: 362: 354: 352: 348: 344: 341:Jin–Song wars 339: 328: 325: 323: 319: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 289:Huangtiandang 287: 285: 281: 278: 277: 274: 269: 268:Jin–Song Wars 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 242: 241: 238: 225: 222: 217: 214: 213: 211: 207: 206:Mongol Empire 203: 199: 195: 191: 190:Mongol Empire 187: 186: 181: 178: 174: 167: 163: 162: 151: 148: 143: 140: 139: 137: 136: 135:puppet states 130: 129: 128: 123: 122: 117: 108: 106: 102: 99: 98: 95: 94: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 63: 59: 56: 55: 53: 50: 49: 45: 39: 34: 31:Jin–Song Wars 29: 26: 22: 7591:1134 in Asia 7586:1125 in Asia 7532: 7525: 7322:Guo Shoujing 7248: 7239: 7225: 7216:Architecture 7201:Fishing reel 7176:Movable type 7146: 7116: 7010:Zhou Jichang 6961:Zhang Zeduan 6810:Zhou Bangyan 6702:Fan Zhongyan 6683: 6671: 6657:Yaozhou ware 6652:Qingbai ware 6486:New Policies 6291:Southern Han 6282:Unification 6256:Song dynasty 6170: 6164: 6141: 6107: 6098: 6076:China at War 6075: 6055: 6016: 5983: 5960: 5941: 5916: 5895: 5876: 5865:the original 5860: 5848:(paperback). 5821: 5802: 5779: 5771: 5751: 5724: 5699: 5678: 5657: 5622: 5592: 5569: 5552: 5546: 5523: 5500: 5492:Bibliography 5482:Needham 1987 5467:Needham 1987 5462: 5455:Needham 1987 5450: 5443:Needham 1987 5438: 5431:Needham 1954 5427:Needham 1987 5422: 5410: 5399:Needham 1987 5394: 5382: 5375:Needham 1987 5370: 5358: 5327: 5320:Needham 1987 5315: 5295: 5288: 5268: 5261: 5241: 5234: 5214: 5207: 5201:. 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Retrieved 5105: 5090: 5085:, p. 8. 5083:Rossabi 1983 5078: 5066: 5054: 5047:Rossabi 1983 5042: 5030: 5018: 4991: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4781: 4769: 4753: 4741: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4620: 4608: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4537: 4508: 4492: 4480: 4451: 4422: 4395: 4361: 4352: 4340: 4329:Needham 1987 4324: 4313:Needham 1987 4304: 4243: 4227: 4215: 4188: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4059: 4043: 4031: 4000: 3988: 3957: 3919: 3913: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3849: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3708: 3594: 3563: 3547: 3516: 3489: 3473: 3461: 3428: 3380: 3351: 3339: 3323: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3232: 3201: 3189: 3173: 3161: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3093: 3081: 3065: 3053: 3026: 2978: 2962: 2910: 2898: 2827: 2811: 2799: 2783: 2752: 2721: 2709: 2680: 2651: 2639: 2619: 2612: 2592: 2585: 2565: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2470: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2437: 2428:early rocket 2421: 2402: 2392: 2376: 2373:siege towers 2362: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2278: 2270: 2245: 2218: 2190: 2169: 2160:Yuan dynasty 2156: 2152: 2144: 2095:Confucianism 2088: 2072: 2017: 1951: 1909: 1902: 1893:Song dynasty 1867: 1844: 1838:near modern 1796: 1767: 1742: 1731: 1693: 1686: 1666: 1662:Wanyan Liang 1660: 1630: 1619: 1592: 1588: 1568:Yellow River 1537: 1498:Yang Qizhong 1458: 1453:Han Shizhong 1438:conscription 1413: 1409:under Heaven 1403: 1394: 1356: 1341:Han Shizhong 1301: 1279: 1237: 1209: 1195: 1181: 1153: 1137: 1096:Central Asia 1084: 1071:Confucianism 1067: 1043: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1004: 1000: 982: 974: 966:Yellow River 954: 940: 892: 880: 878: 865:Ordos Desert 858: 826: 789: 776: 751: 743:Wanyan Aguda 706:Wanyan Aguda 703: 663:Liao dynasty 648: 605: 601: 583: 559:Wanyan Liang 543:Han Shizhong 536: 493: 472:Liao dynasty 464:Song dynasty 447: 445: 395:Hanyu Pinyin 322:Sea Alliance 317: 279: 204: 197: 185:Song dynasty 183: 182: 171: 159: 132: 125: 124: 119:Belligerents 25: 7494:Wanyan clan 7461:Sanfengshan 7451:Dachangyuan 7324:(1231–1316) 7318:(1202–1261) 7316:Qin Jiushao 7312:(1192-1279) 7306:(1186–1249) 7300:(1031–1095) 7294:(1020–1101) 7288:(1010–1070) 7273:Zhang Sixun 7118:Zhu Fan Zhi 7107:Champa rice 7071:(1021–1086) 7048:(1235–1305) 7042:(1222–1307) 7036:(1210–1269) 7030:(1199–1295) 7024:(1190–1230) 7018:(1178–1249) 6997:Lin Tinggui 6993:(1140–1210) 6987:(1120–1182) 6981:(1100–1197) 6975:(1096–1119) 6973:Wang Ximeng 6969:(1094-1172) 6963:(1085–1145) 6957:(1082–1135) 6951:(1051–1107) 6932:(1049–1106) 6926:(1036–1093) 6920:(1020–1090) 6914:(1019–1079) 6908:(1000–1064) 6873:(1170–1231) 6867:(1140–1207) 6861:(1130–1200) 6855:(1127–1206) 6849:(1126–1193) 6847:Fan Chengda 6843:(1125–1209) 6824:(1085–1144) 6818:(1084–1155) 6816:Li Qingzhao 6812:(1056–1121) 6806:(1047–1126) 6800:(1045–1105) 6794:(1039–1112) 6788:(1037–1101) 6782:(1033–1107) 6776:(1032–1085) 6770:(1022–1077) 6764:(1019–1086) 6758:(1019–1083) 6752:(1017–1073) 6746:(1012–1067) 6740:(1011–1077) 6734:(1009–1066) 6728:(1007–1072) 6722:(1002–1060) 6720:Mei Yaochen 6647:Cizhou ware 6524:Chancellery 6519:Secretariat 6447:Family tree 6405:Diaoyucheng 6070:(hardcover) 6027:. Beijing: 5766:(hardcover) 5731:. pp. 5637:(hardcover) 5587:(hardcover) 5112:20 December 5035:Gernet 1962 5011:Coblin 2002 4996:Franke 1994 4980:Franke 1994 4968:Franke 1994 4956:Franke 1994 4944:Franke 1994 4932:Franke 1994 4920:Franke 1994 4872:Franke 1994 4838:Franke 1994 4790:Levine 2009 4758:Franke 1994 4717:Franke 1994 4700:Franke 1994 4664:Franke 1994 4640:Franke 1994 4597:Franke 1994 4530:Franke 1994 4497:Franke 1994 4485:Franke 1994 4444:Franke 1994 4427:Franke 1994 4415:Franke 1994 4388:Franke 1994 4282:Franke 1994 4263:Franke 1994 4232:Franke 1994 4220:Franke 1994 4208:Franke 1994 4193:Franke 1994 4181:Franke 1994 4164:Franke 1994 3854:Franke 1994 3765:Gernet 1962 3741:Gernet 1962 3556:Wilson 1996 3552:Murray 2010 3525:Franke 1994 3478:Franke 1994 3437:Gernet 1962 3421:Franke 1994 3400:Franke 1994 3312:Levine 2009 3300:Levine 2009 3264:Levine 2009 3252:Levine 2009 3237:Franke 1994 3225:Franke 1994 3182:Levine 2009 3178:Franke 1994 3154:Levine 2009 3138:Levine 2009 3126:Levine 2009 3114:Levine 2009 3102:Franke 1994 3098:Levine 2009 3086:Levine 2009 3074:Levine 2009 3058:Levine 2009 3046:Franke 1994 2998:Levine 2009 2971:Levine 2009 2955:Levine 2009 2919:Levine 2009 2872:Levine 2009 2857:Levine 2009 2836:Franke 1994 2832:Levine 2009 2820:Levine 2009 2816:Franke 1994 2792:Levine 2009 2776:Levine 2009 2745:Levine 2009 2726:Levine 2009 2702:Levine 2009 2673:Levine 2009 2644:Franke 1994 2403:pili huopao 2393:pili huoqiu 2341:fire bomb ( 2322:pili huoqiu 2272:Huolongjing 2225:Li Qingzhao 2113:, from the 1889:Jin dynasty 1815:Xuyi County 1783:irredentist 1777:. The Song 1775:Han Tuozhou 1714:that fired 1667:casus belli 1253:Grand Canal 882:casus belli 780:Western Xia 747:Jin dynasty 729:Shatuo Turk 690:Song Empire 687:Han Chinese 675:North China 224:Eastern Xia 216:Western Xia 173:Eastern Xia 166:Western Xia 127:Jin dynasty 7550:Categories 7269:(972–1051) 7186:Pound lock 7112:Nanhai One 7069:Wang Anshi 6967:Su Hanchen 6930:Li Gonglin 6900:Zhao Chang 6896:(970–1053) 6894:Xu Daoning 6890:(960–1030) 6871:Zhao Rukuo 6853:Yang Wanli 6762:Sima Guang 6750:Zhou Dunyi 6726:Ouyang Xiu 6716:(998–1061) 6710:(991–1055) 6704:(989–1052) 6435:Government 5415:Ebrey 2010 5387:Lorge 2008 5363:Lorge 2008 5351:Chase 2003 5332:Chase 2003 5306:1134716567 5225:0856674133 4908:Hymes 2000 4896:Davis 2009 4884:Lorge 2005 4857:Davis 2009 4826:Davis 2009 4814:Davis 2009 4802:Davis 2009 4786:Davis 2009 4774:Davis 2009 4762:Davis 2009 4746:Davis 2009 4734:Davis 2009 4688:Davis 2009 4676:Davis 2009 4652:Davis 2009 4625:Davis 2009 4613:Davis 2009 4601:Davis 2009 4585:Davis 2009 4573:Davis 2009 4561:Davis 2009 4542:Davis 2009 4513:Davis 2009 4501:Davis 2009 4473:Davis 2009 4456:Davis 2009 4140:Hymes 2000 4024:Lorge 2005 3433:Lorge 2005 3373:Lorge 2005 3356:Smith 1991 3166:Lorge 2005 3150:Lorge 2005 3070:Lorge 2005 3031:Lorge 2005 3019:Lorge 2005 2967:Lorge 2005 2934:Lorge 2005 2576:0791422739 2539:Ebrey 2010 2500:References 2347:) and the 2281:fire lance 2201:Huang Chao 2186:, b. 1930) 2164:Marco Polo 2050:Emperor Mo 2026:. In 1233 1921:Shi Miyuan 1788:revanchist 1712:trebuchets 1655:See also: 1626:Huai River 1245:Huai River 1132:See also: 1079:chancellor 1075:Wang Anshi 804:See also: 632:See also: 594:fire lance 567:revanchism 555:Huai River 7260:Inventors 7137:Gunpowder 7046:Qian Xuan 7012:(12th c.) 6991:Liang Kai 6985:Zhao Boju 6924:Wang Shen 6906:Yi Yuanji 6902:(10th c.) 6774:Cheng Hao 6768:Zhang Zai 6756:Zeng Gong 6744:Cai Xiang 6738:Shao Yong 6662:Jian ware 6625:Guan ware 6615:Ding ware 6410:Xiangyang 6286:Later Shu 6195:162848825 6047:297417784 6011:(1982). 5784:Routledge 5195:Li, Shi. 5023:Mote 1999 4104:Mote 1999 4092:Mote 1999 4068:Mote 1999 4048:Mote 1999 4009:Tong 2012 4005:Mote 1999 3993:Mote 1999 3801:Mote 1999 3713:Mote 1999 3667:Mote 1999 3587:Mote 1999 3568:Mote 1999 3494:Mote 1999 3482:Mote 1999 3466:Mote 1999 3344:Ropp 2010 3332:Ropp 2010 3328:Mote 1999 3316:Mote 1999 3288:Mote 1999 3276:Mote 1999 3206:Mote 1999 2915:Mote 1999 2903:Mote 1999 2891:Mote 1999 2804:Mote 1999 2788:Mote 1999 2730:Mote 1999 2714:Mote 1999 2685:Mote 1999 2656:Mote 1999 2551:Mote 1999 2505:Citations 2452:cast iron 2438:tiehuopao 2359:trebuchet 2297:; modern 2091:sinicized 2058:Guangdong 2040:Meng Gong 1972:Zhao Fang 1836:Han River 1834:; on the 1716:gunpowder 1708:Song navy 1696:Yu Yunwen 1683:trebuchet 1672:Ma'anshan 1564:Zhengzhou 1541:Censorate 1508:Zhang Jun 1475:, modern 1466:Han River 1462:Xiangyang 1383:, modern 1359:Zhang Jun 1313:Zhang Jun 1228:Zhang Zai 1212:Confucius 1176:; modern 754:Bohai Sea 732:Later Jin 721:Tong Guan 606:tiehuopao 508:indemnity 496:Tong Guan 227:(1215–22) 219:(1210–19) 209:(1211–33) 193:(1233–34) 169:(1225–27) 153:(1133–37) 7501:Jiaochao 7482:See also 7456:Daohuigu 7446:Yehuling 7414:Yancheng 7399:Timeline 7389:Military 7298:Shen Kuo 7286:Jia Xian 7267:Bi Sheng 7191:Dry dock 7080:Banknote 7040:Gong Kai 6912:Wen Tong 6888:Fan Kuan 6881:Painters 6865:Xin Qiji 6822:Zhu Bian 6804:Cai Jing 6780:Cheng Yi 6630:Jun ware 6600:Religion 6471:Military 6442:Emperors 6373:Yancheng 6358:Jingkang 6269:Timeline 6140:(eds.). 6080:ABC-CLIO 5656:(eds.). 5621:(eds.). 5336:Tao 2009 5155:48425140 5106:Han Dian 5071:Tao 2009 5059:Tao 2009 4546:Tan 1982 4400:Tao 2009 4309:Tao 2009 4297:Tao 2009 4248:Tao 2009 4236:Tao 2009 4128:Tao 2009 4116:Tao 2009 4080:Tao 2009 4064:Tao 2009 4052:Tao 2009 4036:Tao 2009 3981:Tao 2009 3962:Tao 2009 3950:Tao 2009 3906:Tao 2009 3869:Tao 2009 3842:Tao 2009 3825:Tao 2009 3813:Tao 2009 3789:Tao 2009 3777:Tao 2009 3753:Tao 2009 3729:Tao 2009 3717:Tao 2009 3701:Tao 2009 3686:Tao 2009 3652:Tao 2009 3635:Tao 2009 3616:Tao 2009 3599:Tao 2009 3572:Tao 2009 3540:Tao 2009 3521:Tao 2009 3509:Tao 2009 3454:Tao 2009 3385:Tao 2009 3194:Yue 2020 2840:Tan 1982 2483:See also 2446:, "iron 2130:, drank 1968:Tangzhou 1964:Dengzhou 1954:Xihezhou 1840:Laohekou 1799:Bi Zaiyu 1736:— 1484:circuits 1325:Zhejiang 1309:Shaoxing 1297:Nanchang 1269:Du Chong 1257:Hangzhou 1241:Yangzhou 1178:Shangqiu 1168:Shandong 1149:militias 1048:(modern 1033:— 958:New Year 835:Pingzhou 671:Mongolia 651:Jurchens 598:firearms 524:Hangzhou 458:and the 318:Treaties 299:Yancheng 284:Jingkang 86:Location 7516:Zhongdu 7471:Caizhou 7466:Kaifeng 7419:Tangdao 7377:History 7304:Song Ci 7292:Su Song 7181:Compass 7061:Economy 7022:Li Song 6936:Cui Bai 6714:Song Qi 6708:Yan Shu 6695:Writers 6635:Ru ware 6620:Ge ware 6592:Society 6588:Culture 6393:Caizhou 6383:Tangdao 6265:History 6187:2646446 6024:宋·辽·金时期 6013:中国历史地图集 4345:Lo 2012 2471:pidapao 2405:bombs ( 2140:Beijing 2101:on the 2034:at the 2024:Caizhou 1988:Li Quan 1947:Suizhou 1912:Mongols 1857:An Bing 1826:Zaoyang 1721:arsenic 1706:of the 1530:Yue Fei 1481:Huainan 1449:Yue Fei 1405:Qin Hui 1367:Sichuan 1363:Shaanxi 1337:Yue Fei 1329:Wenzhou 1321:islands 1283:Jiangxi 1265:Nanjing 1199:Zong Ze 1182:xingzai 1100:cavalry 1046:Huining 1037:Kaifeng 985:Li Gang 970:Qinzong 935:Kaifeng 903:Luoyang 895:Taiyuan 869:Tianzuo 840:Taizong 784:Fang La 758:Kaifeng 714:Huizong 667:Khitans 653:were a 547:Gaozong 539:Yue Fei 504:Qinzong 500:Huizong 489:Kaifeng 485:Taiyuan 452:Jurchen 314:Caizhou 304:Tangdao 280:Battles 202:Khitans 73:in 1211 7424:Caishi 7371:topics 7090:Guanzi 7085:Jiaozi 6918:Guo Xi 6859:Zhu Xi 6841:Lu You 6828:Zhu Yu 6792:Su Zhe 6786:Su Shi 6732:Su Xun 6605:Poetry 6388:Caishi 6258:topics 6205:Portal 6193: 6185: 6148: 6118: 6086: 6062: 6045: 6035: 5994: 5971: 5948: 5929: 5902: 5883: 5844: 5832: 5809: 5790: 5758: 5739: 5706: 5687: 5664: 5629: 5599: 5579: 5534: 5511: 5303: 5276: 5249: 5222: 5178: 5153: 5143: 4368: 3926: 3889: 2627: 2600: 2573: 2461:huopao 2448:huopao 2424:arrows 2377:huopao 2363:huopao 2349:huopao 2339:huopao 2326:huoqiu 2241:Zengzi 2233:Quzhou 2217:: 2215:pinyin 1891:, and 1702:. The 1559:Fuyang 1549:Liu Qi 1434:Daming 1420:Liu Yu 1333:Suzhou 1317:Ningbo 1218:, the 1166:, and 1156:Cizhou 1145:Da Chu 1134:Da Chu 1050:Harbin 978:Hejian 899:Shanxi 861:Tangut 768:Datong 718:eunuch 698:ounces 602:huopao 588:. The 468:Khitan 309:Caishi 176:(1233) 145:(1127) 142:Da Chu 105:Lin'an 96:Result 7310:Li Ye 7095:Huizi 6979:Li Di 6949:Mi Fu 6415:Yamen 6368:De'an 6219:China 6191:S2CID 6183:JSTOR 6015:[ 5868:(PDF) 5857:(PDF) 5131:[ 5104:[ 2267:De'an 2172:Korea 1847:Wu Xi 1545:Wuzhu 1494:Anhui 1477:Hefei 1430:Jinan 1416:Da Qi 1389:Hubei 1375:Gansu 1371:Xi'an 1304:Wuzhu 1164:Henan 933:left 907:Hebei 793:taels 679:Korea 470:-led 462:-led 454:-led 294:De'an 150:Da Qi 90:China 7156:Coke 7034:Muqi 6590:and 6146:ISBN 6116:ISBN 6084:ISBN 6060:ISBN 6043:OCLC 6033:ISBN 5992:ISBN 5969:ISBN 5946:ISBN 5927:ISBN 5900:ISBN 5881:ISBN 5842:ISBN 5830:ISBN 5807:ISBN 5788:ISBN 5756:ISBN 5737:ISBN 5733:3–78 5704:ISBN 5685:ISBN 5662:ISBN 5627:ISBN 5597:ISBN 5577:ISBN 5532:ISBN 5509:ISBN 5301:ISBN 5274:ISBN 5247:ISBN 5220:ISBN 5176:ISBN 5151:OCLC 5141:ISBN 5114:2020 5097:衣冠南渡 4366:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3887:ISBN 2625:ISBN 2598:ISBN 2571:ISBN 2413:lime 2408:霹靂火砲 2398:霹靂火球 2320:The 2299:Anlu 2237:Qufu 2210:衣冠南渡 2183:斯波義信 2054:fell 1966:and 1910:The 1532:and 1385:Wudu 1365:and 1339:and 1261:coup 1216:Qufu 1092:Tang 1090:and 853:完颜宗望 846:and 649:The 541:and 530:and 446:The 371:宋金战争 357:宋金戰爭 133:Jin 51:Date 7277:fl. 7001:fl. 6940:fl. 6832:fl. 6175:doi 6008:谭其骧 5557:doi 5129:全唐诗 5100:. 2476:皮大礮 2443:鐵火砲 2388:林之平 2213:" ( 2132:tea 1959:大散關 1942:扈再興 1936:孟宗政 1926:史彌遠 1872:蘇師旦 1804:畢再遇 1503:楊沂中 1214:at 1173:應天府 1088:Han 945:郭藥師 483:to 460:Han 7552:: 6189:. 6181:. 6171:55 6169:. 6163:. 6114:. 6110:. 6082:. 6078:. 6041:. 6031:. 5990:. 5963:. 5925:. 5921:. 5859:. 5828:. 5824:. 5786:. 5782:. 5735:. 5727:. 5644:; 5553:65 5551:. 5530:. 5526:. 5507:. 5503:. 5474:^ 5343:^ 5149:. 5102:汉典 5003:^ 4864:^ 4845:^ 4724:^ 4707:^ 4632:^ 4553:^ 4520:^ 4499:; 4463:^ 4434:^ 4407:^ 4380:^ 4289:^ 4270:^ 4255:^ 4200:^ 4171:^ 4066:; 4016:^ 4007:; 3969:^ 3938:^ 3861:^ 3832:^ 3693:^ 3674:^ 3659:^ 3642:^ 3623:^ 3606:^ 3579:^ 3532:^ 3501:^ 3444:^ 3407:^ 3392:^ 3363:^ 3244:^ 3213:^ 3038:^ 3005:^ 2990:^ 2969:; 2941:^ 2926:^ 2879:^ 2864:^ 2847:^ 2764:^ 2737:^ 2692:^ 2663:^ 2513:^ 2466:火礮 2433:蘄州 2382:火礮 2368:火礮 2354:火砲 2344:火礮 2305:陳規 2294:德安 2199:, 2195:, 2060:. 2045:孟珙 1993:李全 1983:蘄州 1977:趙方 1949:. 1887:, 1862:安丙 1852:吳曦 1831:光化 1820:楚州 1810:泗州 1554:劉錡 1513:酈瓊 1489:藕塘 1472:廬州 1425:劉豫 1380:階州 1351:張榮 1292:洪州 1274:杜充 1204:宗澤 1186:行在 990:李剛 830:張覺 608:, 534:. 320:: 282:: 7361:e 7354:t 7347:v 7282:) 7275:( 7006:) 6999:( 6945:) 6938:( 6837:) 6830:( 6532:) 6528:( 6271:) 6267:( 6248:e 6241:t 6234:v 6207:: 6197:. 6177:: 6154:. 6124:. 6101:. 6092:. 6068:. 6049:. 6000:. 5977:. 5954:. 5935:. 5908:. 5889:. 5838:. 5815:. 5796:. 5764:. 5745:. 5712:. 5693:. 5670:. 5635:. 5605:. 5585:. 5563:. 5559:: 5540:. 5517:. 5457:. 5309:. 5282:. 5255:. 5228:. 5184:. 5157:. 5116:. 4503:. 4374:. 4070:. 4011:. 3932:. 3895:. 2633:. 2606:. 2579:. 2473:( 2463:( 2440:( 2395:( 2379:( 2365:( 2351:( 2302:( 2291:( 2180:( 2042:( 1990:( 1974:( 1923:( 1859:( 1849:( 1801:( 1551:( 1500:( 1422:( 1271:( 1201:( 1039:) 987:( 942:( 850:( 259:e 252:t 245:v 23:.

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