33:
153:
686:. The measure had several goals, the main one being the weakening of Buddhism, which had collaborated with the Tokugawa shogunate. Although the government's Kami and Buddhas Separation Act didn't explicitly order the closing of temples, the destruction of Buddhist property and the defrocking of Buddhist priests and nuns, it was often interpreted as implying it. As a consequence, the
692:(literally, 'Away with Buddha, destroy Shakyamuni') movement, born spontaneously as a reaction against Buddhism's collaboration with the Tokugawa shōguns, soon spread to the entire country with enormous consequences. An estimated 30,000 Buddhist structures were demolished between 1868 and 1874. A substantial part of the population that had felt financially exploited by the
650:
260:. The institution had the government's approval and was meant on one side to be a tool to spread Buddhism to the provinces, on the other as a way to install religious representatives of the government there. During the Heian period a great number of temples were built next to shrines, but the term
718:
policy was also the direct cause of serious damage to important cultural properties. Because mixing the two religions was now forbidden, both shrines and temples of shrine-temple complexes had to give away the parts of their properties which were now illegal, thus damaging the integrity of their
233:
existing shrine. The building of temples at shrines produced shrine-temple complexes, which accelerated the process of amalgamation of the two religions. As a result of the creation of shrine-temples, many shrines that had until then been just an open-air site, in keeping with tradition, became
167:
When
Buddhism arrived in Japan, it encountered some resistance from pre-existing religious institutions and beliefs. One of the first efforts to reconcile pre-existing Japanese religion with Chinese Buddhism (in what would later be called
409:
himself. Hachiman considered the shrine his due reward for having helped the temple find the gold and copper mines from which the metal for the great statue had come. After this, temples in the entire country adopted tutelary
268:, a place considered even today the holiest of Shinto shrines, in 1868 included almost 300 Buddhist temples and practiced Buddhism. This in spite of strict rules which forbade Buddhism within the shrine itself.
275:
is intact, their composition is known only through old drawings and paintings. We know that the temple part of the shrine-temple complex consisted of several buildings, among them a
2477:
489:
could marry and pass their position to their children. There were also
Buddhist monks with a subordinate function who were denied the right to marry. A notable example of a
745:, the two wooden wardens usually found at the sides of a temple's entrance, being objects of Buddhist worship and therefore illegal where they were, were sold to
264:
itself tended to disappear, suggesting that temples were taking over control of the shrines. How pervasive was
Buddhism can be inferred from the fact that even
588:
The two former components of the shrine temple are now separate institutions. The link to the former temple part follows that to the former shrine part.
572:
The improperly-named institution traditionally called "Twenty-two Shrine System" was in fact a network of shrine-temples under
Buddhist control. Its
1220:
2470:
3146:
2251:
1139:
1102:
1041:
1016:
957:
201:, where a temple called Miroku-ji was completed in 779, however the earliest clearly documented case is that of a man who in 749 in Kashima,
405:
was built, within the temple grounds was also erected a shrine for
Hachiman, according to the legend because of a wish expressed by the
3126:
2463:
1168:
234:
Buddhist-style groupings of buildings. In this fashion, Buddhism took over many sites that had until then been dedicated to local
580:, which wished to control religious matters; the Twenty-two Shrine System was meant to organize them and facilitate that control.
3141:
2326:
3121:
2494:
3131:
205:
built a temple next to a shrine. Behind the inclusion within a shrine of
Buddhist religious objects was the idea that the
3071:
2692:
2519:
276:
2424:
1213:
1911:
3136:
2336:
3076:
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610:
85:
2930:
3151:
3008:
2950:
724:
666:
535:
494:
36:
118:
remained common for over a millennium until, with few exceptions, they were destroyed in compliance with the
1206:
217:
and reincarnation like human beings, and early
Buddhist stories tell how that the task of helping suffering
39:-ji in an old drawing. In the foreground the shrine-temple's Buddhist structures (not extant), among them a
459:
were temples founded and staffed by
Buddhist monks, which however had as their main object of worship (the
2514:
2331:
2246:
1186:
925:
857:
170:
822:
can therefore be translated as "hall of the
Buddhist god which is the original ground of the shrine's
3116:
2945:
2687:
2540:
1842:
1781:
1328:
1086:
662:
282:
870:
849:
3003:
2566:
2256:
1918:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1244:
917:
547:
757:
Betto-ji is often used as a synonym of
Jinguji. However it specifically refers to a temple with a
2622:
2231:
1399:
776:
Note that both these groupings and the temple they contain are called in English "shrine-temple".
567:
300:
202:
2742:
631:
71:
32:
761:
or a Buddhist monk that oversees the temple. It is a more administrative idea than a Jingu-ji.
370:
At the end of the 8th century, in what is considered the second stage of the amalgamation, the
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2419:
1964:
1901:
1815:
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787:
688:
619:
265:
244:
himself left writings that make it clear he saw no problem in a mixed institution like the
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1935:
1859:
1835:
1808:
1487:
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677:
119:
40:
2383:
986:
513:
229:
karma through rites and the reading of sūtras, the monk would build a temple next to the
1181:
554:
were particularly numerous among shrines dedicated to mountain religious sects like the
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2863:
2808:
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2310:
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1923:
1906:
1891:
1884:
1825:
1786:
1729:
1564:
1522:
1494:
742:
1061:
3110:
3013:
2907:
2783:
2341:
2266:
2132:
2058:
2041:
1947:
1928:
1896:
1847:
1773:
1657:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1515:
1305:
1229:
802:
625:
601:
577:
555:
543:
498:
136:
132:
89:
2983:
2925:
2798:
2367:
2295:
2137:
1999:
1874:
1791:
1090:
693:
139:
complex, and as such can be considered one of the few shrine-temples still extant.
98:. These complexes were born when a temple was erected next to a shrine to help its
2935:
2767:
2762:
637:
605:
225:
would appear in a dream to a monk, telling him about his problems. To improve the
198:
3045:
2968:
2752:
2714:
2591:
2556:
2509:
2122:
2105:
2014:
1994:
1869:
1852:
1830:
1743:
1692:
1650:
1420:
1371:
1335:
402:
398:
385:. Shrines for him started to be built at temples (giving birth to the so-called
382:
183:
156:
152:
123:
44:
735:
called Tsurugaoka Hachimangū-ji. It was forced to demolish its entire Buddhist
576:
were, besides religious institutions, vehicles of the power of houses like the
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2737:
2682:
2636:
2188:
1989:
1977:
1879:
1798:
1664:
1298:
1263:
596:
592:
353:
332:
Two examples, which are however just recent reconstructions, are Kamo Jingū-ji
179:
2897:
2606:
1455:
329:
or "shrine Buddhist monk", and was both a shrine priest and a Buddhist monk.
2978:
2973:
2677:
2611:
2571:
2546:
2525:
2455:
2429:
2261:
2209:
2115:
2085:
2079:
2065:
2029:
1982:
1952:
1940:
1820:
1750:
1610:
1406:
1343:
1322:
1112:
746:
614:
365:
58:
2757:
2641:
49:
719:
cultural heritage and decreasing their own historical and economic value.
3066:
2960:
2902:
2656:
2646:
2601:
2596:
2581:
2535:
2530:
2399:
2357:
2305:
2300:
2156:
2094:
2046:
2019:
1803:
1756:
1706:
1678:
1595:
1480:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1378:
1357:
1350:
758:
728:
531:
528:
524:
509:
394:
374:
241:
682:
In 1868, the government ordered the complete separation of Buddhism and
649:
17:
2988:
2803:
2788:
2631:
2561:
2551:
2215:
2127:
2110:
2073:
2033:
2004:
1972:
1736:
1501:
1473:
1392:
1385:
1364:
1159:
658:
114:
could provide. Having first appeared during the Nara period (710–794),
209:
were lost beings in need of liberation through the power of Buddhism.
3091:
2878:
2651:
2414:
2409:
2271:
2202:
2195:
2090:
1671:
1600:
1291:
1284:
683:
654:
461:
389:), marking an important step ahead in the process of amalgamation of
378:
296:
257:
127:
1685:
723:
were forced to become laymen. For example, the shrine today called
2940:
2747:
2719:
2661:
2404:
2362:
2100:
2009:
1762:
1722:
1713:
1699:
1605:
1448:
648:
249:
221:
was assumed by wandering monks. During his wanderings, some local
214:
151:
1198:
2829:
2181:
2163:
412:
99:
94:
2459:
1631:
1242:
1202:
2888:
2440: (in order of the size of the shrine network they head)
194:, religious complexes consisting of a shrine and a temple.
952:. Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 524–530.
481:
rituals in a separate shrine. Also, unlike those of a
1097:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 230.
987:"Honji suijaku: Die Angleichung von Buddhas und Kami"
426:, enshrining them in specially built shrines called
3054:
3033:
3026:
2959:
2916:
2887:
2856:
2847:
2822:
2776:
2728:
2670:
2620:
2502:
2493:
2392:
2376:
2350:
2319:
2224:
2173:
2148:
2028:
1963:
1772:
1642:
1588:
1465:
1315:
1255:
1132:Kamakura Kankō Bunka Kentei Kōshiki Tekisutobukku
814:, literally "traces") of distant Buddhist gods (
248:. There, Buddhist clergy would routinely recite
704:
197:The first shrine-temple ever was very probably
77:
1134:(in Japanese). Kamakura: Kamakura Shunshūsha.
1066:Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System
698:
448:
419:
345:
335:
322:
309:
288:
69:
2471:
1214:
8:
1034:A Popular Dictionary of Shinto - 'Ise Jingū'
110:, and therefore in need of a salvation only
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
3030:
2853:
2499:
2478:
2464:
2456:
1639:
1628:
1252:
1239:
1221:
1207:
1199:
1055:
1053:
377:was declared to be tutelary deity of the
182:) was made in the 8th century during the
844:
842:
558:complex and the Hakusan Shrine network.
31:
3009:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
838:
810:are in fact just local manifestations (
769:
584:Important shrine-temples of the network
316:. The main priest was tellingly called
102:with its karmic problems. At the time,
2252:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
1163:, p. 172. Tuttle Publishing (1995/06)
1124:
1122:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
27:Traditional Japanese places of worship
912:
910:
106:were thought to be also subjected to
84:were places of worship composed of a
7:
271:Because none of the very few extant
1095:Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami
550:, were founded shortly afterwards.
342:in Kyoto and Kasuga Taisha Jingu-ji
213:were then thought to be subject to
25:
989:(in German). University of Vienna
950:Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 2
860:, retrieved on February 28, 2007
806:theory, which asserts that some
785:On the subject, see the article
477:had no priestly clan performing
159:is one of the very few existing
2327:Shrine Parishioner Registration
1130:Kamakura Shōkō Kaigijo (2008).
1011:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 39.
741:and sell it as wood. Its giant
186:with the founding of so-called
120:Kami and Buddhas Separation Act
53:. The shrine (extant) is above.
2849:Schools and objects of worship
2495:Japanese Buddhist architecture
818:, literally "original land").
711:participated in the movement.
1:
3147:Religious syncretism in Japan
3072:Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
2425:Two bows, two claps, one bow
453:, literally "shrine temple")
92:, both dedicated to a local
2351:Misc practices for visitors
2337:Shrine Consolidation Policy
705:
523:was founded by a monk from
397:. When the great Buddha at
78:
3168:
3077:Japanese Buddhist pantheon
675:
565:
430:(lit. "tutelary shrine").
363:
3127:Buddhist temples in Japan
2487:Buddhist temples in Japan
2438:
1638:
1627:
1292:honden / shinden / shōden
1251:
1238:
1160:Kamakura: Fact and Legend
928:, retrieved on 20-7-2011
826:(the local manifestation)
699:
495:Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū-ji
449:
420:
381:and a little bit later a
346:
336:
323:
310:
289:
256:, to guide him or her to
70:
1060:Parent, Mary Neighbour.
873:. Encyclopedia of Shinto
749:, where they still are.
667:Tsurugaoka Hachimangū-ji
562:Twenty-two Shrine System
3142:Shinto shrines in Japan
1032:Bocking, Brian (1997).
1009:A New History of Shinto
1007:Breen, Teeuwen (2010).
800:The term refers to the
669:in Kamakura before the
314:, the monks' residence)
2814:Ōbaku Zen architecture
2503:Architectonic elements
1912:Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō
1864:daughters of Amaterasu
1316:Architectonic elements
1189:Encyclopedia of Shinto
922:Encyclopedia of Shinto
854:Encyclopedia of Shinto
673:
611:Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū
164:
54:
3122:Architecture in Japan
3004:Shitennō (Four Kings)
2332:Secular Shrine Theory
2247:Shinkai (divine rank)
1187:Kokugakuin University
926:Kokugakuin University
918:"Shinto and Buddhism"
858:Kokugakuin University
725:Tsurugaoka Hachimangū
652:
536:Iwashimizu Hachimangū
174:, or amalgamation of
155:
37:Tsurugaoka Hachimangū
35:
1782:Fushimi Inari Taisha
2577:Niō or Kongōrikishi
2257:Engishiki Jinmyocho
1919:Kumano Nachi Taisha
1245:Shinto architecture
916:Satō, Makoto:
848:Satō, Masato:
299:, a Buddhist gate (
130:temple part of the
3137:Shinto terminology
2961:Objects of worship
2276:Buddhist elements
2232:Twenty-Two Shrines
674:
568:Twenty-Two Shrines
527:called Gyōkyō who
203:Ibaraki Prefecture
165:
55:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3041:kei (ritual gong)
3022:
3021:
2843:
2842:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
1843:Dazaifu Tenman-gū
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1509:ishi-no-ma-zukuri
1141:978-4-7740-0386-3
1104:978-0-8248-2363-4
1043:978-0-7007-1051-5
1018:978-1-4051-5516-8
959:978-0-521-22352-2
902:Breen and Teeuwen
731:was until 1868 a
61:(1868–1912), the
16:(Redirected from
3159:
3031:
2854:
2730:Japanese pagodas
2683:chōzuya/temizuya
2500:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
1965:Tutelary deities
1902:Oyamakui no Kami
1816:Ise Grand Shrine
1640:
1629:
1572:sumiyoshi-zukuri
1558:ryōnagare-zukuri
1253:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1083:
1077:
1076:
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1072:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
983:Scheid, Bernhard
979:
964:
963:
946:
929:
914:
905:
900:Mark Teeuwen in
898:
883:
882:
880:
878:
867:
861:
846:
827:
798:
792:
788:Shinbutsu kakuri
783:
777:
774:
710:
708:
702:
701:
689:haibutsu kishaku
620:Sumiyoshi Taisha
548:Kitano Tenman-gū
546:, Kankei-ji and
454:
452:
451:
438:A variant of the
425:
423:
422:
351:
349:
348:
341:
339:
338:
328:
326:
325:
315:
313:
312:
294:
292:
291:
266:Ise Grand Shrine
83:
81:
75:
74:
21:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:Bettoji Temples
3132:Shinbutsu shūgō
3107:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3050:
3018:
2979:Dainichi Nyorai
2955:
2912:
2883:
2839:
2818:
2772:
2724:
2715:kyōzō or kyō-dō
2666:
2616:
2545:kentozuka: see
2524:kaerumata: see
2489:
2484:
2454:
2441:
2434:
2388:
2372:
2346:
2315:
2220:
2169:
2144:
2024:
1959:
1936:Tsushima Shrine
1860:Munakata Taisha
1836:Shinmei shrines
1809:Hachiman Shrine
1799:Usa Hachiman-gū
1768:
1634:
1615:
1584:
1530:misedana-zukuri
1488:hachiman-zukuri
1481:tsumairi-zukuri
1461:
1342:kaerumata: see
1311:
1264:chōzu or temizu
1247:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1197:
1196:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
981:
980:
967:
960:
948:
947:
932:
915:
908:
899:
886:
876:
874:
869:
868:
864:
847:
840:
835:
830:
799:
795:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
755:
716:shinbutsu bunri
696:
680:
678:shinbutsu bunri
671:shinbutsu bunri
647:
645:Shinbutsu bunri
638:Usa Hachiman-gū
632:Kitano Tenmangū
586:
570:
564:
446:
436:
417:
368:
362:
343:
333:
320:
307:
286:
252:on behalf of a
199:Usa Hachiman-gū
171:shinbutsu shūgō
150:
145:
86:Buddhist temple
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3027:Other elements
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3014:Yakushi Nyorai
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
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2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2885:
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2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
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2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:shichidō garan
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Beppyo Shrines
2239:
2237:Gokoku Shrines
2234:
2228:
2226:
2225:Classification
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2053:Chinju no Mori
2050:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1892:Hiyoshi Taisha
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:Kotoshironushi
1882:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1565:shinmei-zukuri
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1523:kibitsu-zukuri
1519:
1512:
1505:
1502:irimoya-zukuri
1498:
1495:hiyoshi-zukuri
1491:
1484:
1477:
1474:hirairi-zukuri
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1231:Shinto shrines
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1180:Satō, Masato.
1172:
1150:
1140:
1118:
1103:
1078:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1017:
999:
985:(2008-04-16).
965:
958:
930:
906:
884:
862:
837:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:
793:
778:
768:
766:
763:
754:
751:
738:shichidō garan
676:Main article:
646:
643:
642:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
608:
599:
585:
582:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
435:
432:
387:temple-shrines
364:Main article:
361:
360:Temple-shrines
358:
192:shrine-temples
149:
146:
144:
141:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:Nanto rokushū
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:Major schools
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2342:Shrine Shinto
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:Setsumatsusha
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:Miscellaneous
2172:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Matsuri float
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:(propagation)
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:Yasaka Shrine
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:Kumano Sanzan
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1579:taisha-zukuri
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:nagare-zukuri
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:kasuga-zukuri
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1386:kitsune (fox)
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1306:setsumatsusha
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:0-8048-1968-8
1166:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1147:(in Japanese)
1143:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1093:(July 2000).
1092:
1091:Teeuwen, Mark
1088:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:. Routledge.
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
988:
984:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
955:
951:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
872:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
832:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
803:honji suijaku
797:
794:
790:
789:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
762:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
712:
707:
695:
691:
690:
685:
679:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
644:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:- Shiragidera
621:
618:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
602:Kasuga Shrine
600:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
583:
581:
579:
575:
569:
561:
559:
557:
556:Kumano Sanzan
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
499:Shinto shrine
497:, now just a
496:
492:
488:
485:, monks at a
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
415:
414:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
367:
359:
357:
355:
330:
319:
306:
302:
298:
285:
284:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
162:
158:
154:
147:
142:
140:
138:
137:Shinto shrine
135:
134:
133:Kumano Sanzan
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
90:Shinto shrine
87:
80:
79:shrine temple
73:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3086:
3081:
2999:Shaka Nyorai
2969:Amida Nyōrai
2799:Shoin-zukuri
2702:
2698:
2694:
2621:
2384:Jinja Honchō
2377:Institutions
2296:Whale mounds
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2162:
2155:
2138:Shinko-shiki
2064:
2000:Yama-no-Kami
1875:Takeminakata
1792:Inari shrine
1774:Head shrines
1761:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1551:owari-zukuri
1549:
1544:ōtori-zukuri
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1185:
1175:
1158:
1153:
1131:
1094:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1033:
1027:
1008:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
949:
921:
904:(2000:95-96)
901:
877:29 September
875:. Retrieved
865:
853:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
796:
786:
781:
772:
756:
736:
732:
720:
715:
713:
694:danka system
687:
681:
670:
587:
573:
571:
551:
539:
534:from Usa to
520:
518:
514:Emperor Ōjin
506:
502:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
460:
456:
443:
439:
437:
427:
411:
406:
390:
386:
371:
369:
331:
317:
304:
280:
272:
270:
261:
253:
245:
240:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
196:
191:
187:
175:
169:
166:
160:
131:
115:
103:
93:
63:
62:
59:Meiji period
56:
48:
29:
3062:bussokuseki
2994:Marishi-ten
2693:main hall (
2623:Mon (gates)
2510:hidden roof
2311:Sōja shrine
2123:Arahitogami
2106:Jingu Taima
2076:(locations)
2015:Ubusunagami
1995:Jinushigami
1924:Kumano Kodō
1907:Sannō torii
1870:Suwa Taisha
1831:Jingu Taima
1787:Inari Ōkami
1693:Kagura suzu
1589:Decorations
1336:hidden roof
1157:Iso Mutsu.
1087:Breen, John
706:danka seido
653:A Buddhist
640:- Miroku-ji
634:- Kannon-ji
628:- Kankei-ji
626:Gion Shrine
469:. Unlike a
383:bodhisattva
184:Nara period
157:Seiganto-ji
124:Seiganto-ji
3111:Categories
3092:saisenbako
3034:Implements
2784:Daibutsuyō
2541:karesansui
2189:Kanjo Nawa
1978:Chinjugami
1897:Ōkuninushi
1880:Yasakatome
1658:Chōzubachi
1643:Implements
1299:kagura-den
1062:"Jinguuji"
993:2008-11-04
833:References
597:Enryaku-ji
593:Hie Shrine
542:, such as
519:The first
512:, soul of
57:Until the
2974:Benzaiten
2804:Shin-Wayō
2743:hōkyōintō
2678:Chinjusha
2671:Buildings
2612:onigawara
2572:nakazonae
2547:nakazonae
2526:nakazonae
2430:Jichinsai
2262:Chinjusha
2210:Miyamairi
2116:Senjafuda
2086:Kadomatsu
2080:Katashiro
2066:Meoto Iwa
2055:(forests)
2030:Yorishiro
1983:Garanshin
1953:Gion cult
1941:Gion cult
1821:Amaterasu
1751:Tamagushi
1611:Shimenawa
1407:nakazonae
1344:nakazonae
1323:Chinjusha
1256:Buildings
1182:"Jingūji"
871:"Jungūji"
850:"Jingūji"
747:Jufuku-ji
665:(薬師堂) at
615:Gokoku-ji
606:Kōfuku-ji
552:Miya-dera
428:chinjusha
366:Chinjusha
277:main hall
238:beliefs.
122:of 1868.
45:belltower
3117:Jingū-ji
3087:miyadera
3082:jingū-ji
3067:butsudan
2869:Nichiren
2809:Zenshūyō
2794:Setchūyō
2753:kasatōba
2703:butsuden
2557:katōmado
2536:karahafu
2400:Futomani
2358:Ō-mikuji
2306:Mitamaya
2301:Kamidana
2288:miyadera
2281:jingū-ji
2157:Kannushi
2061:(rocks)
2047:Shinboku
2020:Kunitama
1853:Tenmangū
1826:Jingūkyō
1804:Hachiman
1757:Masakaki
1679:Himorogi
1435:tamagaki
1414:shinboku
1379:katsuogi
1372:katōmado
1358:karahafu
1113:43487317
1071:July 24,
820:Honji-dō
753:Bettō-ji
733:jingu-ji
729:Kamakura
578:Fujiwara
574:jingū-ji
540:miyadera
538:. Other
532:Hachiman
525:Daian-ji
521:miyadera
510:Hachiman
491:miyadera
487:miyadera
483:jingū-ji
475:miyadera
471:jingū-ji
457:Miyadera
444:miyadera
442:was the
440:jingū-ji
434:Miyadera
399:Tōdai-ji
395:Buddhism
375:Hachiman
305:betsu-in
303:) and a
273:jingū-ji
262:jingū-ji
246:jingū-ji
161:jingū-ji
148:Founding
116:jingū-ji
112:Buddhism
64:jingū-ji
18:Jingu-ji
3046:mokugyō
2926:Jōjitsu
2891:schools
2874:Shingon
2738:gorintō
2637:nijūmon
2632:karamon
2562:mokoshi
2552:komainu
2520:irimoya
2515:hisashi
2420:Hakushu
2320:History
2216:Shinshi
2128:Mikoshi
2111:Omamori
2082:(dolls)
2074:Kannabi
2059:Iwakura
2049:(trees)
2042:Mirrors
2034:Shintai
2005:Oyagami
1990:Dōsojin
1973:Ujigami
1737:Shinsen
1665:Chōzuya
1393:komainu
1365:karamon
812:suijaku
659:Yakushi
544:Gionsha
529:invited
416:(chinju
347:春日大社神宮寺
188:jungūji
180:buddhas
143:History
3055:Others
2989:Kannon
2951:Sanron
2908:Rinzai
2879:Tendai
2823:Others
2777:Styles
2768:tahōtō
2763:muhōtō
2758:sotōba
2699:hon-dō
2695:kon-dō
2652:sanmon
2642:niōmon
2415:Misogi
2410:Kagura
2272:Hokora
2203:Misaki
2196:Junrei
2091:Bunrei
1848:Tenjin
1707:Ō-nusa
1700:O-miki
1672:Hakama
1633:Others
1601:Saisen
1466:Styles
1285:hokora
1278:Heiden
1271:Haiden
1167:
1138:
1111:
1101:
1040:
1015:
956:
684:Shinto
655:pagoda
503:honzon
501:. Its
462:honzon
379:Dharma
297:pagoda
281:honji-
258:satori
250:sutras
231:kami's
227:kami's
128:Tendai
88:and a
50:niōmon
47:and a
41:pagoda
2946:Ritsu
2941:Kegon
2936:Kusha
2931:Hossō
2903:Ōbaku
2720:shoin
2662:torii
2657:sōmon
2647:rōmon
2602:tokyō
2597:sōrin
2592:shōrō
2582:sandō
2531:kairō
2405:Harae
2393:Rites
2363:Shuin
2149:Staff
2101:Ofuda
2095:Kanjō
2010:Sorei
1763:Washi
1730:Shide
1723:Sanbo
1714:Gohei
1606:Tomoe
1596:Sandō
1449:torii
1442:tokyō
1428:sōrin
1421:shōrō
1351:kairō
1329:chigi
816:honji
765:Notes
759:Bettō
721:Shasō
421:鎮守/鎮主
318:shasō
295:), a
242:Kūkai
215:karma
126:is a
108:karma
2984:Jizō
2898:Sōtō
2864:Jōdo
2830:A-un
2789:Wayō
2748:hōtō
2710:kuri
2607:tōrō
2567:moya
2182:A-un
2164:Miko
2093:and
2032:and
1744:Suzu
1456:tōrō
1165:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1109:OCLC
1099:ISBN
1073:2011
1038:ISBN
1013:ISBN
954:ISBN
879:2010
824:kami
808:kami
714:The
700:檀家制度
507:kami
505:was
493:was
479:kami
473:, a
467:kami
465:) a
413:kami
407:kami
403:Nara
393:and
391:kami
372:kami
354:Nara
337:鴨神宮寺
254:kami
236:kami
223:kami
219:kami
211:Kami
207:kami
178:and
176:kami
104:kami
100:kami
95:kami
43:, a
2889:Zen
2835:ken
2688:-dō
2368:Ema
1686:Jōe
1400:mon
743:Nio
727:in
657:(a
401:in
352:in
301:mon
290:本地堂
190:or
72:神宮寺
3113::
2701:,
2697:,
1651:An
1184:.
1121:^
1107:.
1089:;
1064:.
1052:^
968:^
933:^
924:,
920:.
909:^
887:^
856:,
852:.
841:^
703:,
663:dō
613:-
604:-
595:-
516:.
455:.
450:宮寺
356:.
324:社僧
311:別院
283:dō
76:,
2705:)
2479:e
2472:t
2465:v
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
1191:.
1144:.
1128:*
1115:.
1075:.
1046:.
1021:.
996:.
962:.
881:.
791:.
709:)
697:(
661:-
447:(
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82:)
68:(
20:)
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