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particular exploded with alarming frequency, leading Qi to eschew reliance on firearms in favor of using melee tools such as swords, rattan shields, and sharpened bamboo poles. However, later in his career Qi became a strong proponent of integrating muskets after suffering several defeats to the pirates. Qi's reconsideration of firearms in warfare led to the creation of the first well-drilled musket teams in China. Qi was also a pioneer of the musket volley fire technique, which would later be adopted throughout China and Korea. Included in the manual are several passages detailing the usage of muskets, the volley fire technique, and an estimation of the percentage of firearms that would likely fail to fire.
630:. The teams could be arranged in a single line, formed two layers deep with five musketeers each, or five layers deep with two muskets per layer. Once the enemy was within range, each layer would fire in succession, and afterwards a unit armed with traditional close combat weapons would move forward ahead of the musketeers. The troops would then enter into melee combat with the enemy together. Alternatively, the musketeers could be placed behind wooden stockades or other fortifications, firing and reloading continuously by turns.
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vulnerable lancers. In battle, the two saber-and-shield men had different roles. The one on the right would hold the advance position of the squad, while the one on the left was to throw javelins and lure the enemy closer. The two men with multiple-tip spears would entangle the pirates while the lancers attacked them. The trident carriers guarded the flanks and rear.
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315:. Its primary significance is in advocating for a combined arms approach to warfare using five types of infantry and two type of support. Qi Jiguang separated infantry into five separate categories: firearms, swordsmen, archers with fire arrows, ordinary archers, and spearmen. He split support crews into horse archers and artillery units. The
890:
Some theorize that modern
Taijiquan started as the gambits described in the 32 Empty hand verses of Qi Jiguang being taken by Chen Wangting as the basis for his supposedly new art. There does seem to be notable overlap, but the number of named techniques covers only a fraction of the techniques even
657:
The standard procedure for the procurement of weapons for a commander such as Qi
Jiguang was for production quotas to be assigned by provincial officials to each local district under the commander's responsibility. The resulting weapons produced under this system varied widely in quality. Muskets in
634:
Once the enemy has approached to within 100-paces, listen for one's own commander (總) to fire once, and then each time a horn is blown the arquebusiers fire one layer. One after another, five horn tones, and five layers fire. Once this is done, listen for the tap of a drum, at which then one platoon
886:
Techniques: Cannon
Towards Head, Goose Spreads Wings; are described in enough detail to be recognized as almost exactly the same to this day. Others such as Single Whip, Golden Rooster, Push Mountain, Seven Star Stance, Red Fist, Beast Head Pose, are staples of several northern Chinese martial arts
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Each squad was drilled in coordinated and mutually supportive combat scenarios with clearly defined roles. Because Qi's troops were recruited from peasant stock, and were not considered the equals of their
Japanese foes, Qi Jiguang emphasized the use of combined arms and squad tactics. Units were
216:
Qi
Jiguang's 'new mandarin duck formation.' This modified formation was created to suit the conditions of North China where the primary opponents were mobile horse riding nomads. Due to their high mobility, firearms were not heavily emphasized and only two men wielded firearms: a matchlock and a
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Ideally an entire musket team would have ten musketeers, but often had four or two in practice. The optimal musket formation that Qi proposed was a twelve-man musket team similar to the melee mandarin duck formation. However, instead of fighting in a hand to hand formation, they operated on the
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After suffering several defeats to pirates, Qi also made a recommendation for a concerted campaign to integrate musket teams into the army, based on their superior range and firepower compared to bows and arrows. Qi became enamored with the musket after his defeats and became one of the primary
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The mandarin duck formation was ideally symmetrical. Excluding the corporal and cook/porter, the ten remaining men could be split into two identical five-man squads. This was so that when
Japanese pirates made it past the long lances, the saber-and-shield men formed a protective screen for the
369:. The first edition was written from 1560-1561 and consists of 18 chapters. It is known as the 18-chapter edition. The second edition, published in 1584 during Qi's forced retirement, included re-edited and new material compiled in 14 chapters. It is known as the 14-chapter edition.
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also spurred great interest in military training methods within the Korean government. Qi
Jiguang's writings were of particular interest because of his successful campaigns against Japanese pirates several decades prior. The 14-chapter edition of the
694:, covers the subject of unarmed combat. Qi Jiguang regarded unarmed fighting as being useless on the battlefield. However, he recognized its value as a form of basic training to strengthen his troops, improving their physical fitness and confidence.
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While a hanfull of postures are illustrated, the tone of the verses implies that the reader should already be familiar with the techniques mentioned, or that Qi had little interest in actually divulging any empty hand fighting methods in his text.
207:
Qi
Jiguang's 'mandarin duck formation' in standby and combat. It consisted of two teams of five, one leader, and one porter. Each team consisted of one swordsman who was the leader, one wolf brush soldier, two pikemen, and one trident
697:
In 32 verses, Qi describes several empty-hand ploys from among the martial arts of the period. The descriptions of the techniques are written in verse, typically with seven characters per line, three sections per verse.
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In the chapter's introduction, Qi names sixteen different fighting styles, all of which he considered to have been handed down in an incomplete fashion, "some missing the lower part, some missing the upper".
635:(哨) comes forward, proceeding to in front of the arquebusiers. They then listen for a beat of the drum, and then the blowing of the swan-call horn, and they then give a war cry and go forth and give battle.
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The entire part of the blade where the back or ridge of the blade joins the cutting edge must be filed so that they appear seamlessly joined together. This process is necessary to enable the sword to cut
701:
These pithy descriptions rarely describe any technique in reproduceable detail. They allude to techniques rather obliquely, with a rough picture, with a follow up ploy or action, and often a boast.
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in 1555, where he created his own standards of military organization, equipment, tactics, training, and procedures. He published his thoughts on military techniques, tactics, and strategies in the
94:
199:, and three pikemen. 'Secret formations' were deployed on flat terrain in large blocks so that the shieldmen and wolf brush soldiers protected the pikemen from arrows and melee weapons.
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Some of these techniques are preserved in modern martial arts. 15 techniques have extremely similar or exact names to those in modern-day
Taijiquan, especially Chen Style. They are:
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rewarded or punished collectively: an officer was executed if his entire unit fled the enemy, and if a squad leader was killed in battle, the whole squad would be put to death.
921:). However, the later manual, with a preface dated to 1784, altered the text, adding a spurious claim that the history of hand combat had originated at the Shaolin Monastery.
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Qi
Jiguang's 'killer squad.' The killer squad was a reconfigured Mandarin Duck formation. It was often used in conjunction with the 'firearm squad' to provide melee support.
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Qi Jiguang was one of several Ming authors to document the military tactics and martial arts techniques of the era. The earliest known documentation of specific styles of
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with respect to military training and warfare. Several contemporary martial arts styles of Qi's era are mentioned in the book, including the staff method of the
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The 'secret formation,' a predecessor to Qi Jiguang's Mandarin Duck formation. The five man team consisted of a leader armed with a shield, a man wielding a
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in early lists of Taijiquan routines, much less the latter ones. It is just as likely many techniques were simply widespread in that era.
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Qi's discussion of hand-to-hand combat makes no mention of a spiritual element to the martial arts, nor does it allude to breathing or
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The entire listing of late Ming dynasty martial arts was later copied without attribution by a manual of the Shaolin style, the
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proponents of their use in the Ming army. He favored it for its accuracy and its ability to penetrate armor.
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Qi Jiguang's 'firearm squad.' The firearm squad consisted of one squad leader, ten troopers, and one porter.
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were produced during the late Ming piracy crisis, as scholars and generals such as Qi and his contemporary
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The material of iron used must be forged many times (that is, heated, hammered and folded numerous times).
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In Japan both the 14- and 18-chapter editions were published several times, and some methods from the
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Unarmed fighting as depicted in the manual, which includes postures such as the elbow wing block from
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turned their attention to reversing the decline of the Ming military. In the late 16th century, the
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910:, published around 1610. By contrast, Shaolin unarmed fighting techniques are not mentioned.
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pirates, who were ostensibly Japanese in origin. Qi Jiguang was assigned to the defense of
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221:. Except for the squad leader, the archer, the rest stand ready to engage in melee combat.
1807:
1393:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
335:
In the late 16th century the military of the Ming dynasty was in poor condition. As the
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The following steps in the manufacturing process of the short sword are necessary:
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is also one of the earliest-existing East Asian texts to address the relevance of
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535:, Qi Jiguang recommended a 12-man team known as the "mandarin duck formation" (
488:(Chapter on the Fist Canon and the Essentials of Nimbleness); unarmed fighting
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served as a model for the oldest-known extant Korean military manual, the
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Around 40 martial postures are identified in Qi's text by name. They are:
626:, which Qi pioneered prior to the publication of the first edition of the
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onward represent a synthesis of functional martial arts techniques with
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The manual provides the following description of the forging of swords:
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The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts
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The cutting edge must be made from the best steel, free of impurities.
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An English Translation of General Qi Jiguang's "Quanjing Jieyao Pian"
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Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century
553:), which consisted of 11 soldiers and one person for logistics.
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The chapters included in the 18-chapter edition are as follows:
229:
Qi Jiguang's 'infantry squad' – a contingent of armored soldiers
59:
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1489:
307:
is a military manual written during the 1560s and 1580s by the
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circulation. By contrast, Chinese martial arts texts from the
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The 'second power formation' is a split 'mandarin duck squad'
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Field camp activities; in-camp drilling with flags and drums
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raided the northern frontier, China's coastline fell prey to
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1587, a Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline
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The army prepares for combat and deploys in battle lines.
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972:, and was disseminated among Korean military thinkers.
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health practices, breathing exercises, and meditation.
1375:
Military Effectiveness New Treatise (18 Chapter) 15-17
1368:
Military Effectiveness New Treatise (18 Chapter) 11-14
1361:
Military Effectiveness New Treatise (18 Chapter) 07-10
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Military Effectiveness New Treatise (18 Chapter) 01-06
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Illustrations of standards, banners, and signal drums
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Military Effectiveness New Treatise (18 Chapter) 18
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2573:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
983:(Okugisho), a Japanese strategy book written by
557:4 men with long lances (twelve feet or longer) (
496:Devices and formations for defending city walls
2608:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
908:Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method
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429:Evaluating soldiers; rewards and punishments
357:after achieving several victories in battle.
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1095:– mid-14th-century Chinese military treatise
413:Issuing orders; prohibitions during combat
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902:, which was later documented in detail in
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27:15th-century military manual by Qi Jiguang
1103:– Chinese military book compiled in 1621
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1004:Layout of the 'mandarin duck formation'
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2695:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
2632:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
2465:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
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600:1 cook/porter (logistical personnel) (
2700:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
1348:from the original on November 9, 2013
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1064:A fortified camp formation from the
257:(on the right) and rising elbow(顶肘,
2535:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
882:Canonball Against the Head maneuver
826:Canonball against the head maneuver
802:Grounded sparrow beneath the dragon
690:, this latter section known as the
568:, one on each side of the lancers (
304:New Treatise on Military Efficiency
1028:The 'lesser third power formation'
754:splitting strike and pushing press
593:1 corporal (with the squad flag) (
25:
88:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1087:written from around 1040 to 1044
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
870:Elbow that bores the heart
846:Golden Rooster stands on one leg
823:Eagle seizes the rabbit position
718:Golden rooster stands on one leg
778:Well railing four-wise balanced
586:2 men with tridents or swords (
3060:Category:Early modern firearms
2568:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
2539:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
1395:, Princeton University Press,
730:Yellow flower close in tightly
549:
365:There are two editions of the
297:
288:
280:
1:
3101:Infantry units and formations
2525:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
2505:Belton M1777 repeating musket
979:were transferred over to the
898:Among the arts listed is the
2651:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
840:Going Out the Door position
820:Loose hands scissor maneuver
2792:Medieval large calibre guns
2440:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
2410:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
1332:Gyves, Clifford M. (1993),
1040:The 'third power formation'
961:Japanese invasions of Korea
858:Mount the dragon backwards
3142:
2530:M1696 French common musket
1470:University of Hawaii Press
1445:Cambridge University Press
1373:Qi, Ji Guang 紀效新書·卷十五~卷十七
1366:Qi, Ji Guang 紀效新書·卷十一~卷十四
790:elbow that bores the heart
763:middle four level position
742:Mount the dragon backwards
712:Going Out the door posture
643:(18-chapter edition, 1560)
3055:
2873:Byzantine rocket launcher
2647:Breech-loading swivel gun
2460:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
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1516:Types of Chinese weaponry
1341:, University of Arizona,
793:Finger opposition posture
772:Reverse stabbing position
769:upper four level position
540:
2483:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
2430:Meriam kecil hand cannon
2395:Heilongjiang hand cannon
2355:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
1439:Lorge, Peter A. (2011),
1359:Qi, Ji Guang 紀效新書·卷七~卷十
1352:Qi, Ji Guang 紀效新書·卷首~卷六
879:Straddling Tiger posture
876:Wild Goose Wings stance
864:Capture and Grab stance
817:Straddling tiger posture
3111:Ming dynasty literature
3065:Category:Early firearms
2882:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
861:Elbow in hand position
852:Push and upend Mt. Tai
832:Banner and drum posture
811:Wild goose wings stance
760:Capture and grab stance
527:Mandarin duck formation
67:The Methods of the Sima
45:Seven Military Classics
3096:Chinese military texts
2469:Shou Chong hand cannon
2327:History of the firearm
2255:Eighteen Arms of Wushu
1380:Qi, Ji Guang 紀效新書·卷十八
919:Quanjing quanfa beiyao
775:Back-facing bow stance
766:Crouched tiger posture
751:Elbow in hand position
745:lower jabbing position
679:
646:
602:fuze huoshi de huobing
564:2 men with sabers and
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36:Chinese military texts
3091:Chinese classic texts
2915:rocket arrow launcher
2909:rocket arrow launcher
2893:Fire crow rocket bomb
2520:Che Dian Chong musket
2405:Huo Chong hand cannon
1423:Yale University Press
987:in the 16th century.
748:Ambush crouch posture
686:In Chapter 14 of the
397:Signals and commands
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244:
236:
228:
215:
206:
194:
122:Thirty-Six Stratagems
95:Questions and Replies
3106:Martial arts manuals
2902:Hale rocket launcher
2593:Spanish M1752 musket
2473:Tanegashima arquebus
2375:English horse pistol
2317:History of gunpowder
1384:, Archive.org (107p)
1377:, Archive.org (189p)
1370:, Archive.org (134p)
1363:, Archive.org (172p)
1356:, Archive.org (185p)
953:Chinese martial arts
932:Ming–Qing transition
900:Shaolin staff method
733:push to upend Mt.Tai
692:Quanjing Jieyao Pian
486:Quanjing Jieyao Pian
321:Chinese martial arts
115:Sun Bin's Art of War
74:Six Secret Teachings
2921:(Chinese petroleum)
2812:Dardanelles bombard
2783:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
2735:Obusier de vaisseau
1861:(nine section whip)
1083:– Chinese military
915:Hand Combat Classic
873:Beast Head position
796:Beast head position
577:multiple-tip spears
285:traditional Chinese
2951:Thunder crash bomb
2598:Springfield musket
2515:Charleville musket
2415:Istinggar arquebus
2149:(deer horn knives)
2064:Thunder crash bomb
1307:, pp. 148–149
1295:, pp. 116–117
1235:, pp. 170–171
1223:, pp. 167–169
1170:, pp. 168–169
843:Single Whip stance
829:Shuan shouh strike
784:Ghost kicking foot
781:rapid boring split
736:Aloes wood posture
721:Reclined ox stance
715:Single whip stance
653:Weapons production
512:Guarding outposts
461:Use of the shield
421:Training officers
405:Motivating troops
277:simplified Chinese
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3073:
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2961:Firing mechanisms
2940:Petroleum naphtha
2845:Pumhart von Steyr
2808:Byzantine bombard
2710:Hu Dun Pao cannon
2510:Brown Bess musket
2263:
2262:
2209:Armour and Helmet
1697:
1696:
1565:(butterfly sword)
1479:978-0-8248-3349-7
1454:978-0-521-87881-4
1432:978-0-300-02518-7
1402:978-0-691-13597-7
855:Seven Star strike
808:Knockdown posture
739:Seven star strike
524:
523:
189:
188:
16:(Redirected from
3133:
3086:Weapons of China
2745:Pierrier a boite
2478:Toradar arquebus
2425:Jiaozhi arquebus
2350:Bajozutsu pistol
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1731:
1719:
1718:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1528:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1457:
1435:
1420:
1405:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:, pp. 56–57
1278:
1272:
1271:, pp. 34–35
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:, pp. 16–18
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
985:Yamamoto Kansuke
757:One instant step
682:Unarmed fighting
644:
559:chang qiang shou
551:
542:
520:Coastal warfare
453:Use of polearms
389:Five-man squads
375:
299:
290:
282:
181:
174:
167:
32:
21:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3051:
3018:
2955:
2925:Mysorean rocket
2877:Congreve rocket
2849:
2787:
2612:
2487:
2365:Combination gun
2331:
2303:
2301:thermal weapons
2294:
2264:
2259:
2243:
2196:
2074:
1895:
1885:Chang xiao bang
1835:(meteor hammer)
1820:
1693:
1634:
1563:Hudie shuangdao
1517:
1514:
1480:
1460:
1455:
1438:
1433:
1409:
1403:
1387:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1005:
1002:
993:
949:
805:Sun-facing hand
684:
655:
645:
639:
615:
529:
363:
333:
185:
156:
155:
109:
101:
100:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3047:Wujing Zongyao
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:Snap matchlock
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2890:(rocket arrow)
2885:
2884:(flamethrower)
2879:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Potzdam musket
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Jazayer musket
2545:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:Historiography
2319:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2297:Early firearms
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2016:Che Dian Chong
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:(monk's spade)
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1559:
1547:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1458:
1453:
1436:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1389:Andrade, Tonio
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1211:, p. 173.
1201:
1199:, p. 174.
1189:
1187:, p. 172.
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:Wujing Zongyao
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1003:
996:
992:
989:
981:Heiho Hidensho
948:
945:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:Spy technique
847:
844:
841:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:clipping split
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:
670:
654:
651:
637:
614:
611:
606:
605:
598:
591:
588:duan bing shou
584:
581:lang xian shou
573:
566:rattan shields
562:
528:
525:
522:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
490:
489:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
470:
469:Use of swords
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
362:
359:
332:
329:
325:Shaolin temple
187:
186:
184:
183:
176:
169:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
146:
139:
132:
129:Wujing Zongyao
125:
118:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
91:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
53:The Art of War
48:
43:
42:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Jixiao Xinshu
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Miquelet lock
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:Orban bombard
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Korean cannon
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Kabyle musket
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Jezail musket
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Java arquebus
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Howdah pistol
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2028:Xun Lei Chong
2025:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:San yan chong
2001:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:Roped/chained
1823:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1785:Hongyingqiang
1782:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1443:, Cambridge:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1421:, New Haven:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1319:, p. 202
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1247:, p. 172
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:, p. 168
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 159
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:Jixiao Xinshu
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:Jixiao Xinshu
973:
971:
967:
966:Jixiao Xinshu
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
922:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
904:Cheng Zongyou
901:
896:
892:
888:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:fall recovery
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:spy technique
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
693:
689:
688:Jixiao Xinshu
681:
674:
671:
668:
667:
666:
662:
659:
652:
650:
642:
641:Jixiao Xinshu
636:
631:
629:
628:Jixiao Xinshu
625:
622:principle of
619:
612:
610:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
555:
554:
552:
550:yuānyāng zhèn
546:
538:
534:
533:Jixiao Xinshu
526:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
384:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
368:
367:Jixiao Xinshu
360:
358:
356:
355:Jixiao Xinshu
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:Jixiao Xinshu
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
298:Jìxiào xīnshū
294:
286:
278:
274:
273:
272:Jixiao Xinshu
265:(on the left)
264:
260:
256:
251:
243:
235:
227:
220:
214:
205:
198:
193:
182:
177:
175:
170:
168:
163:
162:
160:
159:
152:
151:
147:
145:
144:
143:Jixiao Xinshu
140:
138:
137:
133:
131:
130:
126:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
112:
111:
105:
104:
97:
96:
92:
90:
89:
85:
83:
82:
78:
76:
75:
71:
69:
68:
64:
62:
61:
57:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Jixiao xinshu
3121:Warrior code
3036:
2994:Muzzleloader
2969:Breechloader
2947:rocket arrow
2919:Meng Huo You
2870:rocket arrow
2860:incendiaries
2832:Grose Bochse
2778:Wankou Chong
2231:
2219:
2207:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2062:
2050:
2040:Wankou Chong
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1956:Tu Huo Qiang
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1845:
1833:Liuxing Chui
1832:
1808:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1726:(dagger-axe)
1723:
1710:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1549:
1537:
1531:Short swords
1468:, Honolulu:
1465:
1462:Shahar, Meir
1440:
1416:
1392:
1334:
1326:Bibliography
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1259:, p. 33
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1209:Andrade 2016
1204:
1197:Andrade 2016
1192:
1185:Andrade 2016
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1122:, p. 62
1115:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1065:
980:
976:
974:
965:
950:
938:
925:
923:
918:
914:
912:
907:
897:
893:
889:
887:in general.
885:
835:
727:short strike
707:
703:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:
664:
660:
656:
647:
640:
633:
627:
620:
616:
607:
601:
594:
587:
580:
570:dun pai shou
569:
558:
548:
532:
530:
485:
371:
366:
364:
354:
344:
334:
316:
309:Ming dynasty
303:
302:
296:
271:
270:
268:
258:
148:
142:
141:
134:
127:
120:
113:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:
51:
29:
3116:1560s books
3032:Huolongjing
3024:Literatures
2827:Faule Mette
2822:Faule Grete
2817:Dulle Griet
2680:Ekor lotong
2642:Baton a feu
2543:Jäger rifle
2435:Muff pistol
2390:Hand mortar
2385:Hand cannon
2360:Blunderbuss
2248:Major lists
2233:Hook shield
2185:Fenghuo lun
1992:Rocket cart
1859:Jiujie bian
1848:(rope dart)
1639:Long swords
1305:Shahar 2008
1293:Shahar 2008
1281:Shahar 2008
1120:Shahar 2008
1092:Huolongjing
799:Spirit fist
624:volley fire
575:2 men with
136:Huolongjing
108:Other texts
3126:1584 books
3080:Categories
2935:Pen Huo Qi
2897:Greek fire
2888:Fire arrow
2773:Xanadu Gun
2760:Swivel gun
2750:Pot de fer
2690:Fauconneau
2380:Fire lance
2201:Protection
2160:Hook sword
2147:Lujiao dao
2052:Hu dun pao
1932:Fire arrow
1900:Projectile
1846:Sheng biao
1809:Yueya chan
1411:Huang, Ray
1317:Lorge 2011
1269:Gyves 1993
1257:Gyves 1993
1245:Huang 1981
1233:Huang 1981
1221:Huang 1981
1168:Huang 1981
1156:Huang 1981
1144:Gyves 1993
1132:Huang 1981
1108:References
1085:compendium
445:The march
341:Altan Khan
339:forces of
331:Background
313:Qi Jiguang
219:tiller gun
197:wolf brush
81:Wei Liaozi
3042:Wubei Zhi
3014:Wheellock
2999:Snaphance
2984:Matchlock
2979:Flintlock
2945:Singijeon
2768:Veuglaire
2764:Tarasnice
2740:Organ gun
2705:Hongyipao
2670:Chongtong
2660:Carronade
2619:artillery
2583:Musketoon
2450:Pepperbox
1980:Shouchong
1683:Zhanmadao
1624:Yanmaodao
1600:Niuweidao
1100:Wubei Zhi
947:Influence
595:dui zhang
434:7. and 8.
259:Dǐng zhǒu
150:Wubei Zhi
3004:Snaplock
2837:Mons Meg
2685:Falconet
2675:Culverin
2637:Basilisk
2603:Wall gun
2445:Petronel
2345:Arquebus
2337:Firearms
2312:Timeline
2079:Handheld
1968:Huochong
1944:Huoqiang
1920:Zhuge nu
1703:Polearms
1647:Changdao
1588:Liuyedao
1464:(2008),
1413:(1981),
1391:(2016),
1343:archived
1073:See also
970:Muyejebo
957:Yu Dayou
867:Red fist
638:—
613:Firearms
604:負責夥食的火兵)
477:Archery
381:Subject
361:Contents
351:Zhejiang
311:general
263:Bajiquan
208:soldier.
2974:Doglock
2930:Naphtha
2907:Huo Che
2868:Bo-hiya
2856:rockets
2804:Basilic
2799:Bombard
2720:Lantaka
2665:Cetbang
2497:muskets
2172:Ji lian
1712:Guandao
1659:Miaodao
1612:Piandao
991:Gallery
537:Chinese
531:In the
378:Chapter
255:Nanquan
2913:Hwacha
2854:Early
2755:Prangi
2730:Mortar
2655:Cannon
2617:Early
2578:Musket
2558:Jingal
2493:Rifles
2455:Pistol
2370:Dragon
2221:Shield
2123:Emeici
1872:Sanjie
1523:Swords
1476:
1451:
1429:
1399:
940:daoyin
936:Daoist
547::
545:pinyin
539::
337:Mongol
295::
293:pinyin
287::
279::
261:)from
1773:Qiang
1761:Podao
1671:Wodao
1539:Dadao
1346:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
676:well.
346:wokou
301:) or
2858:and
2725:Lela
2627:Abus
2495:and
2299:and
2135:Jiǎn
2111:Chúi
2087:Biān
1797:Tang
1576:Jian
1569:蝴蝶雙刀
1474:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1397:ISBN
590:短兵手)
583:狼筅手)
572:盾牌手)
561:長槍手)
289:紀效新書
281:纪效新书
269:The
60:Wuzi
2190:風火輪
2153:鹿角刀
2128:峨嵋刺
2099:Chǐ
2069:震天雷
2057:虎蹲砲
2045:碗口銃
2033:迅雷銃
2021:掣電銃
2009:三眼銃
1997:火箭車
1961:突火槍
1925:諸葛弩
1890:長小棒
1878:三節棍
1874:gun
1865:九節鞭
1839:流星錘
1815:月牙鏟
1790:紅纓槍
1737:Gun
1688:斬馬刀
1629:雁毛刀
1605:牛尾刀
1593:柳葉刀
1551:Dao
906:'s
597:隊長)
541:鴛鴦陣
517:18.
509:17.
501:16.
493:15.
482:14.
474:13.
466:12.
458:11.
450:10.
3082::
2237:鉤鑲
2213:甲胄
2177:鷄鐮
1985:手銃
1973:火銃
1949:火槍
1937:火箭
1908:Nu
1852:繩鏢
1766:朴刀
1749:Ji
1724:Ge
1717:關刀
1676:倭刀
1664:苗刀
1652:長刀
1617:片刀
1544:大刀
1472:,
1447:,
1425:,
1175:^
927:qi
543:;
442:9.
426:6.
418:5.
410:4.
402:3.
394:2.
386:1.
327:.
291:;
283:;
2289:e
2282:t
2275:v
2225:盾
2164:鉤
2140:鐧
2116:錘
2104:尺
2092:鞭
1913:弩
1802:镗
1778:槍
1754:戟
1742:棍
1730:戈
1581:劍
1556:刀
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
1406:.
917:(
579:(
275:(
180:e
173:t
166:v
20:)
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