749:
135:
285:
443:
defended as worthy models all the various forms and authors. Antoni de
Bofarull defended sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Catalan authors and the Barcelonese dialect as the best models for Catalan poetry. Finally, there was a "third way" that upheld a unique nineteenth-century Catalan poetry in
348:, the prizes for which were provided by the municipal government of Barcelona. There is no record of the names of the winners, the prizes, or their poems. With the death of John two months later and his conflict with the city, the floral games and their source of prize money came to an end.
438:
The intellectual and political classes swiftly patronised the Jocs
Florals and their support lent renewed prestige to Catalan poetry. Several different positions soon became apparent with respect to the models to be used for the creation of a Catalan literature.
444:
Barcelonese dialect, but it had few defenders among the supporters of the Jocs
Florals. In the end, the Jocs attracted persons of a wide variety of ideologies: republicans, conservatives, the young people. Eventually,
448:
and his followers would participate in the majority of contests. The Jocs
Florals went a long way to re-asserting the Catalan language after centuries of decline with respect to Castilian.
1141:
772:. A total of seventeen prizes were awarded annually; the three top prizes were identical to those of the Barcelonan games. On top of the usual contests that included theatre and
276:. This contest was the first Catalan attempt to emulate the Toulouse games and it may have been part of a pattern of isolated events, though no other records have reached us.
205:
Initially the floral games were intended to keep alive the poetic language and style of the
Occitan troubadours, but in time this aim was forgotten. In 1471 the
355:(MartĂ l'HumĂ , MartĂn I d'AragĂłn), agreed to subsidise the annual festival and cover the cost of the gold and silver prizes for the winners, to be chosen by
876:
Proper floral games lasted up until
Antoine D'Abbadie's death in 1897, but their legacy was taken over by like initiatives, such as the Basque Festival in
857:
celebration, improving the social status of Basque culture, and encouraging literary production at either side of the French-Spanish border (especially
264:, at which awards were given to those poems judged the best. A panel of judges was designated in advance by the king. The winning poets received a
1136:
216:: notwithstanding that he was French, because he composed in the language of Toulouse. In 1554 the Constistori, now the Collège, awarded a silver
748:
1131:
1206:
1156:
431:) to the greatest religious poem. There were other lesser prizes. A person winning all three great prizes was given the honorific title of
1097:
The poetic academy of
Toulouse is well known, that of Paris is only mentioned here, and the other unspecified cities remain unidentified.
166:, annually from 1324, traditionally on 1 May. It is considered the oldest literary society in Europe. One contestant would receive the
179:
1020:
1002:
974:
178:), and the other prizes, awarded for particular poetic forms, were similarly floral. The first prize was awarded on 3 May 1324 to
1241:
196:. From this period of 160 years survive the record of around a hundred prizes. These contests were judged in accordance with the
48:
1196:
838:
826:
1226:
1221:
1161:
667:
542:
518:
325:(15 May) or the following Sunday in Barcelona. The festival included a Catalan poetry contest, modelled on those held in
1216:
1201:
846:
799:
have acted as maintainers, i.e. presidents and judges of the Jocs, and in 1914 and 1999 the maintainers were women. The
241:
1231:
1191:
1166:
1246:
1236:
1171:
597:
488:
727:
193:
134:
1176:
1146:
905:
899:
655:
579:
157:
812:
639:
536:
506:
139:
627:
591:
567:
548:
1251:
1186:
796:
573:
512:
494:
482:
470:
341:
233:
697:
633:
558:
364:
1211:
1151:
854:
649:
621:
609:
603:
500:
941:
476:
344:
is believed to have taken place on 28 March 1395, with the king in attendance. This festival is called a
703:
392:
372:
733:
210:
661:
1181:
946:
920:
in 1909. The games were the most prestigious
Esperanto event in the era before the Second World War.
816:
715:
585:
368:
229:
721:
679:
524:
445:
1009:
777:
615:
530:
440:
769:
261:
464:
396:
284:
998:
970:
709:
352:
289:
221:
123:
776:
as well as poetry, there were extraordinary contests held by institutions all throughout the
937:
877:
792:
673:
306:
82:
73:
64:
58:
42:
38:
1028:
849:(Anton Abbadia), an outstanding Basque French scholar and man of science settling down in
428:
423:(natural flower, the prize of honour, an actual rose) for the greatest love poem, and the
217:
171:
110:
97:
691:
416:
198:
192:. The contests were held intermittently until 1484, when the last prize was awarded to
981:
Paden, William D. (1995). "The
Troubadours and the Albigensian Crusade: A Long View."
333:, and other illustrious cities, and the poems submitted would be judged by a panel of
1125:
685:
388:
206:
765:
753:
322:
966:
The Origin and
Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship
886:("Seven provinces make one (territory)") was first coined in the context of the
882:
384:
318:
189:
375:, who had succeeded Martin, confirmed that the floral games occurred on 1 May.
764:
two decades after the ones in Barcelona. The games were traditionally held by
151:
170:, golden violet, for the poem judged the best. The second prize was a silver
917:
821:
807:(golden chair) is elected alternatingly from the three Valencian provinces (
773:
253:
184:
17:
954:
she infrequently used her given name of Lucila Godoy for her publications.
870:
829:
with the attendance of the highest dignitaries of the Valencian Community.
933:
866:
808:
761:
326:
302:
237:
163:
143:
115:
862:
858:
850:
309:(Joan I el Caçador / Chuan lo Cazataire) founded an annual festival (
257:
34:
288:
Location of the medieval Catalan games, the square in front of the
214:
n'ostan qu'el fos Frances, per so que dictec el lengatge de Tholosa
747:
411:(Country, Faith, Love), alluding to the three typical prizes: the
330:
283:
269:
133:
33:
were any of a series of historically related poetry contests with
880:(presently held in early September). The coat of arms of the
114:). The original contests may have been inspired by the Roman
407:) in Barcelona on the first Sunday in May with the theme of
202:, a grammatical and literary treatise on Occitan poetry.
155:
853:. The festival aimed at providing a gathering point for
359:(maintainers) named by the king. Under Martin a great
224:, the greatest French poet of his generation, for his
367:âa recent addition the royal palace complexâand the
240:
the Collège bestowed on him. The Consistori, as the
142:(16th century) is the seat of the Floral Games of
1142:Recurring events established in the 14th century
904:The Barcelonan games inspired an imitation, the
346:bella festa ... an honor de la dita gaya ciencia
756:, which organises the Valencian games annually
268:(golden rose) and a piece of expensive golden
419:) given for the greatest patriotic poem, the
363:was held in 1408 beneath the walls where the
8:
996:, Vol. I. Fascicles de l'Avui: Edicions 62.
256:, 31 May 1338, a poetic contest was held at
968:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
783:The Jocs of Valencia witnessed thirty-five
940:, who took her pen name from Occitan poet
791:(top prize, an actual rose). Figures like
340:The first recorded contest held by John's
760:In 1879 Jocs Florals were established at
1051:
928:A national literary contest called the
841:, the renaissance of the floral games (
645:
554:
460:
109:
96:
81:
72:
63:
57:
7:
1016:, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel.
371:meet in Barcelona. On 17 March 1413
317:) to be celebrated in honour of the
825:. Today the Jocs take place in the
1014:Història de la Literatura Catalana
994:Història de la Literatura Catalana
25:
399:re-established the floral games (
351:On 1 May 1398, John's successor,
150:The original floral games of the
519:Francesc d'AssĂs Ubach i Vinyeta
910:Juegos Florales Internacionales
501:Francesc-Pelai Briz i FernĂ ndez
435:("Master of the Gay Science").
180:Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari
41:, their original language, and
1137:1320s establishments in France
869:). It was first celebrated in
787:and two female winners of the
1:
1132:1324 establishments in Europe
86:). In French they became the
598:Guillem August Tell i Lafont
563:1887 â Terenci Thos i Codina
387:in 1859, during the Catalan
1207:Medieval Catalan literature
1157:Catalan-language literature
992:Prado, Joan Manuel (1989).
989::2 (Nov.), pp. 168â91.
914:Jocs Florals Internacionals
489:Josep LluĂs Pons i Gallarza
311:la festa de la Gaya Ciencia
292:(plaça del Rei), Barcelona.
236:received his name from the
1268:
897:
728:Ramon Muntanyola i Llorach
543:Jacint Verdaguer i SantalĂł
194:Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon
656:Felip GraugĂŠs i Camprodon
580:Anicet de Pagès i de Puig
244:, continues to function.
242:AcadĂŠmie des Jeux floraux
156:
944:, won top prize for her
936:in 1914. On 22 December
906:Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj
900:Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj
803:(queen) who sits in the
640:Ramon Garriga i Boixader
537:Damas Calvet de BudallĂŠs
507:Jaume Collell i Bancells
158:Consistori del Gay Saber
74:[ËdĘÉksfluËÉžals]
65:[ËdĘÉksfloËÉžals]
27:Historic poetry contests
1242:Annual events in France
668:Mercè Rodoreda i GurguĂ
628:Llorenç Riber i Campins
592:Francesc Badenes Dalmau
568:Joaquim Riera i Bertran
549:Josep Franquesa i Gomis
405:Jocs de la Gaia Ciència
342:Consistori de Barcelona
59:[ËĘÉksfluËÉžals]
1197:Old Occitan literature
757:
650:Josep Maria de Sagarra
622:Joan Alcover i Maspons
610:Joan Maragall i Gorina
604:Miquel Costa i Llobera
574:Josep Marti i Folguera
513:Tomàs Forteza i Cortès
495:Adolf Blanch i Cortada
483:Marian AguilĂł i Fuster
471:Jeroni RossellĂł Ribera
373:Ferdinand of Antequera
293:
147:
1025:Enciclopèdia Catalana
964:Boase, Roger (1977).
751:
698:NarcĂs Lunes i Boloix
634:Manuel Folch i Torres
559:Ramon PicĂł i Campamar
365:Mirador del rei MartĂ
305:on 20 February 1393,
287:
137:
1227:Valencian literature
1222:History of Barcelona
1162:Esperanto literature
950:. After winning the
947:Sonetos de la Muerte
797:Niceto AlcalĂĄ-Zamora
785:Mestres en Gai Saber
453:Mestres en Gai Saber
369:Palau del Lloctinent
122:) held in honour of
111:[loÉžejokoak]
1217:History of Valencia
1202:History of Toulouse
477:Joaquim RubiĂł i Ors
433:Mestre en Gai Saber
425:Viola d'or i argent
409:Patria, Fides, Amor
220:to none other than
1232:Flowers in culture
1192:Literary societies
1167:Occitan literature
845:) was fostered by
770:Valencian language
758:
734:Olga Xirinacs DĂaz
704:Carles Pi i Sunyer
393:Antoni de Bofarull
294:
262:Peter IV of Aragon
148:
83:[fluËÉžaws]
68:, modern Occitan:
45:they are known as
1247:Arts competitions
1237:Flora (mythology)
1172:Basque literature
1058:Archaic spelling
1006:
983:Romance Philology
978:
847:Antoine D'Abbadie
741:
740:
710:Manuel de Pedrolo
427:(gold and silver
383:At the height of
353:Martin the Humane
290:Palau Reial Major
234:Fabre d'Ăglantine
222:Pierre de Ronsard
211:Peire de Janilhac
188:in praise of the
154:were held by the
101:), and in Basque
98:[ĘøflÉĘo]
16:(Redirected from
1259:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1027:. Archived from
1010:Riquer, MartĂ de
997:
969:
942:FrĂŠdĂŠric Mistral
938:Gabriela Mistral
827:Teatro Principal
778:Land of Valencia
662:Domènec Perramon
616:Apel¡les Mestres
458:
457:
307:John I of Aragon
161:
160:
113:
108:
100:
95:
85:
76:
67:
61:
56:
21:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1177:Medieval poetry
1147:May observances
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1031:on 18 July 2010
1019:
960:
934:Santiago, Chile
930:Juegos Florales
926:
902:
896:
835:
819:) and from the
746:
716:Ambrosi Carrion
586:Frederic Rahola
465:VĂctor Balaguer
456:
413:Englantina d'or
397:VĂctor Balaguer
381:
299:
282:
250:
209:was awarded to
140:HĂ´tel d'AssĂŠzat
132:
106:
93:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1252:Verse contests
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Catalan poetry
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1021:"Jocs florals"
1017:
1007:
990:
979:
961:
959:
956:
925:
922:
898:Main article:
895:
892:
839:Basque Country
834:
833:Basque Country
831:
745:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
730:
724:
722:Albert Junyent
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
692:Ventura Gassol
688:
682:
680:Joaquim BoixĂŠs
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
644:
643:
642:
636:
630:
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618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
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582:
576:
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561:
553:
552:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
525:Frederic Soler
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
455:
450:
446:Frederic Soler
380:
377:
321:on the day of
298:
295:
281:
278:
249:
246:
218:eglantine rose
131:
128:
120:Ludi Floreales
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1264:
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1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Annual events
1150:
1148:
1145:
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1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:Jochs Florals
1055:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:84-8332-596-9
1000:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:0-87471-950-X
972:
967:
963:
962:
957:
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953:
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943:
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868:
864:
860:
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832:
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828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
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802:
798:
794:
793:Blasco IbaĂąez
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
750:
743:
735:
731:
729:
725:
723:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
705:
701:
699:
695:
693:
689:
687:
686:Albert Manent
683:
681:
677:
675:
674:AgustĂ Bartra
671:
669:
665:
663:
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646:
641:
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631:
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583:
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546:
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538:
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532:
531:Ăngel GuimerĂ
528:
526:
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520:
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514:
510:
508:
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502:
498:
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247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Enlightenment
228:. During the
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
207:golden violet
203:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
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169:
168:violeta d'aur
165:
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136:
129:
127:
125:
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117:
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99:
91:
90:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
62:, Valencian:
60:
52:
51:
50:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1115:Riquer, 571.
1111:
1106:Riquer, 567.
1102:
1093:
1088:Riquer, 565.
1084:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
1013:
993:
986:
982:
965:
951:
945:
932:was held in
929:
927:
913:
909:
903:
887:
881:
875:
842:
836:
820:
804:
800:
789:Flor Natural
788:
784:
782:
766:Lo Rat Penat
759:
754:Lo Rat Penat
752:The seat of
452:
441:MariĂ AguilĂł
437:
432:
424:
421:Flor Natural
420:
412:
408:
404:
401:jocs florals
400:
382:
360:
356:
350:
345:
339:
334:
323:Annunciation
315:Gaia Ciència
314:
310:
300:
297:Medieval era
273:
265:
251:
225:
213:
204:
197:
183:
175:
167:
149:
119:
102:
89:Jeux floraux
88:
87:
78:
70:Jòcs florals
69:
49:Jocs florals
47:
46:
31:Floral Games
30:
29:
18:Jocs florals
1182:Troubadours
1070:Paden, 183.
888:Lore Jokoak
883:Zazpiak Bat
843:Lore Jokoak
805:Cadira d'Or
385:romanticism
357:mantenidors
319:Virgin Mary
199:Leys d'amor
190:Virgin Mary
152:troubadours
103:Lore jokoak
37:prizes. In
1212:Renaixença
1126:Categories
1035:22 October
958:References
389:Renaixença
379:Modern era
1079:Boase, 6.
918:Esperanto
894:Esperanto
822:comarques
813:CastellĂłn
774:narrative
417:eglantine
280:Barcelona
274:diasprell
266:rosa d'or
254:Pentecost
185:sirventes
176:eglantina
172:wild rose
1012:(1964).
878:Donostia
873:(1851).
867:Gipuzkoa
817:Valencia
809:Alicante
762:Valencia
744:Valencia
415:(golden
335:literati
327:Toulouse
303:Valencia
238:dog rose
164:Toulouse
144:Toulouse
130:Toulouse
116:Floralia
55:Catalan:
952:Juegos,
863:Navarre
859:Labourd
851:Hendaia
837:In the
768:in the
732:1978 â
726:1973 â
720:1971 â
714:1971 â
708:1967 â
702:1963 â
696:1961 â
690:1961 â
684:1959 â
678:1958 â
672:1953 â
666:1949 â
660:1941 â
654:1936 â
648:1931 â
638:1926 â
632:1914 â
626:1910 â
620:1909 â
614:1908 â
608:1903 â
602:1902 â
596:1900 â
590:1898 â
584:1897 â
578:1896 â
572:1892 â
566:1890 â
557:1885 â
547:1883 â
541:1880 â
535:1878 â
529:1877 â
523:1875 â
517:1874 â
511:1873 â
505:1871 â
499:1869 â
493:1868 â
487:1867 â
481:1866 â
475:1863 â
469:1862 â
463:1861 â
272:called
260:before
107:Basque:
94:French:
79:floraus
43:Catalan
39:Occitan
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871:UrruĂąa
855:Basque
815:, and
801:Regina
429:violet
258:Lleida
248:Lleida
226:Amours
182:for a
35:floral
1046:Notes
924:Chile
361:festa
331:Paris
270:satin
124:Flora
77:, or
1037:2008
999:ISBN
971:ISBN
795:and
395:and
138:The
912:or
403:or
313:or
301:At
252:At
162:in
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