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the shale. That same year George Larkin obtained mineral rights in portion 76 immediately to the south of 65 and including a valuable stretch of shale. The principal shale-mining potential lay up
Russell's Gully north of Carter's portion 65 and these portions (67,75,79,96 and 97) were acquired by John de Villiers Lamb. In conjunction with William Brown, Lamb also began mining in 1874. All three parties to the early shale mining, Carter, Larkin and Lamb with Brown, were dependent on each other's goodwill for transporting the ore out of the valley.
448:
plateau. The incline was single track with the haulage cable running in the middle of the tramway. At the bottom it separated into two lines, running north to the creek on well defined embankments. The railway crossed the creek on a bridge supported by five piers constructed of stone rubble with concrete render, scored to resemble masonry blocks. Once across Joadja Creek, the railway went north-west across the flat where the refinery was built in 1878-1879 and up
Russell's Gully to the major concentration of mines.
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which maintains the relationships between industrial sites and habitation sites with very little twentieth-century intrusion. Joadja demonstrates close links with
Scotland through technology, managers, miners and refinery workers. The outline of much of the site is still available from surface evidence. Enough is still standing to allow industrial archaeologists to learn a great deal about early mining towns and about the technology of kerosene shale refining.
473:. The new company systematically bought up all the mining conditional purchases held by Larkin and McCourt and by Carter as well as the leases already held by John de Villers Lamb and Saddington. The Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Co. effectively controlled Joadja until the company went into liquidation in 1911, and the name remained a brand name for the orchard produce from the valley up to 1928.
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496:. The village had a general store, post office, bakery, school and School of Arts. Farms on the ridges above Joadja Creek supplied vegetables, milk, butter and cheese, sent down to the valley on the incline used to haul the shale and coal out. The township that grew around this rather incongruous enterprise in the bush was almost totally self-sufficient.
59:
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Enough of Joadja is still standing to allow industrial archaeologists to learn a great deal about early mining towns and about the technology of kerosene shale refining. The area has rare technical significance as an example of shale processing technology of the late nineteenth century. The remaining
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Joadja at its peak had a population of more than 1200 people. Joadja was a remarkably self-contained community, peopled largely by miners and their families brought to
Australia from Scotland by the AKO Company to overcome the shortage of skilled local labour. The company provided housing for workers
436:
On the southern side, on the still unclaimed portion 84, a horse-powered incline was installed, almost certainly by Carter. Two horses turned a whim on a circular platform 11 metres in diameter. Traffic on the incline was not heavy; the total quantity of shale mined in 1876 was reported as 400 or 650
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In 1873 both Carter and an entrepreneur called
Cosgrove applied for conditional purchase of portion 65, which included some of the richest shale outcrops. Carter succeeded in establishing title in 1874 and immediately engaged Robert Longmore, who had built the plant at American Creek in 1865, to mine
403:
was extracted by the
Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Co. The process was superseded by conventional kerosene production from oil and the oil shale mining became uneconomical. By 1911, the town had become deserted as inhabitants relocated in search of work. The property was auctioned off that year
664:
Joadja is of State and
National heritage significance. It is one of the most important nineteenth-century industrial and archaeological mining relics in Australia, and certainly the most spectacular of the early shale mining sites in New South Wales. It is extremely rare in its level of preservation
508:
After a fire in 1882, one of the few accidents at Joadja, a number of safety precautions were taken. Between 1883 and 1886 a good deal of capital investment produced many modifications to existing buildings and plant, a doubling of the capacity of the distillation facilities and the addition of new
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Situated in a deep valley, the town had limited access by road, instead exporting shale via a steep railway (incline) out of the valley. The passage into Joadja has improved greatly since then, with the gravel access road maintained annually. The township is still recognisable, despite the state of
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The Joadja area has rare social significance for its association with a single group of
Scottish immigrant workers who were brought to Australia with their families specifically to work the Joadja mines. The size of the community and its homogeneity of composition is rare in New South Wales and is
616:
Refinery, Retorts, Experimental Retort, Inclines and
Railways - The benches of retorts are arranged in two parallel rows, running for 100 metres north-west to south-west. 16 retorts to each north-west bench and 17 to each south-east bench. Chimney stacks attached to the north west benches of which
447:
John de
Villiers Lamb was joined by Parbury to form a company called Parbury, Lamb & Co in 1877–1878. Immediately the company took a decisive step, building a major incline out of the north side of the valley, on Lamb's portion 103. It was powered by a 40-horsepower steam engine located on the
683:
Joadja has rare historical significance as a major shale mining venture in New South Wales in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The remains present a ruined but complete picture of the workings of a shale mining and processing community that was virtually completely self-contained. As a
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The retort design was a horizontal D-shape with the straight side as the base. They were probably imported from Glasgow, where James Fell's cousin, John Fraser, had previously been approached in 1876 to supply retorts. At some time before the plant closed an experimental retort with a condensing
714:
Joadja is a site of outstanding scientific significance as an archaeological site which contains a complex range of remains which could yield information regarding technical industrial processes and domestic and social relationships and lifestyles within the same site. This is extremely rare in
639:
The site of Joadja is owned by Southern Frontier Pty Ltd, who operate Joadja Creek Heritage Tours, along with the Joadja Distillery and Joadja Cafe. The site is only open on specific open days several times a year or for private groups by appointment, as everyday operations were not financially
723:
It is the only surviving oil-shale site in Australia. It is preserved to an extent unique in the world and provides a legible (scenic) and archaeological testimony of all aspects of a major and associated domestic arrangements works using horizontal retorts to distill oil from extremely rich
574:
Joadja is the site of an abandoned shale oil mining and refining site. The complex comprises Carrington Row, School of Arts, School, Boarding House, Stringybark Row, Cemetery, Refinery, Retorts, Experimental Retort, Inclines and Railways, Post Office, Managers Homestead and Orchard.
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collection of structures that represent an isolated mining and processing plant, the remains survive as a rare group of relics that are of national historical significance. Joadja demonstrates close links with Scotland through technology, managers, miners and refinery workers.
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became well-known, Carter set about acquiring critically important shale bearing parts of the valley. His five portions totalled an area of 305 acres (125 hectares). Carter controlled both major fords and most of the dray-road north through Carter's Flat up to Siphon Gully.
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It was a thriving mining town between 1870–1911. It was home for approximately 1,200 people, many of whom were skilled immigrants from Scotland. After managing for ten years using bullock teams for transport, a railway was allowed and was connected to the nearby town of
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mines, retorts, processing facilities and transport networks provide a picture of an extractive and processing industry that was completely abandoned as a result of external financial pressures. The complete remains are therefore of national technical significance.
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Stockmen were the first white people to enter the Joadja area. The Carter family used Joadja regularly and in the early 1850s Edward Carter noticed the shiny black mineral on seams out-cropping high up on the cliffs. In the late 1870s, after American Creek and
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and their families in a section of the valley set apart for residential purposes. Workers paid a nominal rental for a neat cottage, built from bricks made on site. The wide avenue of houses near the creek was known as Carrington Row, named for the
433:. To bypass the zig-zag Carter built an incline at his mine to the north side of the valley, using a double cable: as full skips rose, empty skips descended. The full skips discharged into a 50-tonne bin, from which the bullock drays were loaded.
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tower was built just to the south of the main retort banks. James Fell planned and built the refinery simultaneously with the retorts. The plant's stills, and acid and alkali treatment tanks were producing oils, including kerosene, by 1879.
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As a result of competition from cheap American imports the refinery and the retorts closed in 1896. Between 1901-1902 there may have been a brief remission of mining but in 1904, after 28 years, Joadja ceased to exist as a shale producer.
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Joadja is visually compelling and the outline of much of the site is still available from surface evidence. As an intact industrial and domestic landscape with minimal twentieth-century intrusion it is extremely rare.
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its ruins. The sandstone Joadja School, The School of Arts, the mines, houses at Carrington Row, refinery and even the cemetery remain as a testament to the community that lived in the valley more than a century ago.
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In 1879 a temporary school of slab and bark was erected for some fifty children. In 1882 a fine stone building was built for the 90 children of Joadja, of which 60 were expected to attend on average.
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Carrington Row - Six intact brick houses (originally 14). Fireplaces at either end. The street is planted with acacia and sycamore. Corrugated iron roofs. Doors, floors and windows have been removed.
455:, was sought. At that time Fell was the manager of Hartley Vale's Waterloo oil-refinery. However, in March 1877 he transferred to Lamb's employment at Joadja. In the same year, James' uncle,
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Initially in 1874–1875, teams of fourteen bullocks hauled the ore-drays across the valley floor, over the steep-banked ford and up the zig-zag to the plateau which extended to
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By heating shale in the unique D-shaped iron "retorts", the Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Company produced kerosene, candles, wax and oil between the 1870s and 1911.
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The formation of a company with ample capital was all that remained. The crucial decision to build retorts and a refinery at Joadja and not to depend on railing all ore to
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to a private buyer. The fruit orchard, which included 6,700 trees continued to operate until 1924, exporting fruit for local and interstate consumption.
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The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
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The site, while in ruins, is largely intact with all elements of the village and the industrial workings maintaining their original relationships.
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The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
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627:. Orchard originally covered 67 acres with 6700 fruit trees to feed the village it is now a grassed area.(Australian Heritage Commission)
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The shale mining resulted in employment directly connected with the mines. The population was at its highest from 1878 until 1885.
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Cemetery - At least 124 burials are known for the cemetery. About 30 graves are obvious. There are 17 monuments most of which are
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for treatment was taken in 1877 by Lamb, his associate Parbury and his new partner Robert Saddington, in conjunction with Fell.
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In 2004–05, the site received federal government heritage funding to help roof and protect the unique historic retorts.
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In 1886 the School of Arts was constructed and was used for regular church services by ministers from Mittagong.
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for use in the refinery. Other manufacturing included packaging the kerosene in tins and a candle-moulding shop.
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The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
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A post office was opened in 1878 and remained open until it was burnt down in the bush fire of December 1904.
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stelae. Some graves are marked by surrounds of brick or stone only. Several graves have good quality cast or
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only 1 remains. Constructed of local bricks with stonework ends. Thirty-five retorts remain in situ.
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published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under
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Australian Kerosene Oil & Mineral Company Limited, Joadja Creek, Southern Highlands, NSW
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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under
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Knapman, Leonie; Hutton, Adrian; Australian Kerosene Oil & Mineral Company (1987),
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Boarding House - remains of a substantial rectangular brick building with standing
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comparable to other significant mining communities in other areas of Australia.
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Stringybark Row - cut and rubble stone marks the location of fireplaces and
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Post Office - standing walls of a rectangular brick building with chimney
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Catalogue of the Australian Kerosene Oil & Mineral Company Limited
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railway that terminated adjacent to the main Southern Railway line in
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1094:"Joadja, New South Wales; The Paragon of Early Oil-Shale Communities"
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Joadja kerosene oil shale mining and refining site was listed on the
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459:, came to Joadja after managing a Scottish oilworks in the Lothians.
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1055:
Joadja Creek : the shale oil town & its people 1870-1911
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In 1876 the advice of a leading Scottish oil-shale engineer,
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on 5 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
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1876 - Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Company formed
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School - remains of a stone building with outside privy.
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School of Arts - rectangular building with brick walls.
1738:
Industries of the Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
1159:
This Knowledge (XXG) article was originally based on
840:"Joadja kerosene oil shale mining and refining site"
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1161:Joadja kerosene oil shale mining and refining site
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623:Homestead and Orchard - one storey residence with
1748:Towns of the Southern Highlands (New South Wales)
652:, there were 118 people living at Joadja. At the
469:In 1878 the consortium was transformed into the
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375:. The remnants of the town were added to the
8:
1003:"2021 Joadja, Census All persons QuickStats"
559:1903 - mining ceased and Joadja works closed
359:) is a historic town, now in ruins, in the
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565:1911 - property sold to private ownership
547:1878 to 1883 - D-shaped retorts installed
892:Australasian Legal Information Institute
850:Department of Planning & Environment
1753:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1165:New South Wales State Heritage Register
845:New South Wales State Heritage Register
733:
673:New South Wales State Heritage Register
377:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1058:(New ed.), Hale & Iremonger,
471:Australian Kerosene Oil and Mineral Co
302:
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270:
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7:
562:1905 - bushfire swept through Joadja
1101:Australasian Historical Archaeology
1758:Shale oil towns in New South Wales
1134:Wayback Machine - Joadja Walkabout
18:Town in New South Wales, Australia
14:
750:Australian Census 2021 QuickStats
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335:
57:
50:
1743:Mining towns in New South Wales
1007:Australian Bureau of Statistics
969:Australian Bureau of Statistics
742:Australian Bureau of Statistics
541:- homestead for manager erected
167:137 km (85 mi) SW of
1733:Ghost towns in New South Wales
746:"Joadja (suburb and locality)"
544:1878 - Post Office established
179:89 km (55 mi) NE of
58:
1:
948:"Joadja Creek Heritage Tours"
550:1880 - boarding house erected
535:
173:23 km (14 mi) W of
1174:, accessed on 2 June 2018.
1163:, entry number 01305 in the
1139:Joadja Creek Heritage Tours
556:1886 - School of Arts built
553:1882 - Carrington row built
490:Governor of New South Wales
395:. The town existed to mine
72:Location in New South Wales
1774:
656:, the population was 139.
157:711 m (2,333 ft)
1078:, Oil Shale Ghost Towns,
320:
266:Localities around Joadja:
264:
260:
45:
36:
1723:Towns in New South Wales
1052:Knapman, Leonie (1997),
457:Alexander Morrison Fell
1621:Little (Wingecarribee)
977:2016 Census QuickStats
885:"Joadja Creek Railway"
480:
444:
1129:at Wikimedia Commons
578:The remains include:
479:
443:
1626:Little (Wollondilly)
1092:R. Ian Jack (1995).
379:on 5 November 1999.
1728:Wingecarribee Shire
1685:Tourist attractions
1676:Upper Nepean Scheme
1387:Hoddles Cross Roads
724:oil-shale deposit.
373:Wingecarribee Shire
250:Federal division(s)
238:State electorate(s)
195:Wingecarribee Shire
101: /
1208:Southern Highlands
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361:Southern Highlands
207:Southern Highlands
105:34.400°S 150.217°E
1710:
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1646:Shoalhaven Scheme
1575:Stingray Swamp FR
1555:Macquarie Pass NP
1407:Manchester Square
1125:Media related to
1085:978-0-646-34020-3
1065:978-0-86806-644-8
648:According to the
453:James Walter Fell
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1616:Lake Burragorang
1540:Cecil Hoskins NR
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85:
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71:
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1770:
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1702:Fitzroy Falls
1700:
1698:
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1692:Belmore Falls
1690:
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1666:Wingecarribee
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1520:Bangadilly NP
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1472:Wildes Meadow
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1452:Sutton Forest
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1362:Fitzroy Falls
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130:
123:
119:
114:
86:
84:
80:
53:
44:
40:
35:
31:
22:
16:
1457:Wattle Ridge
1442:Paddys River
1427:Mount Murray
1391:
1372:Hanging Rock
1153:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1074:
1054:
1043:Freeman 1992
1029:Simpson 1978
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
997:
980:. Retrieved
976:
963:
951:. Retrieved
942:
919:
895:. Retrieved
891:
879:
854:. Retrieved
843:
753:. Retrieved
749:
736:
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691:
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678:
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663:
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638:
635:Joadja today
630:
611:wrought iron
577:
573:
522:
518:
515:
507:
504:
501:
498:
486:
482:
468:
461:
450:
446:
435:
428:
424:
419:Hartley Vale
415:
406:
389:narrow gauge
381:
330:
329:
265:
15:
1671:Wollondilly
1585:Wingello SF
1535:Belanglo SF
1530:Budderoo NP
1525:Budawang NP
1477:Willow Vale
1437:New Berrima
1347:East Bowral
1337:Canyonleigh
1258:small towns
1214:, Australia
1150:Attribution
953:8 September
715:Australia.
654:2021 census
650:2016 census
539: 1877
399:from which
305:Canyonleigh
290:Canyonleigh
145:Postcode(s)
136:Established
108: /
83:Coordinates
1717:Categories
1661:Warragamba
1603:reservoirs
1570:Penrose SF
1545:Jellore SF
1497:Yerrinbool
1377:High Range
1367:Glenquarry
1292:Bangadilly
1220:Main towns
914:Jack, 1995
728:References
644:Population
613:surrounds.
278:High Range
121:Population
1565:Nattai NP
1560:Morton NP
1550:Joadja NR
1487:Woodlands
1432:Myra Vale
1397:Kangaloon
1342:Colo Vale
1327:Burrawang
1307:Bong Bong
1282:Balaclava
1277:Aylmerton
1256:Villages,
1247:Robertson
1242:Moss Vale
1237:Mittagong
1232:Bundanoon
1169:CC-BY 4.0
1012:21 August
937:Jack 1995
869:CC-BY 4.0
607:sandstone
431:Mittagong
397:oil shale
393:Mittagong
385:Mittagong
369:Australia
175:Mittagong
154:Elevation
1631:Mulwaree
1512:reserves
1492:Yarrunga
1482:Wingello
1412:Mandemar
1382:Hill Top
1332:Calwalla
1322:Burradoo
1297:Belanglo
1287:Balmoral
1210:region,
1107:: 31–40.
973:"Joadja"
852:. H01305
640:viable.
625:verandah
600:chimneys
527:Timeline
437:tonnes.
401:kerosene
310:Belanglo
283:Mandemar
243:Goulburn
181:Goulburn
162:Location
96:150°13′E
1447:Penrose
1312:Braemar
1302:Berrima
1172:licence
982:25 July
897:12 June
872:licence
755:28 June
593:chimney
412:History
298:Berrima
93:34°24′S
1641:Paddys
1636:Nattai
1599:Rivers
1422:Meryla
1417:Medway
1392:Joadja
1357:Exeter
1317:Bullio
1267:Alpine
1227:Bowral
1127:Joadja
1082:
1062:
856:2 June
761:
464:Sydney
331:Joadja
315:Medway
294:Joadja
273:Bullio
231:Joadja
226:Parish
219:Camden
214:County
202:Region
190:LGA(s)
169:Sydney
65:Joadja
25:Joadja
1651:Tarlo
1611:Burke
1467:Werai
1462:Welby
1272:Avoca
1097:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
387:by a
371:, in
124:139 (
1601:and
1510:and
1080:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1014:2022
984:2017
955:2018
899:2014
858:2018
757:2022
255:Hume
149:2575
139:1870
129:2021
363:of
126:SAL
1719::
1105:13
1103:.
1099:.
1034:^
1022:^
1005:.
975:.
928:^
907:^
890:.
848:.
842:.
771:^
748:.
536:c.
492:,
367:,
349:dʒ
343:oʊ
340:dʒ
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1016:.
986:.
957:.
901:.
874:.
860:.
759:.
602:.
595:.
355:/
352:ə
346:æ
337:/
333:(
131:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
