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615:, with elections to be delayed until 1964. The military were vehemently against the UCN taking power and Echaverría proposed a continuation of the Balaguer regime until the elections. The American consul mediated between the two sides and in January 1962 final agreement led to the creation of a seven-member Council of State, led by Balaguer but including members of the UCN, to replace both the Dominican Congress and the President and his cabinet until the election. The OAS finally lifted sanctions against the country upon the formation of the council. However, popular unrest against Balaguer continued and many saw Echaverría as positioning himself to seize power. Military forces opened fire on demonstrators on 14 January which led to rioting the following day. On 16 January, Balaguer resigned and Echaverría staged a military coup d'état and arrested the other members of the council. With the US supporting the UCN and a new national strike beginning immediately, Echaverría was arrested by other officers two days later. The Council of State was restored under the leadership of
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from the government as well. At the end of
October, Ramfis announced that he would resign if the OAS agreed to lift the economic sanctions. The OAS agreed on November 14 but Ramfis' uncles returned to the country the following day, hoping to lead a military coup. Ramfis resigned and went into exile on November 17 and rumours circulated that Air Force general Fernando Arturo Sánchez Otero would support pro-Castro revolutionaries. The United States now sent a small fleet of ships and 1,800 marines to patrol Dominican waters. The US consul informed Balaguer that these forces stood ready to intervene at his request, and would be supported by forces from Venezuela and Colombia. Air Force general Pedro Rafael Ramón Rodríguez Echavarría announced his support for Balaguer and bombed pro-Trujillo forces. The Trujillo brothers again fled the country on November 20 and Echavarría became
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959:, who came just a few thousand votes short of outright victory. Balaguer stated that he himself personally accepted Mejía's election, but hinted that his supporters would split their votes between Mejía and Medina in the runoff. Medina would have needed nearly all of Balaguer's supporters to cross over to him in order to have any realistic chance of overcoming a 25-point deficit in the first round. When it was apparent Medina would not get nearly enough support from Balaguer's voters to have a chance at victory, he pulled out of the runoff, handing the presidency to Mejía.
653:, announced general elections for 1966. Balaguer seized his chance once he had the backing of the United States government, and returned to the Dominican Republic with the purpose of destroying the popular groups that had participated in the rebellions of 1965. He formed the Reformist Party and entered the presidential race against Bosch, campaigning as a moderate conservative advocating gradual and orderly reforms. He quickly gained the support of the establishment and easily defeated Bosch, who ran a somewhat muted campaign out of fear of military retribution.
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1555:(...) Los historiadores han documentado la creciente presencia puertorriqueña en la República Dominicana durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. En 1920, el censo dominicano contó 6069 puertorriqueños residentes en la República Dominicana. Como resultado, los inmigrantes de segunda generación generalmente se identificaron como dominicanos, no como puertorriqueños. Los casos más célebres son los expresidentes Joaquín Balaguer y Juan Bosch, ambos de ascendencia dominicana y puertorriqueña. (...)
580:. They initially took steps to liberalize the regime, granting some civil liberties and easing Trujillo's tight censorship of the press. Meanwhile, he revoked the nonaggression pact made with Cuba in January 1961. These measures did not go nearly far enough for a populace who had no memory of the instability and poverty that preceded Trujillo, and wanted more freedom and a more equitable distribution of wealth. At the same time, Ramfis' reforms went too far for the hard-line
711:. When election returns showed an unmistakable trend in Guzmán's favor, the military stopped the count. However, amid vigorous protests at home and strong pressure abroad, the count resumed. Guzmán won, marking the first defeat of Balaguer's political career. When he left office that year, it marked the first time in the Dominican Republic's history that an incumbent president peacefully surrendered power to an elected member of the opposition.
66:
682:, but political murders continued to be frequent during his administration. He succeeded in partially rehabilitating the public finances, which were in a chaotic state, and pushed through a modest program of economic development. He was easily reelected in 1970 against fragmented opposition and won again in 1974 after changing the voting rules in a way that led the opposition to boycott the race.
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figure who could incite as much hate as love from the population. Despite his image as a standard Latin
American caudillo, Balaguer at the same time developed a legacy as a great reformer. His land reform policies were praised for successfully distributing land to peasants and earned him support from
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Balaguer explored several branches of literature. As a thorough researcher, he published many biographical books still used as reference, along with compilations and analysis of
Dominican folk poets. As a poet, he was mostly of Post-Romantic influence, and his style remained strictly unchanged along
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took control of the government) when he was appointed
Attorney in the Court of Properties. In later years, he served as Secretary of the Dominican Legation in Madrid (1932–1935), Undersecretary of the Presidency (1936), Undersecretary of Foreign Relations (1937), Extraordinary Ambassador to Colombia
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An investigation later revealed that the electoral board did not know the total number of registered voters, and the voting lists distributed at polling stations did not match those given to the parties. The investigation also revealed that about 200,000 people had been removed from the polls. Amid
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He undertook massive infrastructure projects, such as the construction of highways, bridges, schools, housing projects and hospitals. Following the style of
Trujillo, these highly visible projects were much publicized over government-controlled media and through grandiose public ceremonies designed
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ancestry to his advantage. Balaguer claimed that Peña would try to merge the country with Haiti if elected. When the returns were announced, Balaguer was announced as the winner by only 30,000 votes. However, many PRD supporters showed up to vote only to discover their names had vanished from the
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and
National Civic Union, as well as the communist Dominican Popular Movement) continued, Balaguer publicly condemned this repression and in September he pledged to form a coalition government. Hector and Jose Trujillo left the country in October but the opposition parties demanded Ramfis withdraw
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into the night sky and to be visible for tens of miles. Since completion, the
Columbus Lighthouse, which supposedly houses Columbus's remains, has been a minor tourist attraction. Its light has almost never been used due to extremely high energy costs and frequent blackouts in the country. In the
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During his years as president (known popularly in
Dominican politics as simply "the twelve years"), Balaguer ordered the construction of schools, hospitals, dams, roads, and many important buildings. He also presided over steady economic growth, funded public housing, opened public schools, and
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cast, constitutional guarantees notwithstanding. Political opponents were jailed and sometimes killed (by one estimate, 3,000 people with center-left leanings were murdered), and opposition newspapers were occasionally seized. Despite his authoritarian methods, Balaguer had far less power than
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and killed. Nevertheless, Balaguer was also considered to be instrumental in the liberalization of the
Dominican government, and his time as leader of the Dominican Republic saw major changes such as legalized political activities, surprise army promotions and demotions, promoting health and
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In 2000, Balaguer sought the presidency yet again. Although by this time he could not walk without assistance, he nonetheless plunged into the campaign, well aware that his large reservoir of supporters could mean the difference in the election. He won around 23% of the votes in
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said " Balaguer has been a driving force throughout his country's democratic development. In 1966 he led democracy's return to the
Dominican Republic after years of political uncertainty and turmoil. Indeed, he is, in many ways, the father of Dominican democracy."
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Su madre, Josefa Leibert, era nativa de Saint Thomas, y su padre, D'Assas Heureaux, hijo de un francés, fue uno de los tantos haitianos que prefirió hacerse dominicano cuando se declaró la independencia en 1844. Padre y madre eran mulatos, aunque de piel
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such questions about the poll's legitimacy, Balaguer agreed to hold new elections in 1996—in which he would not be a candidate. It would be the first presidential election since 1966 in which Balaguer's name did not appear on the ballot.
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Balaguer found a nation severely beaten by decades of turbulence, with few short times of peace, and virtually ignorant of democracy and human rights. He sought to pacify the enmities surviving from the Trujillo regime and from the
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and French ancestry born in Puerto Rico, and his mother was Carmen Celia Ricardo Heureaux, daughter of Manuel de Jesus Ricardo and Rosa Amelia Heureaux (of French descent), who was also a half-cousin of President
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said "President Balaguer has set an example for all leaders in this nation in changing his own country and his own people away from a former totalitarian government to one of increasingly pure democracy."
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733:, and took advantage of a split in the PRD and an unpopular austerity program to win the presidency again after an eight-year absence. By that time, he was 80 years old and almost completely
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to enhance Balaguer's popularity. The projects were also used as a means to reward his political supporters with lucrative public works contracts. The economy also improved considerably.
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and studied for a brief period at the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne. As a youth, Balaguer wrote of the awe with which he was struck by his father's fellow countryman, the
703:, Balaguer sought another term. Inflation was on the rise, and the great majority of the people had gotten little benefit from the economic boom of the past decade. Balaguer faced
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The situation was dramatically altered, however, when Trujillo was assassinated in May 1961. Balaguer initially remained president, with the real power held by Trujillo's son,
472:'s fiery and charismatic rhetoric captured Balaguer's imagination and his recollection of this occasion was a harbinger of his passion for politics and intellectual debate.
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expanded education during his term. Additionally, over 300 politicians became millionaires during his presidency. However, his administration soon developed a distinct
557:(OAS) convinced Rafael that it was inappropriate to have a member of his family as president, Trujillo forced his brother to resign, and Balaguer succeeded to the post.
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From a very early age, Balaguer felt an attraction to literature, composing verses that were published in local magazines even when he was very young. He was taught by
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and Ecuador (1940–1943 and 1943–1947), Ambassador to Mexico (1947–1949), Secretary of Education (1949–1955), and Secretary of State of Foreign Relations (1953–1956).
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872:, and on sprucing up the parts of the city to be transversed by the pope, including the construction of a grand new avenue lined with modern housing blocks.
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892:, Balaguer decided to run again for the presidency, even though he was almost 90 years old and completely blind. This time, his most prominent opponent was
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was elected president in 1962 in the country's first free election. He only held office for seven months, from February 1963 to September 1963, when he was
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Balaguer's third presidency was considerably more liberal than the "Twelve Years" had been. He was more tolerant of opposition parties and human rights.
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Balaguer was a prolific author, who wrote many books for contemporary Dominican literature. His most famous work was his only narrative novel, called
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his long career. Other themes, despite the sorrow expressed, are mostly noble: and idyllic view of nature, nostalgia, and memoirs of the past.
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1953:
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919:, Balaguer's vice president, Jacinto Peynado, finished well short of making it to the runoff. Balaguer then threw his support to the
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The Union Civica Nacional (UCN) called a national strike and demanded the formation of a provisional government under their leader,
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R. Trujillo (second from right) and J. Balaguer (third from right) being received in audience by Pope Pius XII (far right) in 1955
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Escalante, F., & Muñiz, M. (1995). The secret war: CIA covert operations against Cuba, 1959-62. Melbourne: Ocean Press.
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645:, under the pretext of eliminating Communist influence in the Caribbean, sent 42,000 U.S. troops to defeat the revolt in
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re-elected to the presidency in 1957, he chose Balaguer as vice-president. Three years later, when pressure from the
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and José Arismendi Trujillo. As the OAS continued economic sanctions imposed for Trujillo's attempted murder of
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son of Pierre Alejandro (Pierre-Alexandre) Heureaux, a Frenchman and Roselia Jean-Louis, an African-born slave.
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850:, defeating his old foe Juan Bosch by only 22,000 votes out of 1.9 million votes cast amid charges of fraud.
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Balaguer (center) receives Ambassador Moreno Pino of Mexico at the National Palace of Santo Domingo in 1988
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641:. Military officers had revolted against the provisional Junta to restore Bosch, whereupon U.S. President
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in the northwestern corner of the Dominican Republic. His father was Joaquín Jesús Balaguer Lespier, a
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serving three non-consecutive terms for that office from 1960 to 1962, 1966 to 1978, and 1986 to 1996.
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defeated Balaguer, who had merged his party with the Social Christian Revolutionary Party to form the
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The campaign was one of the nastiest in Dominican history. Balaguer frequently played up Peña Gómez'
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1092:. Balaguer left a blank page in the middle of the book to be filled in at the time of his death.
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453:; in his memoirs, Balaguer recalled Smester's great influence on his intellectual formation.
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637:. The country then began a tumultuous period which by 24 April 1965 saw the start of the
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2004:
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era, as well as his desire to perpetuate himself in power through dubious elections and
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2009:
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596:, Ramfis warned that the country could descend into civil war between left and right.
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883:. Completed in 1992, the Columbus Lighthouse was designed to beam the image of a
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En torno de un pretendido vicio prosódico de los poetas hispanoamericanos (1949)
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Consideración acerca de la producción e inversión de nuestros impuestos (1953)
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468:. Despite the profound differences regarding their ethical and world visions,
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Balaguer (right) and his cabinet arrive in the US for a state visit in 1988
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Although official and unofficial repression of the opposition parties (the
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1530:"La migración dominicana hacia Puerto Rico: una perspectiva transnacional"
1195:
Discursos. Panegíricos, política y educación política internacional (1957)
868:, Balaguer spent millions on a restoration of parts of historic, colonial
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858:
738:
400:
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in an unusual coalition with Bosch, his political foe of over 30 years.
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Globalización y localidad: espacios, actores, movilidades e identidades
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just barely nosing him out for a spot in the runoff with PRD candidate
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35:
1496:"Ancestros, descendientes y parientes colaterales de Joaquín Balaguer"
1629:
Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, Race and State on Hispaniola
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El Reformismo: filosofía política de la revolución sin sangre (1966)
456:
After graduating from school, Balaguer earned a law degree from the
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Apuntes para una historia prosódica de la métrica castellana (1954)
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on July 14, 2002 at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95.
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Balaguer was born on 1 September 1906 in Navarrete, later named
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El principio de alternabilidad en la historia dominicana (1952)
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More controversial was that Balaguer spent two hundred million
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487:
442:. Balaguer was the only son in a family of several daughters.
404:. His regime of terror claimed 11,000 victims who were either
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Realidad dominicana. Semblanza de un país y un régimen (1947)
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y la liberación financiera de la República Dominicana (1941)
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education improvements and instituting modest land reforms.
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His enigmatic, secretive personality was inherited from the
1948:. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications.
1913:
The secret war: CIA covert operations against Cuba, 1959-62
1847:
Giancarlo Soler Torrijos, "One Round for Us and Freedom",
1471:"Dominicana Online – El Portal de la República Dominicana"
1272:
Entre la sangre del 30 de mayo y la del 24 de abril (1983)
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Con Dios, con la patria y con la libertad (Discurso, 1971)
1971:"Veteran, 94, holds balance of power in Dominican vote"
1399:"Comisión de la Verdad por asesinatos y desapariciones"
1287:
Memorias de un cortesano de la «Era de Trujillo» (1988)
908:. Demonstrations took place in support of the strike.
649:, on 28 April. The provisional government, headed by
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Discurso en el develamiento de la estatua del poeta
707:, a wealthy rancher running under the banner of the
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2693:People from Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
1669:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Tobogán. p. 15.
1260:Juan Antonio Alix, crítica e interpretación (1977)
1232:Temas educativos y actividades diplomáticas (1974)
1223:Temas educativos y actividades diplomáticas (1973)
475:Balaguer's political career began in 1930 (before
2768:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Colombia
2708:Dominican Republic people of Puerto Rican descent
2773:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Ecuador
1356:Un Dominicano en Peligro / A Dominican in Danger
1099:His total list of literary works is as follows:
1086:"Memorias de un Cortesano en la Era de Trujillo"
691:Trujillo, and his rule was considerably milder.
464:graduate and political leader from Puerto Rico,
383:politician, scholar, writer, and lawyer. He was
2778:Ambassadors of the Dominican Republic to Mexico
1229:Discursos. Temas históricos y literarios (1973)
1201:El centinela de la frontera. Vida y hazañas de
1084:The most controversial of his works is perhaps
42: and the second or maternal family name is
27:President of the Dominican Republic (1906–2002)
1532:. In Margarita Estrada, Pascal Labazée (ed.).
904:rolls. Peña Gómez declared fraud and called a
379:(1 September 1906 – 14 July 2002) was a
2173:
8:
2718:Social Christian Reformist Party politicians
2698:Dominican Republic people of Catalan descent
1923:
1921:
1410:
1408:
1211:Misión de los intelectuales (Discurso, 1967)
1134:Guía emocional de la ciudad romántica (1944)
1131:La política internacional de Trujillo (1941)
2703:Dominican Republic people of French descent
1536:. Mexico City: La Casa Chata. p. 400.
1192:Historia de la literatura dominicana (1956)
1048:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
879:on the construction of a massive ten-story
807:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
549:When Trujillo arranged to have his brother
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2158:
2035:
1946:The World Today Series: Latin America 2007
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1788:Partido Reformista Social Cristiano | PRSC
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1439:
1437:
1329:'s father was D'Assas Heureaux, a Haitian
517:. Please do not remove this message until
64:
48:
2753:Vice presidents of the Dominican Republic
1266:Huerto sellado. Versos de juventud (1980)
1068:Learn how and when to remove this message
827:Learn how and when to remove this message
537:Learn how and when to remove this message
2788:Dominican Republic expatriates in France
2135:Vice President of the Dominican Republic
1570:Ulises Heureaux: biography of a dictator
1502:. Hoy. 16 September 2006. Archived from
1401:(in Spanish). Listín Diario. 2013-03-10.
513:Relevant discussion may be found on the
249:Vice President of the Dominican Republic
193:3 August 1960 – 16 January 1962
93:16 August 1986 – 16 August 1996
1911:Escalante, F., & Muñiz, M. (1995).
1345:
1319:
1300:De vuelta al capitolio 1986‑1992 (1993)
1263:Pedestales. Discursos históricos (1979)
996:He is one of the central characters in
846:Balaguer was narrowly reelected in the
417:Early life and introduction to politics
261:16 August 1957 – 3 August 1960
1898:Harry Kantor, "The Dominican Crisis",
1879:Rag-tags, Scum, Riff-raff, and Commies
1824:"Balaguer pidió le sacaran el corazón"
1189:El pensamiento vivo de Trujillo (1955)
2728:20th-century Dominican Republic poets
1778:
1776:
1115:Nociones de métrica castellana (1930)
993:in Santo Domingo is named after him.
144:1 July 1966 – 16 August 1978
7:
2723:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
2476:United States occupation (1916–1924)
2189:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
1381:"11,000 víctimas en Doce Años de JB"
1269:Mensajes al pueblo dominicano (1983)
1143:Palabras con acentos rítmicos (1946)
1140:Heredia, verbo de la libertad (1945)
1046:adding citations to reliable sources
805:adding citations to reliable sources
2108:President of the Dominican Republic
2081:President of the Dominican Republic
2054:President of the Dominican Republic
1666:Ulises Heureaux: el tirano perfecto
1290:Romance del caminante sin destino (
1226:La marcha hacia el Capitolio (1973)
449:-born educator and feminist writer
385:President of the Dominican Republic
81:President of the Dominican Republic
2713:Dominican Republic anti-communists
1863:In the Shadow of the United States
1754:Albaine Pons, J. R. (2011-02-07).
1415:Chamberlain, Greg (14 July 2002).
484:First presidency and its aftermath
458:University of Santo Domingo (UASD)
25:
1444:Pearson, Richard (15 July 2002).
1244:, crítica e interpretación (1975)
1217:Conjura develada (Discurso, 1971)
1198:Colón, precursor literario (1958)
2256:
1220:Ante la tumba de mi madre (1972)
1018:
974:the country's rural population.
777:
724:Social Christian Reformist Party
619:and Balaguer went into exile in
492:
398:, and he was considered to be a
377:Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo
361:Social Christian Reformist Party
1731:"Joaquín Balaguer: El escritor"
1710:"Descendants of Doyen Heureaux"
1626:Matibag, Eugenio (2003-05-16).
1161:El Cristo de la libertad (1950)
555:Organization of American States
2248:Spanish occupation (1861–1865)
1969:Ferguson, James (2000-02-04).
1756:"Cerebro, lectura y escritura"
1180:(Prólogo y recopilación, 1953)
1149:Los próceres escritores (1947)
657:"The Twelve Years" (1966–1978)
1:
2733:Dominican Republic male poets
2020:Biography by CIDOB Foundation
1822:Diario, Listin (2012-07-14).
1595:Peña Gómez in Haitian society
1446:"Joaquin Balaguer Dies at 95"
1121:La realidad dominicana (1941)
853:For the 500th anniversary of
709:Dominican Revolutionary Party
635:overthrown in a military coup
601:Dominican Revolutionary Party
2758:Dominican Republic novelists
2128:Manuel Troncoso de la Concha
1889:, New York University Press.
1353:Sanchez, Dago (2010-01-08).
1284:La venda transparente (1987)
1238:La palabra encadenada (1975)
1158:Literatura dominicana (1950)
1152:Semblanzas literarias (1948)
939:Monument of Balaguer at the
282:Manuel Troncoso de la Concha
34:, the first or paternal
2267:Restoration War (1863–1865)
1944:Buckman, Robert T. (2007).
572:J. Balaguer (right) in 1960
519:conditions to do so are met
2819:
2738:University of Paris alumni
1250:Discursos escogidos (1977)
1118:Azul en los charcos (1941)
921:Dominican Liberation Party
729:Balaguer ran again in the
695:Defeat and return to power
29:
2649:
2254:
2150:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
2141:
2132:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2087:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2038:
1915:. Melbourne: Ocean Press.
1247:La cruz de cristal (1976)
1137:Letras dominicanas (1944)
894:José Francisco Peña Gómez
606:Secretary of Armed Forces
370:
299:
294:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
254:
242:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
204:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
186:
137:
108:Jacinto Peynado Garrigosa
86:
75:
63:
1235:Cruces iluminadas (1974)
753:Joaquín Balaguer in 1988
181:Antonio Guzmán Fernández
2748:Politicide perpetrators
1567:Sang, Mu-Kien Adriana.
1275:La isla al revés (1983)
584:led by his own uncles,
104:Carlos Morales Troncoso
2783:20th-century novelists
2063:Civic-Military Council
1784:"Dr. Joaquín Balaguer"
1309:La raza inglesa (2000)
1303:España infinita (1997)
1281:Los carpinteros (1984)
1278:Galería heroica (1984)
943:
770:
762:
754:
674:
666:
573:
565:
229:, until November 1961)
155:Francisco Augusto Lora
2101:Salvador Jorge Blanco
1762:(in European Spanish)
1500:Cápsulas Genealógicas
1165:Federico García Godoy
1126:Tratado Trujillo‑Hull
1103:Salmos paganos (1922)
1003:The Feast of the Goat
951:, with PLD candidate
938:
768:
760:
752:
720:Salvador Jorge Blanco
672:
664:
571:
563:
120:Salvador Jorge Blanco
1979:. London. p. 18
1900:The Lingering Crisis
1306:Grecia eterna (1999)
1106:Claro de luna (1922)
1042:improve this section
855:Christopher Columbus
801:improve this section
647:Operation Power Pack
451:Rosa Smester Marrero
410:forcibly disappeared
344:, Dominican Republic
2658:Dominican Civil War
2072:Héctor García-Godoy
1875:Eric Thomas Chester
1735:www.educando.edu.do
1506:on 22 February 2014
941:Columbus Lighthouse
881:Columbus Lighthouse
726:two years earlier.
651:Héctor García-Godoy
639:Dominican Civil War
506:of this article is
169:Héctor García-Godoy
158:Carlos Rafael Goico
2656:Served during the
2555:Second Triumvirate
2146:Title next held by
2047:Héctor B. Trujillo
2039:Political offices
1853:, 1 December 1961.
1809:"Joaquín Balaguer"
1417:"Joaquin Balaguer"
1297:Voz silente (1992)
1082:"Los Carpinteros".
998:Mario Vargas Llosa
944:
771:
763:
755:
737:after living with
675:
667:
574:
566:
326:Dominican Republic
2793:Caribbean writers
2743:Blind politicians
2667:
2666:
2550:First Triumvirate
2546:Provisional Junta
2156:
2155:
2115:Succeeded by
2088:Succeeded by
2061:Succeeded by
1955:978-1-887985-84-0
1543:978-968-496-595-9
1174:Juan Antonio Alix
1167:(antología, 1951)
1078:
1077:
1070:
861:and the visit of
857:' landing in the
848:elections of 1990
837:
836:
829:
594:Romulo Betancourt
547:
546:
539:
427:Santiago Province
374:
373:
366:
358:
16:(Redirected from
2810:
2655:
2260:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2139:1957–1960
2125:Preceded by
2118:Leonel Fernández
2112:1986–1996
2098:Preceded by
2085:1966–1978
2069:Preceded by
2058:1960–1962
2044:Preceded by
2036:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1928:
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1828:listindiario.com
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1090:Orlando Martínez
1073:
1066:
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1022:
1014:
931:Death and legacy
925:Leonel Fernández
832:
825:
821:
818:
812:
781:
773:
745:Third presidency
741:for many years.
673:Balaguer in 1976
665:Balaguer in 1966
542:
535:
531:
528:
522:
496:
495:
488:
364:
356:
338:
319:1 September 1906
318:
316:
304:Personal details
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200:
191:
177:
165:
151:
142:
132:Leonel Fernández
128:
116:
100:
91:
70:Balaguer in 1977
68:
58:Joaquín Balaguer
49:
21:
18:Joaquin Balaguer
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2000:Diariolibre.com
1996:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:(1969), p. 1-19
1897:
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1881:(2001), p. 27,
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1632:. p. 129.
1625:
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1592:Manati (2001).
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1203:Antonio Duvergé
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885:Christian cross
833:
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659:
617:Rafael Bonnelly
543:
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477:Rafael Trujillo
440:Ulises Heureaux
419:
396:state terrorism
363:
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349:Political party
340:
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270:Héctor Trujillo
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2091:Antonio Guzmán
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1994:External links
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1598:. p. 40.
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1387:. 2013-03-10.
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991:metro station
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2580:García Godoy
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2022:(in Spanish)
1981:. Retrieved
1976:The Guardian
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1830:(in Spanish)
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1790:(in Spanish)
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1643:. Retrieved
1628:
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1533:
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1504:the original
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1449:
1424:. Retrieved
1421:The Guardian
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1348:
1322:
1255:Fabio Fiallo
1098:
1094:
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1055:
1040:Please help
1028:
1010:Bibliography
1001:
995:
988:
983:Jimmy Carter
976:
968:
961:
949:the election
945:
914:
910:
898:
896:of the PRD.
874:
866:John Paul II
852:
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841:
838:
823:
814:
799:Please help
787:
728:
718:, the PRD's
713:
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684:
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610:
598:
582:trujillistas
581:
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533:
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474:
466:Pedro Albizu
455:
444:
423:Villa Bisonó
420:
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376:
375:
337:(2002-07-14)
335:14 July 2002
289:Succeeded by
256:
237:Succeeded by
188:
176:Succeeded by
139:
127:Succeeded by
88:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2803:Blind poets
2688:2002 deaths
2683:1906 births
2527:H. Trujillo
2522:R. Trujillo
2507:R. Trujillo
2026:Memoria.com
1573:. p. 9
1526:Jorge Duany
962:He died of
625:Puerto Rico
365:(1966–1996)
357:(1924–1966)
353:Independent
277:Preceded by
211:Preceded by
164:Preceded by
115:Preceded by
2677:Categories
2589:After 1966
2431:Woss y Gil
2401:Woss y Gil
2228:Regla Mota
1983:2010-05-15
1834:2017-01-23
1794:2023-02-10
1766:2023-02-09
1740:2017-01-23
1715:2 December
1645:3 December
1611:2 December
1577:2 December
1341:References
971:polarizing
877:US dollars
631:Juan Bosch
592:President
590:Venezuelan
527:March 2020
504:neutrality
433:native of
315:1906-09-01
54:The Doctor
2631:Fernández
2621:Fernández
2490:1924–1966
2471:Henríquez
2376:Guillermo
2361:Guillermo
2336:Espaillat
2311:Guillermo
2294:1865–1924
2201:1844–1865
1029:does not
1000:'s novel
969:He was a
788:does not
515:talk page
381:Dominican
266:President
257:In office
189:In office
140:In office
89:In office
2641:Abinader
2616:Balaguer
2596:Balaguer
2537:Bonnelly
2532:Balaguer
2517:Troncoso
2502:Estrella
2446:Victoria
2411:Figuereo
2406:Heureaux
2391:Heureaux
2366:González
2356:González
2341:González
2331:González
2301:Pimentel
2238:Valverde
2010:UCSB.edu
2005:UCSB.edu
1685:51220478
1663:(2001).
1528:(2007).
1294:) (1990)
1058:May 2018
859:Americas
817:May 2018
739:glaucoma
621:New York
508:disputed
447:Santiago
431:Spaniard
406:tortured
401:caudillo
392:Trujillo
40:Balaguer
30:In this
2654:‡
2606:Majluta
2565:Caamaño
2512:Peynado
2497:Vásquez
2466:Jimenes
2441:Cáceres
2436:Morales
2426:Vásquez
2421:Jimenes
2416:Vásquez
2396:Billini
2381:Luperón
2280:Polanco
2275:Salcedo
2243:Santana
2223:Santana
2213:Jimenes
2208:Santana
1697:oscura.
1331:mulatto
1178:Décimas
1050:removed
1035:sources
915:In the
901:Haitian
809:removed
794:sources
714:In the
462:Harvard
435:Catalan
425:in the
44:Ricardo
36:surname
2636:Medina
2601:Guzmán
2575:Imbert
2570:Benoit
2560:Molina
2481:Vicini
2456:Bordas
2386:Meriño
2371:Castro
2346:Cabral
2321:Cabral
2306:Cabral
2143:Vacant
2031:8M.com
1952:
1885:
1760:Acento
1683:
1673:
1636:
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1549:28 May
1540:
1455:8 July
1426:8 July
1363:
1257:(1977)
1205:(1962)
1112:(1924)
586:Héctor
578:Ramfis
551:Héctor
470:Albizu
322:Bisonó
2626:Mejía
2542:Bosch
2451:Nouel
2285:Rojas
1690:9 May
1510:1 May
1314:Notes
1242:Martí
735:blind
2461:Báez
2351:Báez
2326:Báez
2316:Báez
2233:Báez
2218:Báez
2193:list
1950:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1717:2014
1692:2014
1681:OCLC
1671:ISBN
1647:2014
1634:ISBN
1613:2014
1600:ISBN
1579:2014
1551:2013
1538:ISBN
1512:2014
1457:2021
1428:2021
1361:ISBN
1033:any
1031:cite
863:Pope
792:any
790:cite
701:1978
623:and
501:The
332:Died
309:Born
225:(as
1124:El
1044:by
923:'s
803:by
699:In
408:or
38:is
2679::
1973:.
1932:^
1920:^
1877:,
1826:.
1786:.
1775:^
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1733:.
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1176::
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989:A
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2191:(
2181:e
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