360:, Hertfordshire, and promised not to sell him without letting him know. The RAC, following Oglethorpe's orders, made in part through persistent requests from interested men in London, subsequently paid all the expenses and purchase price of the bond for Ayuba. Ayuba beseeched Bluett once again, explaining that none of this secured he would not be enslaved once again. According to Bluett, all the honourable men involved had promised they would not sell Ayuba into slavery, so, though supposedly Ayuba was not under any threat, Bluett and other sympathizers paid "fifty-nine pounds, six shillings, and eleven pence half-penny" simply to ease Ayuba's anxiety. Englishmen in London and surrounding provinces who had met Ayuba collected money so that his "freedom in form," an official document seal made and sealed by the RAC. Bluett explained, "Job's Mind being now perfectly easy," he could fraternize with London's elite, obtaining many gifts and new friendships, while also being of service to
44:
986:
Account of Job Ben
Solomon, a Pholey, who was in England in the Year 1733, and known by the Name of the African. To which is added, Capt. Stibbs's voyage up the Gambia in the Year 1723, to make Discoveries; with an accurate map of that River taken on the Spot: And many other Copper Plates. Also extracts from the Nubian's Geography, Leo the African, and other authors antient and modern, concerning the Niger-Nile, or Gambia, and Observations thereon.
400:. He considered his monotheistic perception of religion to be incompatible with the Christian belief in "the father," "the son," and "the holy spirit." He found the term "trinity" is not mentioned in the New Testament. He also advised against assignment of human images to God's name, and for this reason, displayed a particular disdain for
275:. Ayuba was initially put to work in the tobacco fields; however, after being found unsuitable for such work, he was placed in charge of the cattle. While in captivity, Ayuba used to go into the woods to pray. However, after being humiliated by a child while praying, Ayuba ran away in 1731 and was captured and imprisoned at the
249:
The invaders shaved the heads of Diallo and
Loumein to make them appear as war captives, and thereby supposedly legitimately enslavable, as opposed to their actual condition of people captured in a kidnapping raid for the specific purpose of selling slaves for financial profit. The two men were sold
355:
Captain Henry Hunt (or perhaps his brother, William Hunt), one of the original factors in charge of Ayuba's enslavement, arranged for lodging in a country province. Yet Ayuba heard rumours that Hunt was planning to sell him to traders who claimed they would deliver him home. Ayuba, fearing yet more
279:
Courthouse. Unfortunately, Ayuba's rationale for escape was not understood until an
African translator was located. Able to communicate his needs, Ayuba's owner set aside an area for undisturbed prayer upon the slave's return. It was at the courthouse that he was discovered by a lawyer and Anglican
319:, a language of a neighbouring African ethnic group, was able to translate for him, it was then discovered that he had aristocratic blood. Encouraged by the circumstances, Tolsey allowed Ayuba to write a letter in Arabic to Africa to send to his father. Eventually, the letter reached the office of
985:
Travels into the Inland parts of Africa: containing a description of the several nations for the space of Six
Hundred Miles up the River Gambia; their Trade, Habits, Customs, Language, Manners, Religion and Government; the Power, Disposition and Characters of some Negro Princes; with a particular
253:
Ayuba subsequently convinced the slave ship captain, named Pike, that they had previously met when Ayuba himself was selling slaves. He convinced Pike of his high social status and explained that his father was capable of paying a ransom. Pike granted Ayuba leave to send word to Ayuba's family. A
439:
by the French. Ayuba may have been targeted by the French because of his alliances with the
British. He was held perhaps for a year by the French, when Ayuba's local countrymen secured his release. He later sent letters to the London RAC to be given transit to visit London, but this request was
1770:
424:
However, Ayuba found that his father had died, and one of his wives, presuming that Ayuba had perished, had remarried. His homeland was ravaged by war, but being a prosperous individual, he was able to regain his old lifestyle—including the enslavement of his fellow
Africans.
364:
through his newly acquired ability to translate Arabic into
English. His service to Hans Sloane included organizing the collection of Arabic Manuscripts at the British Museum. While in England, Ayuba was in the company of many other prominent people, including the
343:
According to his own account, Oglethorpe was moved with sentiment upon hearing the suffering Ayuba had endured. Oglethorpe purchased Ayuba and sent him to the office of the Royal
African Company in London. Bluett and Ayuba travelled to
184:
Some
Memories of the Life of Job, the Son of the Solomon High Priest of Boonda in Africa; Who was enslaved about two Years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the Year
975:
Some
Memories of the Life of Job, the Son of the Solomon High Priest of Boonda in Africa; Who was a Slave about two Years in Maryland; and afterwards being brought to England, was set free, and sent to his native Land in the Year
440:
turned down. Ayuba continued to press his acquaintances in London for Loumein's freedom. Due to Ayuba's commitment and the help of Bluett, Loumein was eventually released from slavery and returned to the Gambia region in 1738.
352:. However emotionally swayed his letters claimed him to be, Oglethorpe was not so conscientious to leave instructions with the London office of the RAC concerning what to do with Ayuba upon his arrival in late April 1733.
258:
without further delay. Here, Diallo was delivered to another factor, Vachell Denton. At this time, his name was changed and Diallo became known as Job Ben Solomon, which is the biblical translation of his original name.
730:
419:
About the latter End of July last he embark'd on Board one of the African Company's Ships, bound for Gambia, where we hope he is safely arrived, to the great Joy of his Friends, and the Honour of the English
221:
people—Diallo's grandfather had founded Bondu, and his father, Suleiman Diallo, was a religious and political leader. As a child, Diallo was acquainted with Sambo, the prince of Futa, and the two studied the
1762:
1738:
432:. Ayuba was an extremely rare exception in the slave trade. Due to his education and monetary prowess, he was able to escape legally the hardships of slavery and return home to Africa.
311:, but could not imagine of what Country he was, or how he got thither; for by his affable Carriage, and the easy Composure of his Countenance, we could perceive he was no common Slave.
1850:
746:
990:
London: Printed by Edward Cave, at St. John's Gate, for the author, and sold by J. Stagg, in Westminster Hall; and at St. John's Gate aforesaid, 1738, 216, 202, and 213–124.
254:
messenger was sent, but did not return in time. At the behest of Pike's superior, Captain Henry Hunt, the two captives (Ayuba and Loumein) were sent across the Atlantic to
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and the Gallery launched a public appeal for the remaining £100,000. The money was raised to buy the work but the QMA agreed to lend it instead.
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187:. However, this version is not a first-person account. A first-hand account of Ayuba's capture and eventual return home can be found in
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three times from memory. His acquaintances made effort to convert him to Christianity, however, gifting him an Arabic version of the
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Diallo travelled to the coast in 1730, intending to purchase supplies, such as paper, and sell two slaves owned by his father to a
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Though in England, Ayuba continued to pray regularly and observe his Islamic beliefs. He was said to have copied, by hand, the
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Upon our Talking and making Signs to him, he wrote a Line or two before us, and when he read it, pronounced the Words
230:. Diallo had married two wives that were previously his slaves and fathered several children by the end of the 1720s.
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1607:
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trickery, contacted Bluett and other men whom he had met en route to London. Bluett took Ayuba to his own home in
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1786:
1754:
1519:
1297:
1834:
1479:
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680:"Thomas Bluett. Some Memoirs of the Life of Job, the Son of Solomon the Highest Priest of Boonda in Africa ..."
474:
The UK government imposed a temporary export bar because of its importance to British history and culture. The
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was painted in 1733. Previously known only from a print, the original painting was purchased by the
246:. While on the trip, Diallo and Loumein Ndiaye, a translator, were captured and sold into slavery.
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1842:
1633:
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launched an appeal to raise £554,937 to prevent its export. Most of this money was provided by the
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392:. Ayuba was already familiar with the Christian belief system, agreeing with the role of
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1656:
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1303:
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1103:
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The Fortunate Slave: An Illustration of African Slavery in the Early Eighteenth Century
815:
460:
443:
Ayuba's death was recorded in the minutes of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society in 1773.
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316:
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69:
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49:
877:
Creating Black Americans: African-American History and its Meanings, 1619 to Present
795:
African Muslims in Antebellum America: transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles
435:
Ayuba, however, faced later hardships. In June 1736, he was imprisoned or held as a
2165:
2157:
1499:
1453:
1427:
1366:
1246:
950:
919:(Dis)forming the American Canon: African-Arabic Slave Narratives and the Vernacular
324:
307:; by which, and his refusing a Glass of Wine we offered him, we perceived he was a
152:
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615:
323:, Director of the Royal African Company. After having the letter authenticated by
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988:
By Francis Moore, Factor several Years to the Royal African Company of England.
17:
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1989:
1716:
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1396:
1145:
1006:"Allah. Muhammad." Ayuba Diallo's long journey back to Africa; by Hassam Munir
214:
857:
308:
937:
Weaver, Jace (2011). "The Red Atlantic: Transoceanic Cultural Exchanges".
1871:
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73:
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113:
984:
745:, National Portrait Gallery website; and BBC News (August 12, 2010)
1010:
385:
300:
223:
218:
210:
103:
93:
708:
1827:
Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
1014:
1763:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
217:. His family were well-known religious leaders of the Muslim
348:
in 1733. During the journey Ayuba learned to communicate in
867:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas
710:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas
415:
and later returned to his homeland. Of this, Bluett recaps:
174:), Ayuba's memoirs were published as one of the earliest
1739:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
291:
The lawyer was impressed by Ayuba's ability to write in
643:
641:
639:
637:
723:
Portraits of Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (Job ben Solomon)
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656:
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His memoirs were published by Bluett in English and
159:, having previously owned and sold slaves himself.
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2307:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
814:
713:(New York: New York University Press, 1998), 165.
295:. In the narrative, Bluett writes the following:
2261:List of last surviving American enslaved people
1851:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
560:"Ayuba Suleiman Diallo: "The Fortunate Slave""
1026:
8:
602:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
869:. New York City: New York University Press.
451:A portrait of Diallo, wearing West African
404:and what he regarded as its characteristic
377:, which led him to being inducted into the
1069:
1033:
1019:
1011:
250:to factors of the Royal African Company.
42:
31:
2275:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
821:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
396:, but he refuted the concept of the holy
286:Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
267:Ayuba was then purchased by Mr Tolsey of
2256:Treatment of slaves in the United States
2030:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
1344:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
817:Islam in the African-American Experience
759:"Freed slave portrait saved from export"
202:Ayuba Suleiman Ibrahima Diallo was born
747:'Gallery fights to save rare portrait,'
599:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
550:
528:Also spelled Solomon or Soliman Dgiallo
512:
411:In July 1734, Ayuba freely returned to
192:Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa
2193:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
2014:Queen: The Story of an American Family
1934:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
666:
647:
628:
591:
589:
587:
585:
335:, Oglethorpe purchased Ayuba for £45.
1966:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
1795:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
1231:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
7:
1811:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
1306:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
558:Husain, Habeeba (12 February 2018).
901:. London: Oxford University Press.
839:Muslims in America: a short history
2150:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
2022:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
1300:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
1253:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
288:, travelling through on business.
25:
2251:Songs of the Underground Railroad
2211:Abolitionism in the United States
1719:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
1350:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
765:. 20 January 2011. Archived from
727:National Portrait Gallery, London
476:National Portrait Gallery, London
371:John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu
2378:American people of Fulbe descent
2299:Slave Songs of the United States
1803:The Underground Railroad Records
1713:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
1679:(19th century Indian Territory)
1653:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
315:When another African who spoke
2283:Slave-Trading in the Old South
1337:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
951:10.5250/amerindiquar.35.3.0418
813:Turner, Richard Brent (1997).
1:
2393:People from colonial Maryland
1958:The Confessions of Nat Turner
1923:
1916:
1747:The Narrative of Robert Adams
1161:
979:. London: Richard Ford, 1734.
939:The American Indian Quarterly
865:Diouf, Sylviane Anna (1998).
203:
2348:18th-century American slaves
2291:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
2246:Slavery in the United States
1603:Greensbury Washington Offley
743:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Appeal
616:UK public library membership
379:Spalding Gentlemen's Society
27:Senegalese slave (1701–1773)
2413:People enslaved in Maryland
2398:Writers of slave narratives
2383:Black British former slaves
2315:The Hemingses of Monticello
2216:African-American literature
916:Judy, Ronald A. T. (1993).
880:. Oxford University Press.
842:. Oxford University Press.
596:"Diallo, Ayuba Suleiman ".
537:Also known as Loumein Yoas.
132:(1701–1773), also known as
2429:
2131:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
1237:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
1053:Slave Narrative Collection
836:Curtis, Edward E. (2009).
2124:To a Southern Slaveholder
1912:The Bondwoman's Narrative
1787:My Bondage and My Freedom
1771:The Life of Josiah Henson
1755:American Slavery as It Is
1183:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
1048:
792:Austin, Allan D. (1997).
41:
2358:African-American Muslims
2070:The Underground Railroad
1835:The Peculiar Institution
1480:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
922:. U of Minnesota Press.
375:Mary, Duchess of Montagu
2241:Films featuring slavery
1705:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
1629:William Henry Singleton
1434:Ellen and William Craft
895:Grant, Douglas (1968).
608:10.1093/ref:odnb/100405
496:List of enslaved people
465:Qatar Museums Authority
329:Laudian Chair of Arabic
234:Capture and enslavement
2373:American Muslim slaves
2089:Amos Fortune, Free Man
1323:Juan Francisco Manzano
1298:Marie-Joseph Angélique
1206:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
1189:Johann Georg Wolffgang
1171:Guðríður Símonardóttir
1110:James Leander Cathcart
874:Painter, Nell (2005).
422:
313:
147:who was kidnapped and
48:Portrait of Diallo by
2408:Muslims from Maryland
2388:British former slaves
2038:Walk Through Darkness
1974:Underground to Canada
1587:Jermain Wesley Loguen
1532:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
1459:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
1275:Konstantin Mihailović
1223:Lovisa von Burghausen
1001:Digital History entry
798:. London: Routledge.
707:Sylviane Anna Diouf,
480:Heritage Lottery Fund
417:
297:
244:Royal African Company
130:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
36:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
2363:African slave owners
2236:Caribbean literature
2226:Atlantic slave trade
1779:Twelve Years a Slave
1672:Booker T. Washington
1474:Jordan Winston Early
453:traditional clothing
333:University of Oxford
157:Atlantic slave trade
2353:18th-century slaves
2231:Captivity narrative
2062:The Book of Negroes
1843:The Slave Community
1707:(1845–1847, Brazil)
1634:James Lindsay Smith
1541:John Andrew Jackson
1476:(1814 – after 1894)
1430:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
1423:William Wells Brown
1382:Jared Maurice Arter
1377:William J. Anderson
1270:Johann Schiltberger
256:Annapolis, Maryland
2403:Senegalese Muslims
2185:Unchained Memories
1690:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
1464:Frederick Douglass
1235:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
1134:Maria ter Meetelen
769:on 30 October 2021
689:on 11 October 2022
519:Also spelled Bundu
471:in November 2009.
213:, in the state of
136:, was a prominent
2325:
2324:
2097:I, Juan de Pareja
2081:Young adult books
1888:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1731:Non-fiction books
1726:
1725:
1683:Harriet E. Wilson
1567:Elizabeth Keckley
1413:Henry "Box" Brown
1331:(1860–1965, Cuba)
1325:(1797–1854, Cuba)
1280:George of Hungary
1255:(1792 – fl. 1828)
929:978-1-4529-0144-2
908:978-0-19-215634-1
887:978-0-19-513755-2
631:, pp. 25–26.
614:(Subscription or
402:Roman Catholicism
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
2420:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1896:The Heroic Slave
1651:Pierre Toussaint
1646:(1793 VA – 1860)
1610:(1827 VA – 1900)
1342:Pierre Toussaint
1177:Antoine Qaurtier
1166:
1163:
1070:
1042:Slave narratives
1035:
1028:
1021:
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982:Moore, Francis.
972:Bluett, Thomas.
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685:. Archived from
683:docsouth.unc.edu
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566:. Archived from
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406:worship of idols
394:Jesus as prophet
321:James Oglethorpe
242:working for the
208:
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176:slave narratives
120:Other names
85:1773 (age 71–72)
46:
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21:
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2267:Book of Negroes
2221:Anti-Tom novels
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2076:
2046:The Known World
1926:
1919:
1857:
1819:Up from Slavery
1722:
1711:Miguel de Buría
1693:
1662:Wallace Turnage
1598:Solomon Northup
1530:Fountain Hughes
1372:Jordan Anderson
1359:
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1329:Esteban Montejo
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1229:Olaudah Equiano
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1128:Elizabeth Marsh
1116:Ólafur Egilsson
1104:Felice Caronni
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189:Francis Moore's
134:Job Ben Solomon
123:Job Ben Solomon
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18:Job ben Solomon
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1500:Moses Grandy
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1428:Peter Bruner
1367:Sam Aleckson
1247:Roustam Raza
1158:Joseph Pitts
1080:Robert Adams
1064:by continent
983:
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786:Bibliography
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
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691:. Retrieved
687:the original
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153:the Americas
143:prince from
133:
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100:Denomination
29:
2343:1773 deaths
1927: 1861
1920: 1853
1624:Moses Roper
1608:John Parker
1594:(1790–1880)
1572:Boston King
1563:(1799–1874)
1392:Polly Berry
1335:Mary Prince
1249:(1783–1845)
1243:(1684-1777)
1225:(1698–1733)
1208:(1684–1736)
1191:(1644–1744)
1185:(1660–1736)
1179:(1632–1702)
1173:(1598–1682)
1165: 1735
1148:(1708–1754)
1140:Mende Nazer
1130:(1735–1785)
1118:(1564–1639)
1112:(1767–1843)
1106:(1747–1815)
1100:(1620–1702)
1092:Francis Bok
1088:(1714-1761)
1086:Marcus Berg
1082:(c. 1790–?)
1062:Individuals
667:Curtis 2009
648:Austin 1997
629:Turner 1997
362:Hans Sloane
277:Kent County
269:Kent Island
207: 1701
172:West Africa
155:during the
145:West Africa
2332:Categories
2105:Copper Sun
2054:Unburnable
1990:Dessa Rose
1717:Osifekunde
1649:Venerable
1592:James Mars
1505:Lear Green
1489:Monticello
1449:Noah Davis
1418:John Brown
1397:Henry Bibb
1340:Venerable
1146:Hark Olufs
773:3 February
618:required.)
502:References
469:Christie's
339:In England
263:In America
215:Futa Tooro
198:Early life
149:trafficked
1830:(1936–38)
1316:Caribbean
1142:(b. 1982)
1094:(b. 1979)
959:162829945
858:268957395
545:Citations
467:(QMA) at
309:Mahometan
2126:" (1848)
1872:Oroonoko
1556:John Jea
1160:(1663 –
1154:(1705–?)
1136:(1704–?)
763:BBC News
574:4 August
564:WhyIslam
490:See also
484:Art Fund
482:and the
447:Portrait
358:Cheshunt
305:Mahommed
280:priest,
273:Maryland
162:Born in
90:Religion
58:Personal
2204:Related
1998:Beloved
1982:Kindred
1950:Jubilee
1942:Our Nig
731:Archive
725:at the
437:parolee
420:Nation.
398:Trinity
350:English
346:England
331:at the
284:of the
168:Senegal
74:Senegal
2318:(2008)
2310:(2002)
2302:(1867)
2294:(2008)
2286:(1931)
2278:(1847)
2270:(1783)
2196:(2008)
2188:(2003)
2169:(2022)
2161:(1859)
2153:(1858)
2134:(1853)
2116:Essays
2108:(2006)
2100:(1965)
2092:(1951)
2073:(2016)
2065:(2007)
2057:(2006)
2049:(2003)
2041:(2002)
2033:(2001)
2025:(1996)
2017:(1993)
2009:(1990)
2001:(1987)
1993:(1986)
1985:(1979)
1977:(1977)
1969:(1976)
1961:(1967)
1953:(1966)
1945:(1859)
1937:(1856)
1907:(1853)
1904:Clotel
1899:(1852)
1891:(1852)
1883:(1841)
1875:(1688)
1854:(2018)
1846:(1972)
1838:(1956)
1822:(1901)
1814:(1881)
1806:(1872)
1798:(1861)
1790:(1855)
1782:(1853)
1774:(1849)
1766:(1845)
1758:(1839)
1750:(1816)
1742:(1789)
1491:–1901)
1487:(1815
1409:(1834)
1291:Canada
1216:Europe
1073:Africa
957:
926:
905:
884:
856:
846:
825:
802:
612:
430:French
413:Gambia
327:, the
293:Arabic
240:factor
228:Arabic
141:Muslim
138:Fulani
114:Maliki
52:(1733)
2142:Plays
955:S2CID
693:8 May
507:Notes
455:, by
386:Quran
317:Wolof
301:Allah
224:Quran
219:Fulbe
211:Bondu
178:, in
164:Bundu
104:Sunni
94:Islam
70:Bundu
2166:Omar
1199:Asia
976:1734
924:ISBN
903:ISBN
882:ISBN
854:OCLC
844:ISBN
823:ISBN
800:ISBN
775:2021
695:2019
576:2021
461:Bath
369:and
303:and
226:and
185:1734
82:Died
66:1701
63:Born
1880:Sab
947:doi
604:doi
459:of
209:in
182:'s
151:to
2334::
1924:c.
1922:–
1917:c.
1514:MD
1162:c.
953:.
943:35
941:.
852:.
761:.
655:^
636:^
584:^
562:.
408:.
381:.
271:,
204:c.
194:.
166:,
2122:"
1929:)
1915:(
1516:)
1167:)
1034:e
1027:t
1020:v
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949::
932:.
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860:.
831:.
808:.
777:.
733:)
729:(
697:.
669:.
610:.
606::
578:.
170:(
76:)
20:)
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