616:
Africans who gave evidence complained about the treatment of workers on estates, but were largely ignored. The official enquiry needed to find causes for the rising and it blamed
Chilembwe for his mixture of political and religious teaching, but also the unsatisfactory conditions on the A L Bruce Estates and the unduly harsh regime of W. J. Livingstone. The enquiry heard that the conditions imposed on the A L Bruce Estates were illegal and oppressive, including paying workers poorly or in kind (not in cash), demanding excessive labour from tenants or not recording the work they did, and whipping and beating both workers and tenants. The abuses were confirmed by Magomero workers and tenants questioned by the Commission in 1915.
583:
died in the fire. Apart from this girl, all the dead and injured were men, as
Chilembwe had ordered that women should not be harmed. On 24 January, which was a Sunday, Chilembwe conducted a service in the P.I.M. church with Livingstone's impaled head prominently displayed. However, by 26 January he realised that the uprising had failed to gain local support. After avoiding attempts to capture him and apparently trying to escape into Mozambique, he was tracked down and killed by an
674:, where afterwards, they were under the care of their grandmother until she herself died in 1922. They were then entrusted into the hands of the Blantyre Mission and government as orphans. Charlie and Donald struggled to live up to their father's legacy; Charlie spent his last years at Blantyre working as a sweeper until his death in 1971, while Donald, struggling to find work, largely vanishes from the historic record in the 1930s. It is speculated that he went to the
476:
their being built on the
Magomero estate. Although this prohibition applied to all missions, Chilembwe's mission was the closest; it became a natural focus for African agitation, and Chilembwe became the spokesman for African tenants on the Bruce Estates. Chilembwe provoked confrontation by erecting churches on estate land, which Livingstone burned down because he considered them as centres for agitation against the management and because they made potential
252:. Booth was critical of the reluctance of Scottish Presbyterian missions to admit Africans as full church members, and later founded seven more independent missions in Nyasaland which, like the Zambezi Industrial Mission(Potts), focused on the equality of all worshippers. In Booth's household and mission, where he was closely associated with Booth, Chilembwe became acquainted with Booth's radical religious ideas and egalitarian feelings.
506:
536:
forward the date of his revolt, making the prospects of its success more unlikely, and turning it into a symbolic gesture of protest. When he brought forward the date of the Shire
Highlands rising, Chilembwe was unable to ensure that it could still be coordinated with the planned rising in the Ntcheu District, which was therefore largely abortive. The failure in Ncheu District may also relate to the pacifism of many
662:
563:, who was absent from Nyasaland in 1915, wrote 17 years after the event. Mwase claimed the phrase, "…strike a blow and die…" was said by Chilembwe several times, but it is not recorded elsewhere, and it conflicts with the actual course of the uprising, during which several of the chosen leaders stayed home and many followers fled once troops appeared.
620:
only appropriate relationship between
Europeans and Africans was that of master and servant was at the heart of colonial society, led by the landowners. This concept may have been what Chilembwe aimed to fight against with his schools and self-help schemes, and ultimately why he turned to violent action, although see also for an alternate viewpoint.
629:
429:(who had no right to use community lands) on terms that Nyasaland Africans found unacceptable. These were called "Anguru", a convenient term with derogatory implications employed by Europeans to describe a number of different peoples who originated in Mozambique but had migrated into Nyasaland, mostly those speaking one of the
369:
that has been interpreted as showing his millenarian views is dated from 1914 onward, when he began baptizing many new church members without their first receiving instruction, as was normal
Baptist practice. However this evidence is ambiguous, and Chilembwe's activities have been more closely related to the
582:
The attack on
European estates was largely one on the Bruce estates, where William Jervis Livingstone was killed and beheaded and two other European employees killed. Three African men were also killed by the rebels; a European-run mission was set on fire, a missionary was severely wounded and a girl
356:
He preached the values of hard-work, self-respect and self-help to his congregation and, although as early as 1905 he used his church position to deplore the condition of
Africans in the protectorate, he initially avoided specific criticism of the government that might be thought subversive. However,
330:
congregations, with the aim of uniting some or all of these
African churches with his own mission church at the centre. Some of Chilembwe's congregation had formerly been Watchtower followers and he maintained contact with Elliot Kamwana, but the influence of Watchtower's millennial beliefs on him is
619:
Livingstone alone was blamed for these unsatisfactory conditions, and the resident director of the A L Bruce
Estates, Alexander Livingstone Bruce, who had absolute control over estate policy and considered that educated Africans had no place in colonial society, escaped censure. The concept that the
615:
A Commission of Enquiry into Chilembwe's uprising was appointed and, at its hearings in June 1915, the European planters blamed missionary activities while European missionaries emphasised the dangers of the teaching and preaching by independent African churches like those led by Chilembwe. Several
578:
It is uncertain if Chilembwe had definite plans in the event of failure; some suggest he intended to seek a symbolic death, others that he planned to escape to Mozambique. The first and third parts of the plan failed almost completely: some of his lieutenants did not carry out their attacks, so few
566:
The first part of Chilembwe's plan was to attack European centres in the Shire Highlands on the night between 23 and 24 January 1915 to obtain arms and ammunition, and the second was to attack European estates in the same area simultaneously. Most of Chilembwe's force of about 200 men were from his
513:
The sources cited above agree that, after 1912 or 1913 the series of social and personal issues mentioned increased Chilembwe's bitterness toward Europeans in Nyasaland, and moved him towards thoughts of revolt and genocide. However, they treat the outbreak and effects of the First World War as the
475:
Alexander Livingstone Bruce held the considered view that educated Africans had no place in colonial society and he opposed their education. He also recorded his personal dislike for Chilembwe as an educated African; he considered all African-led churches were centres for agitation, and prohibited
368:
and that this may have influenced his decision to initiate an armed uprising in 1915. There is very little direct evidence of what Chilembwe did preach although, at least in his first decade in Nyasaland, his main message was of African advancement through Christianity and hard work. The evidence
227:
slave, captured in warfare. This information was contemporary; in the 1990s, John Chilembwe's granddaughter stated that Chilembwe's father may have been called Kaundama, and was one of those who settled at Mangochi Hill during the Yao infiltration into Mang'anja territory, and that his mother may
535:
District, as his lieutenants. In a series of meetings held in December 1914 and early January 1915, Chilembwe and his leading followers aimed at overturning colonial rule and supplanting it, if possible. However, it is possible that he learnt of his intended deportation, and was forced to bring
526:
in September 1914 caused Chilembwe to write an impassioned letter against the war to the "Nyasaland Times" newspaper, saying that a number of his countrymen, "have already shed their blood", others were being "crippled for life" and "invited to die for a cause which is not theirs". The war-time
496:
Although in his first decade at P.I.M., Chilembwe had been reasonably successful, in the five years before his death, he faced a series of problems in the mission and in his personal life. From around 1910, he incurred several debts at a time when mission expenses were rising and funds from his
530:
The Governor decided to deport Chilembwe and some of his followers, and approached the Mauritius government asking them to accept the deportees a few days before the rising started. The censoring of Chilembwe's letter appears to be the trigger moving him from conspiracy to action. He began the
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military patrol on 3 February. An assistant magistrate that had inspected Chilembwe's body informed the government inquiry that he had been "wearing a dark blue coat, a coloured shirt and a striped pyjama jacket over the shirt and grey flannel trousers. With the body was brought in a pair of
554:
The aims of the rising remain unclear, partly because Chilembwe and many of his leading supporters were killed, and also because many documents were destroyed in a fire in 1919. However, use of the theme of "Africa for the Africans" suggests a political motive rather than a purely millennial
331:
minimised by most authors except the Lindens. Although the vast majority of those found guilty of rebellion and sentenced to death or to long terms of imprisonment were members of Chilembwe's church, a few other members of the Churches of Christ in Zomba were also found guilty.
309:
and others. He was ordained as a Baptist minister at Lynchburg in 1899. After completing his studies at Lynchburg in 1900, he returned to Nyasaland in 1900 with the blessing of the Foreign Missions Board and financial assistance from the National Baptist Convention.
669:
Chilembwe had a wife named Ida. They had two sons, John (nicknamed Charlie) and Donald, who were born at unknown dates, in addition to a daughter, Emma, who died during infancy. After Chilembwe was killed, Ida took care of the two sons until her death amidst the
488:
Chilembwe was angered by Livingstone's refusal to accept the worth of African people, and also frustrated by the refusal of the settlers and government to provide suitable opportunities or a political voice to the African "new men", who had been educated by the
276:
In 1897 Booth and Chilembwe traveled together to the United States. Because of the difficulties the two encountered when traveling together in the United States, Booth introduced Chilembwe to the Reverend Lewis G Gordon, Foreign Missions Secretary of the
437:, who themselves used various names to refer to their places of origin. They left Mozambique in significant numbers from 1899 when a harsh new labour code was introduced, and especially in 1912 and 1913 after a Mozambique famine in 1912. In 1912, the
472:, who controlled the A. L. Bruce Estates operations, instructed Livingstone not to allow any mission work to be carried on or schools to be opened on the Bruce Estates, although the company provided free medical and hospital treatment for workers.
353:(P.I.M.) in Chiradzulu district. In its first decade, the mission developed slowly, assisted by regular small donations from his American backers, and Chilembwe founded several schools, which by 1912 had 1,000 pupils and 800 adult students.
464:(reputed to be a distant relative of David Livingstone) ensured that 5,000 workers were available on the Magomero estate throughout that five- or six-month period by exploiting the obligations of the migrant labour tenancy system called
514:
key factor in moving him from thought to planning to take action, which he believed it was his destiny to lead, for the deliverance of his people. In the course of this war, some 19,000 Nyasaland Africans served in the
531:
detailed organisation for a rebellion, gathering together a small group of Africans, educated either at the Blantyre Mission or the schools of the independent, separatist African churches in the Shire Highlands and
255:
Booth left Nyasaland with Chilembwe in 1897; he returned to Nyasaland alone in 1899 but left permanently in 1902, although he continued to correspond with Chilembwe. After 1906, Booth was strongly influenced by
460:. From 1906, A. L. Bruce Estates developed and started to plant a hardy variety of cotton suitable for the Shire Highlands. Cotton required intensive labour over a long growing period, and the estate manager
588:
spectacles, a pair of pince nez and a pair of black boots". Even when being tracked down by patrols on the Mozambique border Chilembwe had continued to maintain his appearance as a "civilised gentleman".
296:
The principal was a militantly independent Negro, Gregory Hayes, and Chilembwe both experienced the contemporary prejudice against negroes and was exposed to radical American Negro ideas and the works of
772:
Marcus Garvey (ed. R. A. Hill), (2006).The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IX: Africa for the Africans, 1921–1922. Oakland, University of California Press, p. 427.
313:
For the first 12 years of his ministry after his return to Nyasaland, Chilembwe encouraged African self-respect and advancement through education, hard work and personal responsibility, as advocated by
318:, His activities were initially supported by white Protestant missionaries, although his relations with Catholic missions were less friendly. After 1912, Chilembwe developed closer contacts with local
1635:
1630:
643:
notes from 1997 until May 2012, when new notes were launched; the 500-kwacha note still carries his portrait. Since December 2016, the newly introduced 2000-kwacha note also carries his picture.
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would move south to link up with Chilembwe. He hoped that discontented Africans on European estates, relatives of soldiers killed in the war and others would join as the rising progressed.
571:, with some support from other independent African churches in the Shire Highlands. In the third part of the plan, the forces of the Ncheu revolt based on the local independent
260:, but the extent to which he retained influence over Chilembwe after 1902 or influenced him towards millennial beliefs is disputed, although Booth later strongly influenced
697:
D. T. Stuart-Mogg (1997). "A Brief Investigation into The Genealogy of Pastor John Chilembwe of Nyasaland and Some Thoughts upon the Circumstances Surrounding his Death",
608:. The government also shut down Chilembwe's Providence Industrial Mission. The PIM remained inactive until 1926, when it reopened under the leadership of former student
1685:
497:
American backers were drying up. Attacks of asthma, the death of a daughter, and his declining eyesight and general health may have deepened his anger and alienation.
441:
described them as working for such low wages as were "a record for any settled part of Africa". Many of those convicted after the rising were identified as "Anguru".
228:
have been called Nyangu: his likely pre-baptismal name was Nkologo. However, other also quite recent sources give differing parental names. Chilembwe attended a
522:
against the Germans in Tanganyika, and disease caused many casualties among them. One of the earliest campaigns, a German invasion of Nyasaland and a battle at
509:
The last known photo of John Chilembwe (left, with British missionary John Chorley "Sir Potts the 4th" on the right) taken in 1914 about a year before his death
444:
Conditions on the estates where the "Anguru" became tenants were generally poor, and Africans both on estates and Crown Lands were subjected to an increase in
38:
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and other missions in Nyasaland or in some cases had received a higher education abroad. A number of such men became Chilembwe's lieutenants in the rising.
944:
R. I. Rotberg (1971). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered", in R. I. Rotberg and A . A. Mazrui (editors),
922:. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 171, 248. – For a Providence Industrial Mission (PIM) history emphasizing the missionary work see: Patrick Makondesa,
95:
1670:
1640:
794:
R. I. Rotberg (1970). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered", in R. I. Rotberg and A. A. Mazrui, eds,
346:
278:
207:
There is limited information about John Chilembwe's parentage and birth. An American pamphlet of 1914 claimed that John Chilembwe was born in
1509:
1111:
241:
803:
732:
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by 1912 or 1913, Chilembwe had become more politically militant and openly voiced criticism over the state of African land rights in the
1650:
1583:
519:
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censor prevented publication of the letter, and by December 1914, Chilembwe was regarded with suspicion by the colonial authorities.
1014:
187:
and the colonial government's failure to promote the social and political advancement of Africans. Soon after the outbreak of the
1690:
1594:
282:
559:, and stated his wish to "strike a blow and die" immediately before the rising started. However, this is based solely on what
1665:
1194:
M. E. Page (2000). "The Chiwaya War": Malawians and the First World War, Boulder (Co), Westview Press, pp. 35–6, 37–41, 50–3.
759:
345:
In 1900 Chilembwe returned to Nyasaland, in his own words, "to labour amongst his benighted race". Backed financially by the
350:
596:
Most of Chilembwe's leading followers and some other participants in the rising were executed after summary trials under
413:. Relatively few local Africans remained on the estates when the owners introduced labour rents, preferring to settle on
1484:
1576:
1645:
1625:
1620:
1163:
R. I. Rotberg (1970). "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered", pp. 365–6.
605:
469:
579:
arms were obtained, the Ncheu group had failed to form and move south, and there was no mass support for the rising.
373:
of African churches breaking away, often with black American backing, from the more orthodox but European controlled
920:
Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915
829:
Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915
712:
Independent African. John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915
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in 1912, despite food shortages. Chilembwe's Providence Industrial Mission was situated in an area dominated by the
1655:
461:
245:
1680:
556:
340:
298:
244:, a radical and independent-minded missionary. Booth had arrived in Africa in 1892 as a Baptist to establish the
216:
1675:
1660:
319:
220:
195:
against colonial rule. Today, Chilembwe is celebrated as a hero of independence in some African countries, and
515:
671:
1444:
Rotberg, Robert. "Psychological Stress and the Question of Identity: Chilembwe's Revolt Reconsidered", in
609:
601:
639:
gained independence in 1964, taking the name Malawi. Chilembwe's likeness was seen on the obverse of all
679:
386:
1615:
1610:
572:
537:
425:. However, planters with large areas of available land but limited labour could engage migrants from
315:
302:
265:
261:
208:
560:
453:
323:
286:
212:
147:
818:, Vol. IX: Africa for the Africans, 1921–1922. Oakland, University of California Press, pp. 427–8.
1282:
T. Price (1969), Review of "Strike a Blow and Die" by George Simeon Mwase and Robert I. Rotberg,
549:
385:
or other denominations, than being under the influence of overtly millenarian groups such as the
370:
327:
306:
229:
196:
192:
113:
401:, the most densely populated part of the protectorate, European estates occupied about 867,000
37:
1505:
1107:
1010:
799:
728:
457:
1025:
650:
290:
176:
85:
421:
entitled them to use (sometimes overcrowded) land belonging to the community, or to become
349:, Inc., which also provided two American Baptist helpers until 1906, Chilembwe started his
281:, who arranged for the latter to attend the Virginia Theological Seminary and College (now
272:
Education in the United States and relations with American and African Independent Churches
640:
490:
438:
430:
422:
398:
358:
188:
555:
religious one. Chilembwe is said to have drawn parallels between his rising and that of
518:, and up to 200,000 others were forced to be porters for varying periods, mostly in the
361:
and of the conditions of labour tenants there, particularly on the A. L. Bruce Estates.
1093:
L. White (1984). "'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising", pp. 515–18, 523.
434:
365:
1604:
1295:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", pp. 310–12.
1216:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", pp. 309–11.
675:
418:
257:
168:
1185:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", pp. 308–9.
957:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", pp. 306–7.
935:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", pp. 306–7.
881:
The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia 1873–1964
661:
183:), opposing both the treatment of Africans working in agriculture on European-owned
1526:
1234:
K. E. Fields (1985). "Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa", pp. 125–6.
374:
127:
25:
1552:
1154:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem", pp. 633–4.
1067:
L. White (1984). "'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising", pp. 513–15.
505:
224:
1499:
1435:
L. White (1984). "'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising", pp. 524–5.
1400:
L. White (1984). "'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising", pp. 523–4.
1378:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", p. 312.
1330:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", p. 313.
1132:
Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915", p. 307.
597:
410:
184:
1123:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem", p. 633.
1225:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem", p. 629
1028:(2015). "Prester John, John Chilembwe and the European Fear of Ethiopianism",
600:
shortly after it failed. The total number of those killed is unclear, because
426:
414:
853:
R. Tangri (1971). "Some New Aspects of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915",
636:
477:
382:
172:
73:
54:
665:
John Chilembwe, with his wife Ida, and one of their children. Date unknown.
632:
Two-thousand-kwacha banknote featuring Chilembwe's portrait on the obverse
465:
449:
406:
249:
137:
992:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem".
892:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem",
757:
J. Linden and I. Linden (1971). "John Chilembwe and the New Jerusalem",
905:
L. White (1984). "'Tribes' and the Aftermath of the Chilembwe Rising",
568:
523:
445:
378:
164:
69:
1387:
P. Charlton (1993). "Some Notes on the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve",
649:
A larger-than-life statue of John Chilembwe was unveiled in London's
584:
532:
180:
1597:. Harvard Magazine, March–April 2005: Volume 107, Number 4, Page 36.
816:
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers
628:
167:
pastor, educator and revolutionary who trained as a minister in the
1458:
1527:"Malawi's John Chilembwe gets statue in London's Trafalgar Square"
660:
627:
504:
402:
646:
John Chilembwe Day is observed annually on 15 January in Malawi.
1595:
John Chilembwe: Brief life of an anticolonial rebel: 1871?–1915
364:
It has also been claimed that Chilembwe preached a form of
883:, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, pp. 77, 85.
540:
and Watchtower followers who were expected to rise there.
215:, in the south of what became Nyasaland, in June 1871.
1284:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
1636:
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
1631:
19th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
1045:, Kingston (Ontario): The Limestone Press, pp. 36–7.
924:
The Church History of Providence Industrial Mission
143:
133:
123:
109:
101:
91:
81:
61:
47:
23:
264:, the first leader of the Watchtower followers of
746:Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
725:Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa
1459:"Malawi new 2,000-kwacha note (B163) confirmed"
714:. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 25, 36–8, 47.
199:is observed annually on 15 January in Malawi.
1448:, pp. 337–373. Oxford University Press, 1970.
840:B. Morris (2016), "The Chilembwe Rebellion",
8:
798:, New York: Oxford University Press, 356-8.
604:were carried out by European members of the
42:Chilembwe in 1914, one year before his death
1501:The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought
831:. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 166, 417
219:also stated that Chilembwe's father was a
36:
20:
1411:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
1367:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
1306:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
1258:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
1205:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
1056:The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa
727:, Princeton University Press, pp. 125–6.
96:Virginia Theological Seminary and College
16:Independence leader in Malawi (1871–1915)
1504:. Oxford University Press. p. 224.
1007:Magomero: Portrait of an African Village
1686:Virginia University of Lynchburg alumni
814:Marcus Garvey (ed. R. A .Hill) (2006).
690:
567:P.I.M. congregations in Chiradzulu and
175:in 1901. He was an early figure in the
1577:Chilembwe.com: "Who is John Chilembwe"
1498:Irele, Abiola; Jeyifo, Biodun (2010).
1009:, p. 133, Cambridge University Press.
347:National Baptist Convention of America
1043:Land and Politics in Malawi 1875–1975
240:In 1892 he became a house servant of
7:
1485:"Official Public Holidays in Malawi"
335:Return to Nyasaland and mission work
163:(June 1871 – 3 February 1915) was a
1553:"John Chilembwe's wife and progeny"
1321:, Woodbridge: James Currey, p. 141.
970:, Woodbridge: James Currey, p. 133.
918:G. Shepperson and T. Price (1958).
827:G. Shepperson and T. Price (1958).
710:G. Shepperson and T. Price (1958).
1588:An African Biographical Dictionary
1525:Sippy, Priya (28 September 2022).
1076:T. Price (1952). "The Name 'Anguru
785:, pp. 79, 85–92, 112–118, 122–123.
289:where he almost certainly studied
285:), a small Baptist institution at
14:
1446:Protest and Power in Black Africa
946:Protest and Power in Black Africa
796:Protest and Power in Black Africa
624:Nyasaland independence and legacy
283:Virginia University of Lynchburg
1671:Malawian human rights activists
1641:20th-century Malawian educators
501:Background to the 1915 uprising
484:Reaction to the colonial system
1424:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
1354:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
1341:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
1319:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
1104:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
994:The Journal of African History
981:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
968:A History of Malawi, 1859–1966
909:, Vol. 83, No. 333, pp. 522–3.
894:The Journal of African History
760:The Journal of African History
456:, named after a son-in-law of
193:an unsuccessful armed uprising
1:
1557:The Society of Malawi Journal
1389:The Society of Malawi Journal
1269:Shepperson and Price (1958).
1243:Shepperson and Price (1958).
1172:Shepperson and Price (1958).
1141:Shepperson and Price (1958).
1030:The Society of Malawi Journal
866:Shepperson and Price (1958).
842:The Society of Malawi Journal
781:Shepperson and Price (1958).
699:The Society of Malawi Journal
351:Providence Industrial Mission
1032:, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 20–22.
896:, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 631–3.
320:independent African churches
1551:Stuart-Mogg, David (2010).
1391:, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 35–9.
701:, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 44–7.
606:Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve
470:Alexander Livingstone Bruce
279:National Baptist Convention
1707:
1651:Malawian anti-colonialists
855:African Historical Studies
547:
462:William Jervis Livingstone
409:, almost half of the best
338:
246:Zambezi Industrial Mission
232:mission from around 1890.
763:, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 633.
592:Aftermath of the uprising
236:Influence of Joseph Booth
177:resistance to colonialism
154:
119:
65:03 February 1915 (age 43)
35:
1286:, Vol. 39, No. 2 p. 195.
857:, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 307.
844:, Vol. 68, No. 1, p. 39.
544:1915 uprisings and death
1691:African revolutionaries
1084:, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 25.
926:, Zomba: Kachere, 2006.
672:1918 influenza outbreak
879:R. I. Rotberg (1965).
666:
633:
610:Daniel Sharpe Malekebu
602:extrajudicial killings
510:
387:Seventh-day Adventists
341:Chilembwe's motivation
191:, Chilembwe organised
161:John Nkologo Chilembwe
1666:Malawian philosophers
1082:The Nyasaland Journal
966:J. McCracken (2012).
744:K. E. Fields (1985).
723:K. E. Fields (1985).
664:
631:
520:East African Campaign
516:King's African Rifles
508:
573:Seventh Day Baptists
316:Booker T. Washington
303:Booker T. Washington
266:Charles Taze Russell
262:Elliot Kenan Kamwana
1271:Independent African
1245:Independent African
1174:Independent African
1143:Independent African
948:. New York, p. 141.
868:Independent African
783:Independent African
653:in September 2022.
561:George Simeon Mwase
538:Seventh Day Baptist
454:A. L. Bruce Estates
393:Colonial grievances
324:Seventh Day Baptist
287:Lynchburg, Virginia
213:Chiradzulu District
148:Lynchburg, Virginia
82:Cause of death
1646:Chilembwe uprising
1626:1910s in Nyasaland
1621:1900s in Nyasaland
1465:. 30 December 2016
1422:McCracken (2012).
1352:McCracken (2012).
1339:McCracken (2012).
1317:McCracken (2012).
1102:McCracken (2012).
1041:B. Pachai (1978).
996:. Vol. 12, p. 640.
979:McCracken (2012).
748:, pp. 99–100, 105.
667:
634:
550:Chilembwe uprising
511:
405:, or over 350,000
371:Ethiopian movement
328:Churches of Christ
307:Frederick Douglass
230:Church of Scotland
197:John Chilembwe Day
114:Chilembwe uprising
1656:Malawian Baptists
1511:978-0-19-533473-9
1176:, pp. 234–5, 263.
1112:978-1-84701-050-6
1005:L. White (1987).
458:David Livingstone
223:and his mother a
158:
157:
102:Years active
1698:
1681:Nyasaland people
1582:Brockman, N. C.
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651:Trafalgar Square
480:on estate land.
291:African-American
86:Killed in action
40:
21:
1706:
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1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
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1676:Malawian rebels
1661:Malawian clergy
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1584:Chilembwe, John
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641:Malawian kwacha
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439:Colonial Office
431:Makua languages
423:migrant workers
399:Shire Highlands
395:
359:Shire Highlands
343:
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189:First World War
171:, returning to
92:Alma mater
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1571:External links
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1463:BanknoteNews
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1369:, pp. 87–91.
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680:South Africa
668:
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491:Presbyterian
487:
474:
443:
433:, often the
396:
375:Presbyterian
363:
355:
344:
322:, including
312:
295:
275:
254:
242:Joseph Booth
239:
217:Joseph Booth
206:
160:
159:
128:Christianity
18:
1616:1915 deaths
1611:1871 births
1563:(2): 25–38.
1413:, pp. 78–9.
1308:, pp. 84–6.
598:martial law
411:arable land
185:plantations
1605:Categories
1536:2 November
1356:, p. 137.
1207:, pp. 81–3
686:References
557:John Brown
452:estate of
427:Mozambique
415:Crown Land
299:John Brown
203:Early life
1343:, p. 142.
1273:, p. 239.
983:, p. 142.
870:, p. 417.
637:Nyasaland
383:Methodist
293:history.
225:Mang'anja
173:Nyasaland
105:1899–1915
74:Nyasaland
55:Nyasaland
51:June 1871
1531:BBC News
1260:, p. 84.
1058:, p. 18.
466:thangata
450:Magomero
407:hectares
250:Blantyre
144:Ordained
124:Religion
26:Reverend
1590:, 1994.
1579:(1996).
1469:28 June
524:Karonga
446:Hut tax
397:In the
379:Baptist
209:Sangano
165:Baptist
138:Baptist
70:Mulanje
1508:
1110:
1013:
802:
731:
585:askari
569:Mlanje
478:claims
417:where
181:Malawi
150:, 1899
134:Church
533:Ncheu
403:acres
248:near
68:near
1538:2022
1506:ISBN
1471:2020
1108:ISBN
1011:ISBN
800:ISBN
729:ISBN
326:and
62:Died
48:Born
1080:",
678:or
221:Yao
1607::
1586:.
1561:63
1559:.
1555:.
1529:.
1461:.
682:.
612:.
468:.
389:.
381:,
377:,
305:,
301:,
211:,
72:,
1540:.
1514:.
1487:.
1473:.
1114:.
1078:'
735:.
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