1968:
528:; in 1951, he found that the time variations are much greater as well. He had recognized the potential of neutrons and lower energy cosmic ray particles for exploring the causes of the time variations. That year he also invented the neutron monitor to fulfill the need for a stable ground-based neutron detector. In doing so, he established neutron monitor stations at various locations including
590:(LASR) which was built within the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. NASA contributed towards the laboratory and funded a building for LASR, which was completed in 1964. In the laboratory, instrument development and space research were consolidated under one roof, along with theoretical research connected with the results of the ongoing research and space experiments.
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after taking a leave of absence from the university. As part of the university faculty, Simpson invented and patented a "gas flow α-particle proportional counter for measuring plutonium yields in the presence of high intensity fission products" by piping the plutonium-bearing gas through the counter
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indicated a cosmic ray intensity increase of about 1 percent per AU. In 1975, he found that during the low point of activity three years prior, the abundance of cosmic ray helium was strangely enhanced at these very low energies, as opposed to it dropping off with declining energies like protons do
629:, but in fact belonged to the planet itself. Simpson had been helping to develop the mission from concept since 1959. Also, in 1980, his detection of a tiny gap in the distribution of energetic particles trapped in the magnetic field of Saturn indicated the presence of a previously undetected small
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penetrated the sheet, it vaporized a small area, releasing the charges on the sheet and creating an electrical signal which indicated the location and size of the hole in the plastic; precise calibration allowed information about the collision, such as particle speed and size, to be extracted from
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He was known an outstanding professor, having throughout the course of his academic career supervised the research of 34 doctoral students, many who are now leaders in the space sciences. Simpson has also provided lectures to the public using funds in 1974 which came from his
Compton Chair in an
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orbiting at that position in space and absorbing particles which would otherwise be found. Subsequently, scientists identified Saturn's moon optically. In 1976 and 1982, Simpson also detected bursts of energetic particles associated with the passage of shock waves in the solar wind, and provided
515:), he contributed significantly throughout the years to the field's development with his scientific investigations. Simpson's contributions were unique in that he accomplished his work in a way that boosted the accomplishments and careers of others around him. In 1955, he gave
28:
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as a faculty member at the
University of Chicago as a physics instructor, and remained there throughout his career, partaking in research until shortly before his death in August 2000. In 1945, he also worked as an unofficial adviser to Connecticut Senator
276:(November 3, 1916 â August 31, 2000) was an American physicist and science educator. He was deeply committed to educating the public and political leaders about science and its implications, most notably as a principal founder of the
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of the
University of Chicago, and his progress was largely a consequence of Simpson's continued support. In 1949, Simpson contributed to the discovery that the latitude effect seen with neutrons is around 20 times greater than with
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in 1986, and earned him the
Gagarin Medal for Space Exploration that year for his contribution towards the success of the Vega mission, as his instruments had been the only ones from the United States to encounter the comet.
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In 1954 and 1955, Simpson explored the global and time variations of cosmic rays at these neutron monitor stations around the world. In 1956, a giant cosmic ray flare provided the first direct glimpse of composition of
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2020:
755:
John
Alexander Simpson is known for inventions such as the "gas flow α-particle proportional counter", which measures plutonium yields in the presence of high intensity fission products, and the
1905:
556:. At this point, the scientific community surrounding cosmic rays and solar activity had grown large. Simpson was one of 12 scientists responsible for organizing and coordinating the
458:. The bulletin's aim was to spell out the implications of the atomic bomb and provide rational courses of action in response to the implications. In the October 29, 1945, issue of
468:, spoke about their involvement with nuclear energy, and said that scientists for the first time had recognized a moral responsibility to warn of the danger of any further use of
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are scarce in cosmic rays, and that this scarcity indicates that they have been around for about 2 x 10 years. This led him to conclude that cosmic rays pass freely between the
440:. It was common for governments to recruit physicists during World War II for such tasks. Simpson had taken up the offer after recognizing the social and human implications of
661:(another light non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and two neutrons). On Earth, helium-4 makes up about 99.986% of total helium. In 1973, his instruments on
2030:
571:, Simpson, realizing the necessity for the US to send instruments into space, outlined the scientific situation and his plans for such activity to University Chancellor
613:(1979). Jupiter's mission detected the relativistic (3-30 MeV) electron population the planet was emitting for the first time; electrons were observed within the
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Simpson, J. A. (1946). A Precision Alpha
Proportional Counter (Vol. 80). War Department, Corps of Engineers, Office of the District Engineer, Manhattan District.
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in 1940, where he became interested in the history of science and technology from the Greeks to the Middle Ages to the most recent discoveries in
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769:. The first of his instruments launched into space occurred in 1958; the last two were launched in 1999, one aboard the spacecraft
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575:. Kimpton granted Simpson $ 5,000 to get the project off the ground, and partnered with Peter Meyer to develop small lightweight
1035:"Obituary: John Alexander Simpson, 1916-2000 (Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society ; vol. 33, no. 4, p. 1581-1582)
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Cholo, Ana
Beatriz. (17 May 2003). Nancy Farley Wood, 99. Early feminist, business owner. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois.
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attempt to reach a larger audience with his research. In 1982, he also established and became the first chairman of the
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worked with
Simpson and is credited with the development and production of the radiation detectors for the laboratory.
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and wanted to partake in its development. Because of this, Simpson became a founding member and first chairman of the
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Simpson Jr, J. A. (1947). A Precision AlphaâProportional
Counter. Review of Scientific Instruments. 18(12): 884-893.
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suited for the space environment. Simpson's first particle detector was launched in 1958 on the spacecraft
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Simpson Jr, J. A. (1948). Air proportional counters. Review of
Scientific Instruments. 19(11): 733-743.
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Simpson, J. A. (1940). An experimental electron microscope (Doctoral dissertation, Reed College).
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perpendicular to the plane of the plastic, and then electrically polarized carrying a positive
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a year later. It was at New York University in 1943 when Simpson was invited to be employed at
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and two years after the start of his career. He was also a co-founder that same year of the
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the signal. These calibrations took place from 1985 until 1989. This device was used on
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noted that he was one of the most prolific inventors of scientific instruments for
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at the University of Chicago; in 1974, he was the first to be appointed to the
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In 1970, Simpson, William Dietrich, and John David Anglin discovered that some
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evidence that the transition serves as an efficient accelerator of particles.
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of nuclear policy and his critical efforts in planning and execution of the
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In 1965, Simpson, along with his students and co-workers, built the first
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in August 1945, a day after the United States dropped the atomic bomb on
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for Space Exploration for his contribution towards the success of the
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spacecraft. The instrument involved a thin sheet of plastic that was
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Reduction of the natural insensitive time in GeigerâMĂŒller counters
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on one of its surfaces and a negative charge on the other. When a
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asked him to help invent instruments for measuring high levels of
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of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1999, he was awarded the
621:. Simpson's detection in 1974 is what first established that the
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in the lower atmosphere (developed from pre-World War II work by
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Simpson spent his career as an instructor and researcher for the
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and a long-time member of the organizations Board of Sponsors.
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978:, Thursday 14 September 2000. Visited on August the 28th, 2010.
404:. It took much convincing, but Simpson finally agreed to help.
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Simpson, J. A. (1955). Neutron monitor. University of Chicago.
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in his early years, receiving an award in high school for his
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and Department of Physics, where he conducted experiments in
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In 1962, Simpson and Professor Peter Meyer established the
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which he contracted in the hospital following a successful
1002:"John Alexander Simpson, 83, Nuclear and Cosmic Scientist"
2021:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
488:
Simpson has 15 patents under his name, which include the
1060:"Remembering John Simpson.(nuclear physicist)(Obituary)"
507:. Beginning in 1946 with investigations into cosmic ray
396:. Volney Wilson, an administrator at the university's
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for his role in educating scientists, members of the
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observed at Mercury were not carried from the Sun by
194:
Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR)
1004:, September 7, 2000. Visited on September 1st, 2010.
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1062:, November 1, 2000. Visited on September 1st, 2010.
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847:. In 2000, he was also additionally awarded the
416:in 1943 where he acted as a group leader on the
285:He is known for inventions such as the gas flow
420:. The Manhattan Project was the codename for a
1224:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1091:"1999 Leo Szilard Lectureship Award Recipient"
588:Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research
560:(1957â58), helping to make it a huge success.
1279:
1251:Guide to the John A. Simpson Papers 1940-1988
1030:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
949:"John Alexander Simpson BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS"
617:and then escaping at distances of at least 1
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412:Simpson began his professional career as a
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677:In 1975 and 1977, Simpson discovered that
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641:produce energetic particles, among which
296:yields in the presence of high intensity
2031:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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861:Universities Space Science Working Group
851:which is the highest award given by the
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807:Simpson is the recipient of the 1986
519:a job as a research associate in the
7:
784:In 1959, Simpson was elected to the
601:. It also became the first to visit
1122:. Visited on August the 28th, 2010.
1093:. Visited on August the 28th, 2010.
1037:. Visited on August the 28th, 2010.
1751:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1182:"Obituary: John Alexander Simpson"
14:
1055:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
475:This same year Simpson began his
455:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
279:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2001:Scientists from Portland, Oregon
1967:
1966:
794:Distinguished Service Professor
1109:American Philosophical Society
1084:Forum on Physics & Society
845:International Geophysical Year
827:, and in 1993 was awarded the
823:for his contributions towards
558:International Geophysical Year
490:multiwire proportional counter
352:, Simpson was an accomplished
1:
833:Leo Szilard Lectureship Award
821:American Astronomical Society
788:. In 1968, he held the first
153:Leo Szilard Lectureship Award
1911:Oppenheimer security hearing
786:National Academy of Sciences
717:in the presence of a strong
446:Atomic Scientists of Chicago
2011:American nuclear physicists
951:. Visited 10 February 2020.
538:Sacramento Peak, New Mexico
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853:American Geophysical Union
699:In the 1980s, Simpson and
1964:
1854:Bismuth phosphate process
1849:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
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1087:American Physical Society
645:(a light non-radioactive
267:
168:
25:
2016:Manhattan Project people
945:National Academies Press
825:high-energy astrophysics
800:, and in 1986 he became
398:Metallurgical Laboratory
118:high-energy astrophysics
1931:S-1 Executive Committee
1879:EinsteinâSzilard letter
319:University of Chicago's
1373:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
837:United States Congress
690:extended magnetic halo
521:Enrico Fermi Institute
464:, Simpson, along with
322:Enrico Fermi Institute
274:John Alexander Simpson
20:John Alexander Simpson
2026:Cosmic ray physicists
1951:X-10 Graphite Reactor
1906:Nobel Prize laureates
1776:509th Composite Group
775:and the other aboard
436:to develop the first
394:University of Chicago
228:Serge Alexander Korff
190:University of Chicago
1859:British contribution
1761:Operation Peppermint
1756:Operation Crossroads
1615:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1118:11 June 2011 at the
639:impulsive sun flares
615:Jovian magnetosphere
554:interplanetary space
290:proportional counter
2006:Reed College alumni
1620:George Kistiakowsky
1575:Charles Critchfield
1198:2000PhT....53l..83P
849:William Bowie Medal
649:of helium with two
597:detectors to visit
534:Mexico City, Mexico
526:ionization chambers
386:New York University
300:products), and the
262:Douglas C. Hamilton
160:William Bowie Medal
100:New York University
1685:Henry DeWolf Smyth
1464:Robert Oppenheimer
1419:Priscilla Duffield
998:The New York Times
759:. His obituary in
577:particle detectors
466:Eugene Rabinowitch
1978:
1977:
1900:Los Alamos Primer
1889:Interim Committee
1844:African Americans
1796:The Great Artiste
1655:Isidor Isaac Rabi
1650:Norman Ramsey Jr.
1449:Franklin Matthias
1388:Heavy water sites
1295:Manhattan Project
1228:on 2 January 2006
1222:"Arctowski Medal"
1207:10.1063/1.4808481
1180:(December 2000).
1178:Parker, Eugene N.
817:Bruno Rossi Prize
767:space exploration
705:dust flux monitor
546:Chicago, Illinois
498:Nancy Farley Wood
432:conducted during
424:project with the
418:Manhattan Project
380:. He obtained an
364:. He received an
306:dust flux monitor
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234:Doctoral students
170:Scientific career
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139:Bruno Rossi Prize
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122:Space Exploration
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132:Gagarin Medal
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86:United States
84:
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58:
54:
50:
37:
33:
29:
24:
17:
1956:Y-12 Project
1941:Smyth Report
1936:S-50 Project
1898:
1894:K-25 Project
1823:Pumpkin bomb
1794:
1787:
1780:
1710:John Wheeler
1680:Louis Slotin
1675:Emilio SegrĂš
1625:George Koval
1605:James Franck
1590:Enrico Fermi
1535:Luis Alvarez
1494:Paul Tibbets
1469:Deak Parsons
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1216:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1107:
1083:
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1024:
972:The Guardian
967:
938:
857:
813:Vega program
806:
783:
776:
771:
762:The Guardian
760:
754:
708:
703:developed a
698:
686:gaseous disk
679:beryllium-10
676:
636:
592:
585:
569:Soviet Union
562:
550:
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487:
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459:
453:
438:atomic bombs
434:World War II
411:
370:Reed College
347:
316:
314:spacecraft.
309:
284:
277:
273:
272:
209:
186:Institutions
169:
96:Reed College
65:(2000-08-31)
1996:2000 deaths
1991:1916 births
1771:Silverplate
1725:Leona Woods
1690:Leo Szilard
1665:Bruno Rossi
1610:Klaus Fuchs
1514:Ed Westcott
1504:Harold Urey
1232:13 February
1050:Moore, Mike
869:US Congress
715:polymerized
672:zero energy
609:(1974) and
605:(in 1973),
513:Serge Korff
505:cosmic rays
358:saxophonist
354:clarinetist
330:cosmic rays
308:aboard the
238:Sam Treiman
82:Citizenship
1985:Categories
1874:Demon core
1818:Little Boy
1739:Operations
1555:Niels Bohr
1545:Hans Bethe
1528:Scientists
1474:Boris Pash
1353:Los Alamos
996:National,
879:References
667:Pioneer 11
663:Pioneer 10
627:solar wind
595:cosmic ray
362:virtuosity
344:Early life
287:α-particle
110:Cosmic Ray
41:1916-11-03
1916:Plutonium
1782:Enola Gay
1600:Val Fitch
1550:Aage Bohr
1499:Bud Uanna
1368:Oak Ridge
581:Pioneer 2
450:Hiroshima
414:physicist
374:astronomy
366:AB degree
334:pneumonia
328:and with
294:plutonium
1972:Category
1828:Thin Man
1789:Bockscar
1383:Wendover
1363:New York
1358:Montreal
1348:Inyokern
1323:Berkeley
1304:Timeline
1116:Archived
802:Emeritus
778:Stardust
710:Stardust
707:for the
688:and the
659:helium-4
653:and one
643:helium-3
509:neutrons
485:itself.
408:Research
348:Born in
311:Stardust
75:Illinois
49:Portland
1946:Uranium
1813:Fat Man
1806:Weapons
1378:Trinity
1343:Hanford
1328:Chicago
1257:at the
1255:Addenda
1194:Bibcode
819:by the
772:Ulysses
670:toward
655:neutron
651:protons
647:isotope
607:Mercury
603:Jupiter
567:by the
565:Sputnik
378:physics
298:fission
180:Physics
71:Chicago
1338:Dayton
1332:Site A
740:Vega 2
736:Vega 1
694:galaxy
682:nuclei
611:Saturn
544:; and
477:tenure
430:Canada
216:(1944)
214:
205:Thesis
176:Fields
163:(2000)
156:(1999)
149:(1993)
142:(1991)
135:(1986)
128:Awards
53:Oregon
1311:Sites
384:from
368:from
1318:Ames
1253:and
1234:2011
873:NASA
871:and
738:and
665:and
631:moon
599:Mars
461:Life
428:and
390:Ph.D
376:and
356:and
60:Died
35:Born
1202:doi
863:in
729:or
1987::
1200:.
1190:53
1188:.
1184:.
1098:^
1089:.
1076:^
1052:,
1042:^
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1027:,
1009:^
1000:.
983:^
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970:,
956:^
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887:^
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804:.
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674:.
619:AU
583:.
548:.
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536:;
532:;
496:.
382:MS
73:,
51:,
1334:)
1330:(
1287:e
1280:t
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1236:.
1210:.
1204::
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43:)
39:(
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