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352:, where he ranked last out of the 250 boys in his year group at biology, and was in the bottom set in every other science subject. A schoolmaster wrote a report stating, "I believe he has ideas about becoming a scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous." Gurdon explains it is the only document he ever framed; he also told a
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Gurdon's experiments captured the attention of the scientific community as it altered the notion of development and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. The term clone (from the ancient Greek word
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356:: "When you have problems like an experiment doesn't work, which often happens, it's nice to remind yourself that perhaps after all you are not so good at this job and the schoolmaster may have been right!"
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410:(1971–83) and then in the Department of Zoology (1983–present). In 1989, he became a founding member of the Wellcome/CRC Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer (later Wellcome/CR UK) at
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in
Switzerland. They transplanted a nucleus from an antibody-producing lymphocyte (proof that it was fully differentiated) into an enucleated egg and obtained living tadpoles.
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631:. In an interview with EWTN.com, Gurdon declared "I'm what you might call liberal-minded. I'm not a Roman Catholic. I'm a Christian, of the Church of England."
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Gurdon has stated that he is politically "middle of the road", and religiously agnostic because "there is no scientific proof either way". During his time as
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1651:; Lane, C. D.; Woodland, H. R.; Marbaix, G. (1971). "Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells".
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Swarup H. Production of heteroploidy in the three-spined stickle back (Gasterosteus aculeatus L) Nature in 1956;178:1124–1125. doi: 10.1038/1781124a0;
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Wabl, M. R.; Brun, R. B.; Du
Pasquier, L. (1975). "Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development".
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1704:"Characterization of somatic cell nuclear reprogramming by oocytes in which a linker histone is required for pluripotency gene reactivation"
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1385:; Elsdale, T. R.; Fischberg, M. (1958). "Sexually Mature Individuals of Xenopus laevis from the Transplantation of Single Somatic Nuclei".
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566:(klĹŤn, "twig")) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants. In 1963 the British biologist
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molecules, a technique which has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded and to study their function.
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in his honour. He was awarded the 2009 Albert Lasker Basic
Medical Research Award and in 2014 delivered the
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1439:(1962). "The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles".
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570:, in describing Gurdon's results, became one of the first to use the word "clone" in reference to animals.
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might occasionally be allowed to deliver "an address on anything they would like to talk about" in
1814:(2004). "DNA demethylation is necessary for the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei".
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1075:(2000). "Not a total waste of time. An interview with John Gurdon. Interview by James C Smith".
882:(2006). "From Nuclear Transfer to Nuclear Reprogramming: The Reversal of Cell Differentiation".
2013:
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Gurdon's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in
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This article is about the Nobel-winning biologist. For other people with the same name, see
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His ("The Egg and the
Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy") and Yamanaka's 2012 Nobel Lectures
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the nucleus in transplantation experiments, including the role of histone variants, and
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Gurdon married Jean
Elizabeth Margaret Curtis, by whom he has a son and a daughter.
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Jullien, J.; Astrand, C.; Halley-Stott, R. P.; Garrett, N.; Gurdon, J. B. (2010).
1468:"Transplantation of Living Nuclei From Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs"
1283:
740:. His Nobel Lecture was called "The Egg and the Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy".
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Studies on nucleocytoplasmic relationships during differentiation in vertebrates
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1220:"Sir John Gurdon, Nobel Prize winner, was 'too stupid' for science at school"
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Gurdon
Institute | John Gurdon's 'Journey of a lifetime' lecture, March 2016
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584:(genus of highly aquatic frog) eggs and oocytes to translate microinjected
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Narbonne, P.; Simpson, D. E.; Gurdon, J. B. (2011). Misteli, Tom (ed.).
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1763:"Histone variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming"
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1333:"Deficient Induction Response in a Xenopus Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrid"
734:"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v178/n4542/abs/1781124a0.html
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he studied nuclear transplantation in a frog species of the genus
1319:
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Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
1103:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – 2012 Press Release"
4440:
2897:
2456:
2211:
1966:
2014:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2066:
Wolf Prize in
Medicine 1978–2008 edited by John Gurdon (book)
1859:"John Gurdon on ethics, politics, religion, and anti-theism"
1761:
Pasque, V.; Gillich, A.; Garrett, N.; Gurdon, J. B. (2011).
2120:
Cloning, Stem Cells, and Cell
Replacement with John Gurdon
928:; Melton, D. A. (2008). "Nuclear Reprogramming in Cells".
666:
in 1983, since 2005 he has been an Honorary Member of the
693:. In 2017, Gurdon received the Golden Plate Award of the
522:
tadpole. This work was an important extension of work of
2076:
Cloning and Stem Cell Discoveries Earn Nobel in Medicine
1265:
534:
cells and the successful induction of polyploidy in the
332:
for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to
1878:"Nobel Prize Winner Participates at Vatican Conference"
4801:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2129:
Sir John Gurdon - Conversations with History Evolution
681:
Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer was renamed the
2061:
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 20 August 2008 (video)
973:"The birth of cloning: An interview with John Gurdon"
705:(FZS), he has received honorary doctorates including
620:, Gurdon caused some controversy by suggesting that
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822:"The first half-century of nuclear transplantation"
414:, becoming its chairman until 2001. He served as a
271:
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1250:(Thesis). Thesis DPhil—University of Oxford. 1960.
1077:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1441:Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology
305:(born 2 October 1933) is a British developmental
2036:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"
1293:
1291:
600:, and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in
578:Gurdon and colleagues also pioneered the use of
403:Gurdon spent much of his research career at the
884:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
826:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
530:in 1952 on transplanting nuclei from embryonic
392:. After pursuing further postdoctoral work at
4831:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4452:
2909:
2468:
2223:
1990:. Royal College of Physicians. Archived from
1466:Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King (May 1952).
8:
309:, best known for his pioneering research in
4836:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
763:
761:
474:is shown on the top, cleaving and entering
27:English developmental biologist (born 1933)
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725:In 2012, Gurdon was awarded, jointly with
171:Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award
141:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
59:
38:
4806:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
4796:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1988:"2014 – Event listing from April onwards"
1786:
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1727:
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1491:
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1348:
1117:"Sir John Gurdon Biography and Interview"
1040:
996:
855:
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699:Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
896:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.090805.140144
461:view of different embryos developing in
440:
388:, supervised by Dr Michail Fischberg at
4786:Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge
4756:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
1896:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1187:"None of us should ever be written off"
770:"Sir John Gurdon: Godfather of cloning"
757:
731:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
330:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
2929:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1270:(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.
656:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
643:(FRS) in 1971, before appointment as
176:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1163:Gurdon Institute (25 August 2016),
1139:"Sir John B. Gurdon – Biographical"
212:MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
4766:Fullerian Professors of Physiology
1857:Johnny Michael (11 October 2012).
1247:Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus
668:American Association of Anatomists
233:Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus
220:California Institute of Technology
25:
2159:Fullerian Professor of Physiology
1876:Ann Schneible (4 December 2013).
1298:Rodney Porter Lectures: Biography
1195:. 18 October 2012. Archived from
1105:. Nobel Media AB. 8 October 2012.
4826:John Humphrey Plummer Professors
4816:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
2038:. NobelPrize.org. 8 October 2012
1218:Collins, Nick (8 October 2012).
703:Fellow of the Zoological Society
4746:21st-century British biologists
4741:20th-century British biologists
4726:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
4721:People educated at Eton College
2424:Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team
2070:Chapter 1: John B Gurdon (1989)
2022:American Academy of Achievement
1861:. upublish.info. Archived from
1125:American Academy of Achievement
695:American Academy of Achievement
457:article co-authored by Gurdon:
408:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
156:International Prize for Biology
4811:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2111:Interview with Sir John Gurdon
664:American Philosophical Society
554:Basel Institute for Immunology
1:
977:Disease Models and Mechanisms
747:Insignia of a Knight Bachelor
504:In 1958, Gurdon, then at the
420:Nuffield Council on Bioethics
4761:Fellows of the Royal Society
2190:Magdalene College, Cambridge
1350:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001197
660:National Academy of Sciences
516:from the somatic cells of a
428:Magdalene College, Cambridge
32:John Gurdon (disambiguation)
4021:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
774:The Journal of Cell Biology
691:Royal College of Physicians
658:in 1978, the United States
641:Fellow of the Royal Society
4852:
2152:Sir David Chilton Phillips
478:about 50 min earlier than
29:
4623:
3218:Charles Scott Sherrington
3194:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2246:
2196:
2183:
2175:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2143:
1042:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.015
608:of the transplanted DNA.
328:were jointly awarded the
324:in 2009, in 2012, he and
267:
182:
166:Edwin Grant Conklin Medal
58:
4751:Developmental biologists
4208:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2133:University of California
2124:University of California
1472:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
574:Messenger RNA expression
298:Sir John Bertrand Gurdon
146:William Bate Hardy Prize
4736:English Nobel laureates
4731:British Nobel laureates
2115:University of Cambridge
1729:10.1073/pnas.1000599107
1593:"The future of cloning"
1559:10.1126/science.1198115
1273:(subscription required)
950:10.1126/science.1160810
847:10.1073/pnas.1337135100
820:; Byrne, J. A. (2003).
311:nuclear transplantation
216:University of Cambridge
65:Sir John Gurdon in 2012
4629:Nobel Prize recipients
4575:Physiology or Medicine
2989:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
2862:Lynne Elizabeth Maquat
2848:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2485:Wolf Prize in Medicine
1967:"The Gurdon Institute"
1892:"John Bertrand Gurdon"
1779:10.1038/emboj.2011.144
748:
713:as well as many other
496:
161:Wolf Prize in Medicine
3490:Dickinson W. Richards
3174:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1591:; Colman, A. (1999).
1493:10.1073/pnas.38.5.455
1320:www.burkespeerage.com
768:Williams, R. (2008).
746:
639:Gurdon was elected a
612:Politics and religion
540:Gasterosteus aculatus
452:
430:, from 1995 to 2002.
361:Christ Church, Oxford
262:Edward M. De Robertis
198:Developmental Biology
117:Christ Church, Oxford
3913:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3274:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2700:Alexander Varshavsky
2602:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2562:Jean-Pierre Changeux
2556:Stanley Norman Cohen
2416:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1946:search.amphilsoc.org
1942:"APS Member History"
598:cell differentiation
512:a frog using intact
506:University of Oxford
398:University of Oxford
208:University of Oxford
75:John Bertrand Gurdon
18:John Bertrand Gurdon
4791:Royal Medal winners
4305:William C. Campbell
4216:Elizabeth Blackburn
4053:Robert F. Furchgott
4045:Stanley B. Prusiner
4037:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3937:George H. Hitchings
3901:Joseph L. Goldstein
3861:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3690:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2831:Jeffrey M. Friedman
2657:Stanley B. Prusiner
2440:Gregory Paul Winter
1816:Nature Cell Biology
1720:2010PNAS..107.5483J
1665:1971Natur.233..177G
1609:1999Natur.402..743G
1551:1975Sci...190.1310W
1545:(4221): 1310–1312.
1484:1952PNAS...38..455B
1399:1958Natur.182...64G
1199:on 30 November 2012
942:2008Sci...322.1811G
936:(5909): 1811–1815.
838:2003PNAS..100.8048G
618:Master of Magdalene
348:prep school before
4716:People from Surrey
4365:William Kaelin Jr.
4361:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4104:Leland H. Hartwell
3993:Richard J. Roberts
3873:Barbara McClintock
3817:Godfrey Hounsfield
3718:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3650:Marshall Nirenberg
3618:Charles B. Huggins
3407:Tadeusz Reichstein
3395:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
3190:Christiaan Eijkman
2809:Jeffrey V. Ravetch
2730:Alexander Levitzki
2651:Yasutomi Nishizuka
2552:Barbara McClintock
2400:John B. Goodenough
2102:on Nobelprize.org
2100:Sir John B. Gurdon
989:10.1242/dmm.002014
786:10.1083/jcb.1812pi
749:
679:Cancer Research UK
635:Honours and awards
497:
359:Gurdon went up to
4776:British agnostics
4771:British Anglicans
4693:
4692:
4600:Economic Sciences
4564:David J. Wineland
4434:
4433:
4399:Ardem Patapoutian
4248:Ralph M. Steinman
4244:Jules A. Hoffmann
4232:Robert G. Edwards
4200:Harald zur Hausen
4124:H. Robert Horvitz
4025:Eric F. Wieschaus
3961:E. Donnall Thomas
3945:J. Michael Bishop
3933:Gertrude B. Elion
3805:Hamilton O. Smith
3730:Christian de Duve
3466:Frederick Robbins
3343:Alexander Fleming
3282:Corneille Heymans
3128:Frederick Banting
3033:Allvar Gullstrand
2891:
2890:
2872:Daniel J. Drucker
2734:Anthony R. Hunter
2706:Ralph L. Brinster
2588:Pedro Cuatrecasas
2576:Donald F. Steiner
2566:Solomon H. Snyder
2521:Oleh Hornykiewicz
2483:Laureates of the
2450:
2449:
2392:Jeffrey I. Gordon
2376:Richard Henderson
2239:Copley Medallists
2206:
2205:
2197:Succeeded by
2179:Sir David Calcutt
2169:Dame Anne McLaren
2166:Succeeded by
2144:Academic offices
2096:(7 December 2012)
2084:, 8 October 2012)
1921:www.nasonline.org
1865:on 28 March 2013.
1773:(12): 2373–2387.
1714:(12): 5483–5488.
1659:(5316): 177–182.
1603:(6763): 743–746.
1309:www.chch.ox.ac.uk
1284:www.zoo.cam.ac.uk
1035:(19): R759–R760.
971:Kain, K. (2009).
832:(14): 8048–8052.
662:in 1980, and the
495:(bottom) embryos.
450:
390:Oxford University
367:then switched to
295:
294:
258:Douglas A. Melton
254:Doctoral students
249:Michail Fischberg
184:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4843:
4781:Knights Bachelor
4631:
4585:(United Kingdom)
4486:Robert Lefkowitz
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4427:
4412:
4401:
4386:
4380:Michael Houghton
4367:
4357:Gregg L. Semenza
4351:
4345:James P. Allison
4339:
4337:Michael W. Young
4323:
4321:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4315:
4299:
4283:
4281:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
4267:
4255:
4234:
4226:
4220:Carol W. Greider
4210:
4194:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4114:
4087:
4071:
4063:
4047:
4039:
4033:Peter C. Doherty
4027:
4011:
4005:Alfred G. Gilman
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3949:Harold E. Varmus
3939:
3923:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3875:
3867:
3851:
3835:
3825:Baruj Benacerraf
3819:
3807:
3791:
3775:
3752:
3736:
3720:
3704:
3692:
3684:
3668:
3652:
3642:Robert W. Holley
3636:
3620:
3608:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3548:
3546:Georg von Békésy
3540:
3528:
3516:
3514:Joshua Lederberg
3500:
3492:
3486:Werner Forssmann
3476:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3432:
3413:
3397:
3385:
3377:
3375:Bernardo Houssay
3361:
3353:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3256:
3248:
3232:
3224:
3212:
3204:
3202:Karl Landsteiner
3196:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3166:Johannes Fibiger
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:Willem Einthoven
3134:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3005:Élie Metchnikoff
2999:
2997:Alphonse Laveran
2991:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2882:José-Alain Sahel
2825:James P. Allison
2815:Lewis C. Cantley
2805:Philippa Marrack
2647:Michael Berridge
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2176:Preceded by
2149:Preceded by
2141:
2107:
2090:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1917:"John B. Gurdon"
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1767:The EMBO Journal
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1673:10.1038/233177a0
1645:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1407:10.1038/182064a0
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1343:(11): e1001197.
1328:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1044:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
922:
916:
915:
876:
870:
869:
859:
849:
814:
808:
807:
797:
765:
711:Hon ScD (Cantab)
687:Harveian Oration
683:Gurdon Institute
568:J. B. S. Haldane
500:Nuclear transfer
453:A video from an
451:
422:1991–1995, then
371:, graduating as
344:Gurdon attended
304:
291:
288:
286:
284:
282:
280:
278:
245:Doctoral advisor
239:
127:Nuclear transfer
88:
84:
82:
63:
53:
39:
21:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4627:
4619:
4616:(United States)
4610:(United States)
4594:
4589:Shinya Yamanaka
4569:
4566:(United States)
4544:
4521:
4497:
4494:(United States)
4488:(United States)
4472:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4415:
4404:
4389:
4384:Charles M. Rice
4376:Harvey J. Alter
4370:
4354:
4342:
4333:Michael Rosbash
4329:Jeffrey C. Hall
4326:
4318:
4302:
4293:May-Britt Moser
4286:
4270:
4265:Shinya Yamanaka
4258:
4237:
4229:
4224:Jack W. Szostak
4213:
4197:
4192:Oliver Smithies
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4140:Peter Mansfield
4133:
4128:John E. Sulston
4117:
4101:
4090:
4074:
4066:
4050:
4042:
4030:
4017:Edward B. Lewis
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3926:
3921:Susumu Tonegawa
3918:
3906:
3894:
3878:
3870:
3854:
3838:
3822:
3810:
3794:
3781:Roger Guillemin
3778:
3773:Daniel Gajdusek
3769:Baruch Blumberg
3766:
3755:
3746:Renato Dulbecco
3742:David Baltimore
3739:
3723:
3710:Karl von Frisch
3707:
3695:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3639:
3630:Haldan Hartline
3623:
3611:
3595:
3583:
3567:
3562:Maurice Wilkins
3551:
3543:
3531:
3526:Arthur Kornberg
3519:
3503:
3495:
3479:
3471:
3455:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3416:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3364:
3356:
3340:
3331:Joseph Erlanger
3328:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3251:
3235:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3187:
3182:Charles Nicolle
3179:
3171:
3163:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3025:Albrecht Kossel
3022:
3014:
3002:
2994:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2931:
2922:
2892:
2887:
2852:Jennifer Doudna
2836:
2787:Nahum Sonenberg
2781:Ronald M. Evans
2775:Rudolf Jaenisch
2771:Shinya Yamanaka
2753:
2720:Robert Weinberg
2714:Oliver Smithies
2684:
2617:
2612:Edward B. Lewis
2546:James L. Gowans
2526:
2507:Jon J. van Rood
2487:
2481:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2292:Stephen Hawking
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2202:
2200:Duncan Robinson
2193:
2181:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2138:
2088:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2018:achievement.org
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1828:10.1038/ncb1176
1822:(10): 984–990.
1810:Simonsson, S.;
1809:
1808:
1804:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1393:(4627): 64–65.
1381:
1380:
1376:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1192:Western Gazette
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1121:achievement.org
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1029:Current Biology
1019:
1018:
1014:
970:
969:
965:
924:
923:
919:
878:
877:
873:
816:
815:
811:
767:
766:
759:
754:
727:Shinya Yamanaka
723:
654:Elected to the
645:Knight Bachelor
637:
629:chapel services
614:
594:
592:Recent research
576:
508:, successfully
502:
472:laevis x laevis
441:
439:
342:
326:Shinya Yamanaka
300:
275:
260:
237:
218:
214:
210:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
115:
109:Alma mater
96:
89:
86:
80:
78:
77:
76:
66:
54:
49:
47:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4540:European Union
4536:
4534:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:Katalin KarikĂł
4413:
4402:
4387:
4368:
4352:
4340:
4324:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4277:Randy Schekman
4268:
4256:
4235:
4227:
4211:
4204:Luc Montagnier
4195:
4184:Mario Capecchi
4179:
4167:
4160:Barry Marshall
4155:
4143:
4136:Paul Lauterbur
4131:
4120:Sydney Brenner
4115:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4081:Paul Greengard
4077:Arvid Carlsson
4072:
4064:
4048:
4040:
4028:
4012:
4009:Martin Rodbell
4000:
3988:
3985:Edwin G. Krebs
3981:Edmond Fischer
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3929:James W. Black
3924:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3889:CĂ©sar Milstein
3885:Georges Köhler
3876:
3868:
3857:Sune Bergström
3852:
3849:Torsten Wiesel
3845:David H. Hubel
3836:
3820:
3808:
3801:Daniel Nathans
3792:
3785:Andrew Schally
3776:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3737:
3721:
3705:
3698:Gerald Edelman
3693:
3685:
3682:Julius Axelrod
3669:
3666:Salvador Luria
3662:Alfred Hershey
3653:
3637:
3621:
3609:
3598:François Jacob
3593:
3581:
3565:
3549:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3501:
3493:
3482:André Cournand
3477:
3469:
3453:
3441:
3438:Selman Waksman
3433:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3403:Edward Kendall
3398:
3386:
3378:
3362:
3359:Hermann Muller
3354:
3338:
3335:Herbert Gasser
3326:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3290:Gerhard Domagk
3285:
3277:
3269:
3257:
3249:
3246:William Murphy
3238:George Whipple
3233:
3225:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3123:
3116:Archibald Hill
3111:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3049:Charles Richet
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3000:
2992:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2866:Adrian Krainer
2855:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2819:C. Ronald Kahn
2812:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2727:
2724:Roger Y. Tsien
2717:
2710:Mario Capecchi
2703:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2635:Seymour Benzer
2632:
2629:Maclyn McCarty
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2582:Osamu Hayaishi
2579:
2573:
2570:James W. Black
2559:
2549:
2538:CĂ©sar Milstein
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:Arvid Carlsson
2510:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2344:John E. Walker
2340:
2332:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2252:Jacques Miller
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:(2001–present)
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2097:
2085:
2081:New York Times
2073:
2063:
2056:
2055:External links
2053:
2050:
2049:
2027:
2005:
1994:on 7 June 2010
1979:
1958:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1868:
1849:
1802:
1753:
1694:
1640:
1580:
1529:
1517:
1478:(5): 455–463.
1458:
1428:
1374:
1323:
1312:
1301:
1287:
1276:
1253:
1237:
1210:
1178:
1155:
1143:nobelprize.org
1130:
1108:
1094:
1064:
1012:
963:
917:
871:
809:
780:(2): 178–179.
756:
755:
753:
750:
722:
719:
707:Hon DSc (Oxon)
701:(FMedSci) and
675:Wellcome Trust
636:
633:
613:
610:
593:
590:
575:
572:
501:
498:
464:Xenopus laevis
438:
435:
341:
338:
293:
292:
273:
269:
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265:
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138:
134:
133:
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
90:
85:2 October 1933
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
48:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4848:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
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4779:
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4769:
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4711:Living people
4709:
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4704:
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4686:
4683:
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4633:
4630:
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4615:
4614:Lloyd Shapley
4612:
4609:
4608:Alvin E. Roth
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4558:Serge Haroche
4556:
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4535:
4532:
4528:
4524:
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4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4492:Brian Kobilka
4490:
4487:
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4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
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4442:
4439:
4426:
4425:Drew Weissman
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
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4369:
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4350:
4346:
4341:
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4330:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:Satoshi ĹŚmura
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:James Rothman
4269:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:Bruce Beutler
4236:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4168:
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4152:Linda B. Buck
4149:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4105:
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4099:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4069:GĂĽnter Blobel
4065:
4062:
4058:
4057:Louis Ignarro
4054:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3997:Phillip Sharp
3994:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:Joseph Murray
3953:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3909:Stanley Cohen
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:Michael Brown
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:Allan Cormack
3809:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3789:Rosalyn Yalow
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3734:George Palade
3731:
3727:
3726:Albert Claude
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:Konrad Lorenz
3711:
3706:
3703:
3702:Rodney Porter
3699:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:Ulf von Euler
3675:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:Ragnar Granit
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3606:Jacques Monod
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3578:Andrew Huxley
3575:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:Francis Crick
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3538:Peter Medawar
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:George Beadle
3502:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3474:Hugo Theorell
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:Thomas Weller
3459:
3454:
3451:
3450:Fritz Lipmann
3447:
3442:
3439:
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3431:
3426:
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3408:
3404:
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3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
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3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3351:Howard Florey
3348:
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3339:
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3327:
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3315:
3308:
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3294:
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3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
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3250:
3247:
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3230:Thomas Morgan
3226:
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3129:
3124:
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3120:Otto Meyerhof
3117:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3057:Róbert Bárány
3053:
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3042:
3041:Alexis Carrel
3037:
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3026:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
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2985:Camillo Golgi
2981:
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2795:Victor Ambros
2792:
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2725:
2721:
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2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:Avram Hershko
2694:
2693:
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2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
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2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:Judah Folkman
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
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2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:Henri G. Hers
2596:
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2425:
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2413:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
2393:
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2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:Alec Jeffreys
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:Tomas Lindahl
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Roger Penrose
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
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2277:
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2240:
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2201:
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2161:
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2147:
2142:
2139:
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2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1993:
1989:
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1968:
1962:
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1649:Gurdon, J. B.
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1618:10.1038/45429
1614:
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1589:Gurdon, J. B.
1584:
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1576:
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1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Gurdon, J. B.
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Gurdon, J. B.
1378:
1375:
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1366:
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1268:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1225:
1224:The Telegraph
1221:
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1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:"John Gurdon"
1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
983:(1–2): 9–10.
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Gurdon, J. B.
921:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Gurdon, J. B.
875:
872:
867:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Gurdon, J. B.
813:
810:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
758:
751:
745:
741:
739:
737:
732:
728:
720:
718:
717:and medals.
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:In 2004, the
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
606:demethylation
603:
602:reprogramming
599:
591:
589:
587:
586:messenger RNA
583:
582:
573:
571:
569:
565:
564:
557:
555:
551:
550:
545:
542:, in 1956 by
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
499:
494:
491:
490:
485:(middle) and
484:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:
460:
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436:
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431:
429:
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381:
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366:
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347:
339:
337:
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331:
327:
323:
318:
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308:
303:
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274:
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185:
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177:
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162:
157:
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147:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
87:(age 90)
73:
69:
62:
57:
52:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4659:
4582:
4410:Svante Pääbo
4395:David Julius
4349:Tasuku Honjo
4297:Edvard Moser
4289:John O'Keefe
4260:
4252:posthumously
4251:
4188:Martin Evans
4164:Robin Warren
4148:Richard Axel
4095:2001–present
3973:Bert Sakmann
3841:Roger Sperry
3833:George Snell
3829:Jean Dausset
3797:Werner Arber
3750:Howard Temin
3674:Bernard Katz
3658:Max DelbrĂĽck
3614:Francis Rous
3590:Feodor Lynen
3586:Konrad Bloch
3574:Alan Hodgkin
3558:James Watson
3534:Frank Burnet
3522:Severo Ochoa
3510:Edward Tatum
3498:Daniel Bovet
3411:Philip Hench
3323:Edward Doisy
3254:Hans Spemann
3242:George Minot
3222:Edgar Adrian
3210:Otto Warburg
3132:John Macleod
3101:August Krogh
3093:Jules Bordet
3009:Paul Ehrlich
2961:Niels Finsen
2945:Emil Behring
2878:Botond Roska
2801:John Kappler
2765:Axel Ullrich
2748:Aharon Razin
2744:Howard Cedar
2669:Michael Sela
2663:Mary F. Lyon
2607:
2592:Meir Wilchek
2513:Roger Sperry
2503:Jean Dausset
2499:George Snell
2384:Andrew Wiles
2336:Dan McKenzie
2316:Martin Evans
2267:
2184:
2157:
2137:
2079:
2040:. Retrieved
2030:
2017:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1871:
1863:the original
1852:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1520:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1340:
1337:PLOS Biology
1336:
1326:
1315:
1304:
1279:
1266:
1262:Gurdon, John
1261:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1190:
1181:
1170:, retrieved
1165:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1120:
1111:
1097:
1083:(1): 93–99.
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
933:
929:
925:
920:
887:
883:
879:
874:
829:
825:
817:
812:
777:
773:
733:
724:
672:
653:
638:
615:
595:
579:
577:
561:
558:
547:
546:reported in
539:
517:
503:
486:
482:
476:gastrulation
471:
462:
432:
402:
383:
358:
350:Eton College
343:
322:Lasker Award
320:Awarded the
319:
297:
296:
289:/john-gurdon
231:
204:Institutions
183:
113:Eton College
91:Dippenhall,
36:
4706:1933 births
4583:John Gurdon
4469:Nobel Prize
4261:John Gurdon
4176:Craig Mello
4172:Andrew Fire
4085:Eric Kandel
4061:Ferid Murad
3969:Erwin Neher
3881:Niels Jerne
3646:Har Khorana
3634:George Wald
3602:André Lwoff
3570:John Eccles
3458:John Enders
3430:Max Theiler
3391:Walter Hess
3383:Paul MĂĽller
3347:Ernst Chain
3017:Emil Kocher
2977:Robert Koch
2969:Ivan Pavlov
2953:Ronald Ross
2858:Joan Steitz
2791:Gary Ruvkun
2738:Tony Pawson
2679:Eric Kandel
2608:John Gurdon
2432:Martin Rees
2408:Alan Fersht
2368:Peter Higgs
2276:Harry Kroto
2268:John Gurdon
2072:(pdf, 6 Mb)
1447:: 622–640.
736:pluripotent
721:Nobel Prize
536:stickleback
455:open-access
400:(1962–71).
346:Edgeborough
151:Royal Medal
101:Citizenship
46:John Gurdon
4700:Categories
4503:Literature
4112:Paul Nurse
3446:Hans Krebs
3371:Gerty Cori
3319:Henrik Dam
3266:Otto Loewi
3262:Henry Dale
2673:Ruth Arnon
2352:Andre Geim
2300:Robert May
2284:Paul Nurse
2260:John Pople
2194:1994–2002
2163:1985–1991
2068:including
1812:Gurdon, J.
1203:24 October
1073:Gurdon, J.
1021:Gurdon, J.
752:References
544:Har Swarup
489:tropicalis
375:. For his
363:, to read
334:stem cells
287:/directory
81:1933-10-02
4478:Chemistry
4471:laureates
4313:Tu Youyou
3865:John Vane
3760:1976–2000
3421:1951–1975
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