389:
Individual
Capacities (identities currently unknown); Marta Moe; Norma Noe; Paula Poe; Ralph Roe; Sammy Soe; Tommy Toe; Private Individuals Who Conspired With the Foregoing State Actors (identities currently unknown); Roger W. Galvin, Chairman, Animal Matters Hearing Board; Vince Voe; William Woe; Xerxes Xoe; Members of the Animal Matters Hearing Board, State Actors, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown), Defendants-Appellees
33:
654:. This order gives protection to the intellectual property owner, Reliance Entertainment, from copyright violation by prospective anonymous offenders. The use and selection of pseudonyms is not standardized in U.S. courts. The practice was rare prior to 1969, and is sometimes objected to on legal grounds.
353:(2009), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered "John Does", as well as other people known by the surnames "Doe", "Roe", "Hoe" and "Poe". "John Stiles", "Richard Miles" have been used for the third and fourth participants in an action. "Mary Major" has been used in some
284:
As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and
Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by the Real Property
659:
Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure ... are silent on the matter ... Rule of Civil
Procedure 10(a) reads, '... In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties ...' The rule contains no guidance
388:
Wilbur H. Friedman, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Thomas B. FERGUSON, Director, Department of Animal
Control, a State Actor, In His Official and Individual Capacities; Brett Boe; Carla Coe; Donna Doe; Frank Foe; Grace Goe; Harry Hoe; State Actors, Advisors To Defendant Ferguson, In Their Official and
297:
8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United
Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK
377:
Jane Poe, John Doe, Richard Roe, Robert Roe, Mark Moe, Larry Loe, Degage
Ministries, and Mel Trotter Ministries, Plaintiffs, v. Rick Snyder, Governor of the State of Michigan, Bill Schuette, Attorney General of the State of Michigan, Kriste Etue, Director of the Michigan State Police, William
1737:
665:
Prior to ... 1969, only one
Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as the sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and 22 January 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided
231:. The names "John Doe" (or "John Do") and "Richard Roe" (along with "John Roe") were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England's King
1729:
403:
exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion. "Mary Moe" is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. "Mary Moe cases". Sometimes "Mary Doe" may be used for the individuals. Parallels in other countries include:
691:
in
California. The victim impact statement that the woman, referred to as Emily Doe in court documents, read at her assailant's sentencing hearing the following year went viral, and she was named a "woman of the year" by
162:" or "John Smith", have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an every-man in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe.
1665:
1163:
The
Universal Songster: Or, Museum of Mirth: Forming the Most Complete, Extensive, and Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs in the English Language, with a Copious and Classified Index, Volume
1643:
913:
1850:
298:
Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media.
285:
Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and
Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75."
705:
On 10 March 2015, HTG Capital Partners LLC filed a federal lawsuit against unnamed "spoofers", whom the suit referred to as John Doe(s), in the hopes of getting a judge to force the
1798:
1424:
1244:
1113:
1673:
318:" (1980), all of whom have been identified. In 1997, New York City police discovered a decapitated body and were not able to find the killer. The body was named
239:. Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were "John Noakes" (or "Nokes") and "John-a-Stiles" (or "John Stiles"). The
969:
1639:
1302:
1459:
1186:
935:
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840:
999:
905:
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354:
341:. He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff. Another man named John Doe was often suspected of being an incognito celebrity.
1901:
1840:
1086:
802:
736:, Alek Minassian, who was seeking notoriety, as John Doe when reading a highly publicized court decision (R. v. Minassian, 2021 ONSC 1258).
71:
631:
got a "John Doe" order from Delhi High Court allowing them to serve cease and desist notices on people illegally redistributing the film
1875:
337:
reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a
1767:
1613:
812:
170:
1359:
70:
that are used in the United States when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of
1507:
589:
is an investigatory tool that a plaintiff may use to seek the identity of an unknown defendant. Doe subpoenas are often served on
876:
349:
In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as "Doe #2" or "Doe II".
1425:"Superior Court Standing Order 5-81: Uniform Procedures Regarding Petitions for Abortion Authorization under G.L. c. 112, § 12"
1267:
792:
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1428:
1414:
Note that the plaintiff-appellant Friedman represented himself, so his use of fictitious names may not reflect legal custom.
1052:
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1891:
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1139:
40:. They are called "John Doe" or "Jane Doe" followed by a number sign (#) and a number. In the same cemetery, the murdered
1240:
1218:
449:
for unidentified bodies, suspects, hospital patients, amnesiacs, homeless people with no identity documents, and orphans.
1219:"The Law of Professional-Client Confidentiality: Regulating the Disclosure of Confidential Personal Information, Update"
1730:"Doe v. roe: An argument for defendant anonymity when a pseudonymous plaintiff alleges a stigmatizing intentional tort"
709:
to reveal the names of the firms. HTG said it had found evidence of thousands of such manipulations over 2013 and 2014.
706:
650:
961:
712:
In November 2016, a woman only identified as "Jane Doe" abandoned plans to go public about allegedly being raped by
302:
Unlike the United States, the name "John Doe" does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example:
1896:
605:
131:
44:
was called "Jane Doe 19" for 27 years until she was genetically identified in 2015 by her relatives with help from
1594:
732:
In March 2021, Justice Molloy of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice named mass murderer and perpetrator of the
782:
307:
293:
In the UK, usage of "John Doe" survives mainly in the form of John Doe injunction or John Doe order (see above).
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24:
20:
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311:
906:"McKeogh -v- John Doe 1 & ors : Judgments & Determinations : Courts Service of Ireland"
678:, there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs.
399:, "Mary Moe" is used to refer to pregnant women under the age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a
235:(1327–1377). Though the rationale behind the choices of Doe and Roe is unknown, there are many suggested
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762:
628:
571:
323:
232:
75:
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have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings,
1559:
118:
is also a placeholder name, mainly used in the United Kingdom — which is gender neutral — along side
797:
688:
386:, No. 87-3758, unpublished disposition, 850 F.2d 689 (4th Cir., 29 June 1988), whose full style is
694:
456:, which is commonly used in European legal systems, as an abbreviation for Latin terms such as:
32:
1640:"Update: Files Sharing Sites Blocked in India Because Reliance BIG Pictures Got A Court Order"
1536:[A security campaign counts the homeless and beggars to determine their identities!].
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64:
36:
Four headstones marking the single grave of four unknown people in the Pima County Cemetery,
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684:
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350:
236:
67:
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have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the
725:
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49:
37:
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1760:"Glamour Women of the Year: Stanford Sexual Assault Case Survivor Emily Doe Speaks Out"
787:
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139:
83:
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288:
Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs v Meier and others (2009).
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woman, publicly known only as Jane Doe, waged an 11-year court battle against the
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get their names from anonymous plaintiffs later revealed to be, respectively,
159:
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338:
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This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe":
723:
sued to enjoin the government from obstructing her access to abortion in
531:
378:
Forsyth, Kent County Prosecutor, in their official capacities, Defendants
249:
lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of
135:
79:
1841:"Woman accusing Trump of raping her at 13 cancels her plan to go public"
1697:"John Doe Is Alive and Well: Designing Pseudonym Use in American Courts"
637:. This allegedly brought down copyright infringement of the film by 30%.
608:
confessed to the murder of an unknown woman identified only as Jane Doe.
578:
Woman of the Year that year. She published a book about her experience,
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633:
554:
469:
465:
446:
86:
or "Joe Public". There are many variants to the above names, including
45:
477:
1822:"Was 'John Doe' Manipulating Treasury Futures? New Lawsuit Says Yes"
648:
to prevent the illegal broadcast or streaming of its upcoming film
612:
496:
473:
409:
31:
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in 1986, alleging that the police had used her as bait to catch
562:
158:
and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names, such as "
122:
and the now occasional use of the "John" and "Jane Doe" names.
1427:. Massachusetts Superior Court. 1 October 1988. Archived from
767:
660:
as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential.
594:
357:. "James Doe" and "Judy Doe" are among other common variants.
322:
and also Jane Doe 3. The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in
78:. These names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical "
1534:"حملة أمنية تحصي المتشردين و المتسولين لتحديد هوياتهم !"
1821:
719:
In October 2017, an unidentified minor Jane Doe detained by
375:, 834 F.Supp.2d 721 (W. D. Mich. 2011), whose full style is
306:
HRLR 4. Well-known cases of unidentified decedents include "
1876:
PDF Operation Delego indictment featuring twenty John Does.
1226:
190:
Doe dem. John Hurrell Luscombe v Yates, Hawker, and Mudge
165:
Well-known legal cases named after placeholders include:
1508:"Médecine légale: X Ben X, l'énigme du cadavre anonyme"
280:
This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852:
76:
corpse whose identity is unknown or cannot be confirmed
1106:"Why Are Unidentified People Called John or Jane Doe?"
253:, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe".
1021:
Onomastics, Names: A. Journal of (1 December 1972).
1666:"'John Doe Order' for BODYGUARD to curb its piracy"
866:"The People of the State of California v. John Doe"
1074:
142:, where usage of "John Doe" originated during the
1100:
1098:
508:are used in Israel, the names originating in the
1791:"You Know Emily Doe's Story. Now Learn Her Name"
1485:[Facts about children named “X Ben X”].
1243:. Publications.parliament.uk. 18 February 2009.
698:magazine. She publicly revealed her real name,
663:
657:
295:
282:
258:
245:states that John Doe is "the name given to the
19:"Jane Doe" redirects here. For other uses, see
1268:"Slain Mystery Girl Brings Community Together"
1167:. London: Jones and Company. 1827. p. 378
408:"Ashok Kumar" has been used in court cases in
8:
440:
597:to obtain the identity of the author of an
416:
1483:"حقائق صادمة عن أطفال يحملون اسم «X بن X»"
569:. She won the case in 1998, and was named
74:, such names are often used to refer to a
1038:
899:
897:
516:is a newer variant, used in Israel today.
273:And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can,
1789:de León, Concepción (4 September 2019).
721:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
580:The Story of Jane Doe: A Book about Rape
223:" were used in relation to hypothetical
825:
615:on 21 July 2011 on some ISPs including
134:, unique placeholder names, numbers or
1646:from the original on 14 September 2012
611:File sharing websites were blocked in
486:("the name must be mentioned") in the
192:(1822) 5 B. & Ald. 544 (England),
1801:from the original on 6 September 2019
1702:. Arkansas Law Review. Archived from
1597:from the original on 8 September 2009
1566:from the original on 11 November 2009
1362:from the original on 24 February 2014
1192:. Supremecourt.gov.uk. Archived from
803:List of placeholder names by language
644:procured a 'John Doe' order from the
360:Less often, other surnames ending in
7:
1853:from the original on 30 October 2021
1770:from the original on 2 November 2016
1305:from the original on 27 October 2011
1247:from the original on 14 October 2012
916:from the original on 18 October 2017
882:from the original on 30 October 2020
271:To smell the purse of an Englishman,
72:law enforcement in the United States
1740:from the original on 2 January 2014
1586:Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe
1396:from the original on 2 January 2014
1293:Alison Leigh Cowan (29 July 2009).
1187:"Supreme Court Decided Cases (pdf)"
441:
436:
269:Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan
1270:. FOX News Network. Archived from
1002:from the original on 14 March 2015
992:"Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I"
972:from the original on 22 March 2019
846:from the original on 27 March 2014
813:Murder of Vivianne Ruiz (Jane Doe)
261:Two giants live in Britain's land,
16:Common placeholder name in English
14:
1839:Carroll, Rory (3 November 2016).
1619:. 14 January 2019. Archived from
1332:from the original on 7 April 2010
1266:Goldblatt, Jeff (8 August 2002).
1142:from the original on 7 April 2010
1116:from the original on 18 July 2019
1055:from the original on 31 July 2021
211:legal terminology of Ancient Rome
1672:. 29 August 2011. Archived from
1481:Elhor, Aziz (17 February 2012).
198:Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I
1820:Hope, Bradley (12 March 2015).
1462:from the original on 2 May 2012
265:Who always travel hand in hand,
1638:Pahwa, Nikhil (21 July 2011).
1614:"159 Cal. App. 4th 1154 (pdf)"
1514:(in French). 23 September 2016
1136:"World Wide Words – John DoeZ"
938:. PressGazette. Archived from
873:Judicial Council of California
793:The man on the Clapham omnibus
685:a woman was sexually assaulted
464:("I do not know the name") in
179:("Roe" being a pseudonym) and
173:decisions regarding abortion:
1:
275:John Doe and Richard Roe ...
1902:Common law legal terminology
1295:"Meet John Doe. No, really!"
996:Justia Dockets & Filings
936:"Obtaining a John Doe order"
904:Ireland, Courts Service of.
1452:"'Kolaveri' against piracy"
1450:Balaji, R (29 March 2012).
1324:Quinion M (15 March 2003).
707:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
304:X & Y v Persons Unknown
1920:
962:"Deed Poll Office (D·P·O)"
606:Richard Laurence Marquette
146:. However, the legal term
132:English-speaking countries
82:" in other contexts, like
18:
1540:(in Arabic). 8 April 2019
1241:"Uncorrected Evidence 75"
1081:. Merriam-Webster. 1996.
1040:10.1179/nam.1972.20.4.297
267:John Doe and Richard Roe.
263:John Doe and Richard Roe,
242:Oxford English Dictionary
126:In criminal investigation
25:John Doe (disambiguation)
21:Jane Doe (disambiguation)
1878:Accessed 8 January 2014.
591:online service providers
1607:(N.J. App. Div. 2001);
1456:The Hindu Business Line
734:2018 Toronto van attack
625:Reliance Communications
355:federal cases in the US
320:Peaches (murder victim)
1138:. Worldwidewords.org.
680:
662:
642:Reliance Entertainment
559:Toronto Police Service
316:Walker County Jane Doe
300:
291:
278:
53:
834:"Twitched Indictment"
763:Fictitious defendants
629:Reliance BIG Pictures
326:, was referred to as
324:Kansas City, Missouri
35:
1892:Anonymity pseudonyms
1384:Friedman v. Ferguson
1328:. World Wide Words.
1112:. 15 February 2012.
942:on 11 September 2012
683:On 18 January 2015,
384:Friedman v. Ferguson
196:(Ireland; 2012) and
1826:Wall Street Journal
1431:on 19 December 2017
798:Tom, Dick and Harry
689:Stanford University
640:On 29 August 2011,
200:(California, 2015).
194:McKeogh v. John Doe
148:John Doe injunction
1795:The New York Times
1670:Bollywoodtrade.com
1584:See, for example,
1560:"Who is JANE DOE?"
1299:The New York Times
567:the Balcony Rapist
521:Famous court cases
308:Caledonia Jane Doe
169:The landmark 1973
54:
1897:Placeholder names
1766:. November 2016.
1695:Balla, Donald P.
1676:on 2 January 2014
1626:on 25 March 2009.
1088:978-0-87779-613-8
687:on the campus of
452:the abbreviation
216:Numerius Negidius
68:placeholder names
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1728:Milani, Adam A.
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1609:Krinsky v. Doe 6
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1225:. Archived from
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1077:What's in a Name
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1042:
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988:
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966:Deed Poll Office
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830:
646:Delhi High Court
577:
550:and Sandra Cano.
484:nomen nominandum
444:
443:
438:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
351:Operation Delego
237:folk etymologies
188:The civil cases
171:US Supreme Court
154:has survived in
108:Johnie/Janie Doe
104:John/Jane Bloggs
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1910:
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1709:on 21 July 2012
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1352:"Poe v. Snyder"
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1287:
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1275:
1274:on 8 April 2008
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1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:on 7 July 2003.
1217:
1216:
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1199:on 8 April 2014
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1189:
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1110:mentalfloss.com
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868:
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849:
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843:
839:. Justice.gov.
836:
832:
831:
827:
822:
817:
743:
726:Garza v. Hargan
575:
523:
428:
425:
422:
419:
401:judicial bypass
347:
286:
277:
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
207:
128:
120:Joe / Jo Bloggs
100:John/Jane Smith
50:The Doe Network
42:Deanna Criswell
38:Tucson, Arizona
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1884:
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1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:External links
1868:
1865:
1864:
1831:
1812:
1781:
1751:
1734:Lexisnexis.com
1720:
1687:
1657:
1630:
1591:"775 A.2d 756"
1577:
1562:. Walnet.org.
1551:
1525:
1499:
1473:
1442:
1416:
1407:
1390:Law.justia.com
1373:
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345:Other variants
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314:" (1982) and "
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152:John Doe order
140:United Kingdom
127:
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114:for children.
84:John Q. Public
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1846:The Guardian
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1512:L'Economiste
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753:Alan Smithee
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714:Donald Trump
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587:Doe subpoena
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561:after being
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510:Hebrew Bible
506:Ploni Almoni
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461:nomen nescio
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328:Precious Doe
312:Princess Doe
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29:
1805:6 September
1744:18 February
1680:4 September
1435:18 December
1400:17 February
1366:20 February
1336:26 November
748:Average Joe
537:Roe v. Wade
488:Netherlands
426:X, son of X
415:"X ben X" (
310:" (1979), "
185:(1973); and
176:Roe v. Wade
156:English law
144:Middle Ages
116:A. N. Other
59:(male) and
1886:Categories
1857:16 October
1774:3 November
1326:"John Doe"
1120:4 December
976:4 December
920:4 December
886:8 February
820:References
773:Joe Bloggs
702:, in 2019.
627:, because
582:, in 2003.
572:Chatelaine
442:سين بن سين
437:إكس بن إكس
247:fictitious
233:Edward III
229:plaintiffs
225:defendants
209:Under the
160:Joe Bloggs
1713:4 January
1650:2 October
1570:2 October
1544:9 October
1518:9 October
1492:9 October
1487:al-Massae
1251:2 October
1223:Uea.ac.uk
1203:2 October
1146:2 October
1049:1756-2279
946:2 October
850:2 October
778:Joe Shmoe
758:Blackacre
651:Bodyguard
339:pseudonym
251:ejectment
136:codenames
130:In other
96:/Jane Roe
1851:Archived
1799:Archived
1768:Archived
1738:Archived
1644:Archived
1601:19 March
1595:Archived
1564:Archived
1460:Archived
1394:Archived
1360:Archived
1330:Archived
1309:5 August
1303:Archived
1245:Archived
1140:Archived
1114:Archived
1053:Archived
1006:18 March
1000:Archived
970:Archived
914:Archived
877:Archived
841:Archived
741:See also
532:abortion
528:landmark
112:Baby Doe
110:or just
80:everyman
61:Jane Doe
57:John Doe
1764:Glamour
1628:(2008).
1466:20 June
1278:30 June
1059:31 July
695:Glamour
634:Singham
555:Toronto
470:Germany
466:Belgium
447:Morocco
420:
219:" and "
205:History
92:Richard
46:the FBI
1085:
1047:
1023:"Note"
623:, and
576:'s
534:cases
502:Almoni
478:Serbia
433:Arabic
106:, and
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1538:Rue20
1197:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1027:Names
880:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
844:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
783:Mr. X
613:India
563:raped
530:1973
504:, or
497:Ploni
480:; and
474:Italy
410:India
380:; and
1859:2017
1807:2019
1776:2016
1746:2012
1715:2014
1682:2011
1652:2012
1603:2009
1572:2012
1546:2023
1520:2023
1494:2023
1468:2012
1437:2017
1402:2012
1368:2014
1338:2008
1311:2009
1280:2006
1253:2012
1205:2012
1173:2015
1148:2012
1122:2018
1083:ISBN
1061:2021
1045:ISSN
1008:2015
978:2018
948:2012
922:2018
888:2019
852:2012
672:and
621:BSNL
595:ISPs
593:and
540:and
526:The
476:and
454:N.N.
417:lit.
366:e.g.
227:and
90:(or
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768:Foo
675:Doe
669:Roe
439:or
395:In
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