3516:
341:
321:
3909:
3921:
1359:
had erupted in August 1948, when Stalin authorised
Lysenko's theory of plant genetics as official Soviet orthodoxy, and he refused any deviation. Bernal and the whole British scientific left were damaged by his support for Lysenko's theory, even after many scientists had abandoned their sympathy for
1498:
Bernal had two children â Mike (1926â2016) and Egan (b.1930) â with his wife Agnes Eileen
Sprague (1898â1990), a secretary, who was usually referred to as Eileen. He married Sprague on 21 June 1922, the day after having been awarded his BA degree. Bernal was 21, Sprague 23. Sprague was described as
515:
at the age of 13. A pupil at the school from 1914 to 1919, according to
Goldsmith he found it "extremely unpleasant" and most of his fellow students "bored him", but his younger brother Kevin, who was also there, was "some consolation", while Brown claims that "he seemed to adjust easily to life"
1375:
in
November 1948. In November 1949, the British Association for the Advancement of Science removed Bernal from membership of its council. Membership in British radical science groups quickly declined. Unlike some of his socialist colleagues, Bernal persisted in defending the Soviet position on
693:
of 1947 concentrated on proteins as the basis of life, but it was Max Perutz, still at
Cambridge, who developed the X-ray structural analysis of globular proteins in Britain. In the early 1960s, Bernal returned to the subject of the origin of life, analysing meteorites for evidence of complex
1329:
warning that the US was preparing "a war for complete world domination". Consequently, when Bernal was invited to a world peace conference in New York in
February 1949, his visa was refused. However, he was allowed into France in April for the World Congress of the Partisans of Peace, with
797:
At Bernal's memorial service, Zuckerman downplayed Bernal's part in the
Normandy landings and said that he was not cleared for the highest levels of security. Given Bernal's Marxist and pro-Soviet sympathies, it is perhaps remarkable that there has never been any suggestion that he fed any
51:
765:. This project indirectly marked his divergence from Zuckerman, when he was recalled from a joint tour of the Middle East investigating the co-operation of army and air force, but the tour established Zuckerman's reputation as a military scientist.
761:'s proposal to build huge aircraft landing platforms in the North Atlantic made of ice. He rescued Max Perutz from internment, getting him to perform experiments on ice related to Habbakuk in a meat store freezer below
1260:
Raised as a
Catholic, Bernal became a socialist in Cambridge as a result of a long night arguing with a friend. He also became an atheist. According to one reviewer, "This conversion, as complete as St. Paul's on the
789:
was the detailed mapping of the beaches, which had to be done without attracting any German attention. His knowledge of the area stemmed from research in
English libraries, personal experience (he had visited
4117:
3786:
4112:
3781:
579:. His strength was in analysis as much as experimental method, and his mathematical and practical treatment of determining crystal structure was widely studied, but he also developed an X-ray spectro-
472:
Jewish on his father's side (his grandfather Jacob Genese, properly Ginesi, had adopted the family name Bernal of his paternal grandmother around 1837). His father Samuel Bernal had been raised as a
785:
in 1943, as the only
British scientist present. On 3 June 1944, he was commissioned a temporary lieutenant (Special Branch) in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). His main contribution to the
4107:
1044:(1954) four volumes in later editions, The Emergence of Science; The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions; The Natural Sciences in Our Time; The Social Sciences: Conclusions. Faber & Faber
627:
He also worked on the structure of liquid water, showing the boomerang shape of its molecule (1933). It was in Bernal's research group that after a year working with Tiny Powell at Oxford,
3837:
4032:
1903:, p. 94 Goldsmith reports Zuckerman and Crowther were surprised Bernal was not awarded a Nobel for that since it corrected the structure for which the 1928 award had been made.
4122:
4002:
3962:
1683:
1273:(CPGB) in 1923. His membership evidently lapsed when he returned to Cambridge in 1927 and was not renewed until 1933, and he may have lost his card again shortly afterward.
4017:
4007:
3997:
857:
intended for permanent residence. The second chapter explores radical changes to human bodies and intelligence and the third discusses the impact of these on society.
750:
864:(1939) he argued that science was not an individual pursuit of abstract knowledge and that the support of research and development should be dramatically increased.
722:
to carry out the first proper analyses of the effects of enemy bombing and of explosions on animals and people. Their subsequent analysis of the effects of bombs on
670:. After World War II, he established Birkbeck's Biomolecular Research Laboratory in two Georgian houses in Torrington Square with 15 researchers. It was there that
635:
using the trick of bathing the crystals in their mother liquor, giving one of the first glimpses of the world of molecular structure that underlies living things.
4057:
3992:
3967:
821:
to record the effectiveness of the plans. He also assisted boats floundering on the rocks by using his knowledge of the area but said, "I committed the frightful
1398:
Throughout the 1950s, Bernal maintained a faith in the Soviet Union as a vehicle for the creation of a socialist scientific utopia. In 1953, he was awarded the
2476:
The physical basis of life. (The Guthrie Lecture of the Physical Society.) Proc. phys. Soc. Lond. A 62, 357. Also published (1951) Routledge & Kegan Paul.
4067:
3655:
730:
showed that city bombing produced little disruption and production was affected only by direct hits on factories. A supper for scientists organised by the
4052:
3842:
3567:
2660:
1376:
Lysenko. He publicly refused to accept the gaping fissures that the dispute revealed between the study of natural science and dialectical materialism.
3957:
3733:
3025:
2715:
1316:
4102:
2800:
2952:
2106:
2455:
4097:
4077:
3832:
3824:
798:
information in that direction. However, Brown provides evidence of Bernal's contributions to the preparation and the success of the invasion.
4027:
3885:
3863:
2723:
2215:
1768:
1315:
After World War II, although Bernal had been involved in evaluating the effects of atomic attacks against the Soviet Union, he supported the
1209:
Bernal, J. D. (1952). "Phase Determination in the X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Complex Crystals and its Application to Protein Structure".
504:
and a journalist and had converted to Catholicism. Elizabeth was raised Protestant and would send John to a Protestant school in his youth.
3878:
3728:
3394:
3259:
3108:
2998:
872:, said "his idea of a centralized reprint center was in my thoughts when I first proposed the as yet nonexistent SCI in Science in 1955."
3868:
3766:
3462:
1341:
On 20 September 1949, after his return from giving a speech strongly critical of Western countries at a peace conference in Moscow, the
4022:
3977:
3115:
3890:
3748:
3718:
3647:
2790:
2743:
2705:
2240:
2111:
review by Christopher Coker of both Andrew Brown's biography of Bernal and Bernard Donovan's biography of Zukerman, 8 February 2006"
1873:
1829:
1730:
1507:
2401:
586:
In 1927, he was appointed as the first lecturer in Structural Crystallography at Cambridge, becoming the assistant director of the
3600:
1270:
457:
2966:
547:
in his third year. At Cambridge, he also became known as "Sage", a nickname given to him about 1920 by a young woman working in
4037:
3873:
3796:
3670:
3269:
3630:
4082:
4042:
3972:
3708:
1458:
659:
252:
2247:
Although a devout Catholic in his boyhood, he became an outspoken atheist, socialist, and sometime Communist Party member...
3723:
3713:
3018:
368:
3495:
1524:. Margaret referred to herself as "Mrs. Bernal", though the two never married. Eileen is mentioned as his widow in 1990.
4092:
3847:
3120:
3098:
2883:
3525:
3399:
4087:
4072:
4062:
4012:
3153:
3048:
2994:
1711:
Bevis Marks Records, Vols 1â6 of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation, London; Miriam Rodrigues Pereira, ed.
1434:
667:
517:
481:
407:
40:
2536:
1331:
3515:
4047:
3987:
3925:
3756:
3053:
1372:
944:
calls this a "book of breathtaking scientific speculation" that "is probably the single most influential source of
575:(the Bernal stacking describes the registry of two graphite planes) and also did work on the crystal structure of
3982:
3771:
3700:
3158:
3148:
2881:
Breathnach, C. S. (1995). "Desmond Bernal and his role in the biological exploitation of X-ray crystallography".
2844:
2664:
2646:
2439:
1474:
715:
3284:
2946:'Bernal and the Social Function of Science' A Masterclass by Chris Freeman, Science Policy Research Unit, Sussex
2489:
3913:
3637:
3533:
3406:
3369:
3163:
3143:
3011:
552:
3321:
154:
3761:
3605:
3550:
3299:
3264:
2697:
1351:
published an interview with Bernal in which he endorsed Soviet agriculture and the "proletarian science" of
782:
132:
3457:
1265:, goes some way to account for, but not excuse, Bernal's blind allegiance for the rest of his life, to the
3274:
2967:
Bernal papers at London School of Economics Archives (relating to his involvement with the peace movement)
2735:
1542:
The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul
1470:
1343:
937:
The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul
869:
762:
631:
continued her early research career. Together, in 1934, they took the first X-ray photographs of hydrated
3379:
3814:
3610:
3572:
3331:
3065:
1300:. That meeting fundamentally changed his world view and he maintained sympathy for the Soviet Union and
632:
590:
in 1934. There, he started applying his crystallographic techniques to organic molecules, starting with
497:
441:
242:
1506:, whose scientific research work he mentored. He had a long-term relationship with the artists' patron
1334:
as president and Bernal as vice-president. The following year the organisation changed its name to the
1480:
Bernal's brass microscope, in the possession of his great-grandson, was restored in an episode of the
1024:
3952:
3947:
3538:
3411:
3247:
3138:
2594:
2569:
2463:
1638:
1540:
1309:
1218:
1173:
914:
679:
621:
598:
in 1929, forcing a radical change of thinking among sterol chemists. While at Cambridge, he analysed
587:
2173:
3555:
3543:
3418:
3384:
3364:
2812:
1583:
1403:
1392:
1335:
955:
880:(1954) is a monumental four-volume attempt to analyse the interaction between science and society.
683:
564:
544:
501:
282:
264:
56:
1758:
3804:
3615:
3560:
3103:
2869:
2088:
2080:
1989:
1515:
1499:
an active socialist and their marriage as 'open' which they both lived up to 'with great gusto'.
1423:
1399:
1281:
1242:
1197:
1131:
876:
854:
778:
727:
508:
449:
384:
364:
292:
216:
2118:
3738:
3577:
3505:
3485:
3205:
3075:
2927:
2888:
2861:
2830:
2786:
2739:
2719:
2701:
2236:
2211:
2072:
1869:
1825:
1764:
1726:
1388:
1234:
1189:
1152:
1123:
786:
707:
675:
651:
568:
548:
540:
496:
where Bernal was brought up. His American mother, née Elizabeth Miller, whose mother was from
445:
389:
2972:
Gary Werskey â The Marxist Critique of Capitalist Science: A History in Three Movements?
1625:
1611:
1563:
746:, one of the guests, arguing that science should be applied in every part of the war effort.
3776:
3582:
3500:
3490:
3289:
3222:
3193:
3186:
2917:
2853:
2822:
2756:
2602:
2516:
2275:
2064:
1984:
1692:
1597:
1528:
1427:
1320:
1285:
1262:
1226:
1181:
1115:
922:
889:
846:
754:
695:
663:
524:
485:
414:
379:
259:
223:
150:
81:
3665:
3660:
3625:
3445:
3344:
3279:
3242:
3237:
3088:
3034:
2971:
2760:
2540:
1674:
1503:
1486:
1419:
945:
865:
826:
719:
690:
628:
528:
277:
211:
2055:
de Charadevian, Soraya (2006). Brown, Andrew (ed.). "Advocating Science for the People".
1280:
in political life, particularly in the 1930s. He attended the famous 1931 meeting on the
2842:
Surridge, C. (1999). "50 years of biomolecular structure at Birkbeck: Bernal's legacy".
2598:
1222:
1177:
918:
440:; 10 May 1901 â 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of
3475:
3440:
3428:
3423:
3389:
3359:
3349:
3308:
3252:
3176:
3130:
2958:
2768:
2546:
2197:
1481:
1454:
1356:
1352:
990:
967:
941:
731:
512:
326:
122:
2174:"Tracing the Influence of JD Bernal on the World of Science through Citation Analysis"
1106:
Bernal, J. D. (1968). "The relation of microscopic structure to molecular structure".
694:
molecules, and to the topic of the structure of liquids, which he talked about in his
3941:
3620:
3433:
3232:
2913:
2607:
2582:
2459:
2202:
2092:
1511:
1380:
1368:
1325:
1301:
971:
850:
781:. He demonstrated the advantages of an artificial harbour to the participants of the
758:
195:
146:
2873:
1135:
935:
3326:
3316:
3210:
3093:
2982:
2264:"J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science by Andrew Brown (2006), Oxford University Press"
1520:
1450:
1297:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1246:
1201:
1164:
Bernal, J. D. (1953). "The Use of Fourier Transforms in Protein Crystal Analysis".
845:
has been called "the most brilliant attempt at scientific prediction ever made" by
711:
158:
142:
50:
17:
706:
In the early 1930s, Bernal had been arguing for peace, but that changed after the
2990:
2776:
2691:
1047:
1039:
1014:
1006:
998:
976:
3809:
3480:
3354:
3181:
2805:
2782:
1938:
The structure of liquids. Bakerian Lecture. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 280, 299-322.
1415:
1143:
Bernal, J. D. (1965). "The structure of water and its biological implications".
791:
774:
644:
595:
532:
206:
650:
However, Bernal was refused fellowships at Emmanuel and Christ's and tenure by
3374:
3060:
2817:
2764:
1442:
1119:
963:
818:
810:
753:, the Chief of Combined Operations. Bernal was able to argue on both sides of
743:
723:
671:
636:
610:
599:
580:
536:
346:
287:
2931:
2076:
1912:
1383:, a fellow communist, en route to a Soviet-sponsored World Peace Congress in
3083:
2945:
2726:; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
2423:
2406:
2068:
1384:
959:
830:
469:
453:
2922:
2901:
2892:
2834:
2521:
2504:
2419:
1697:
1678:
1238:
1193:
1185:
927:
902:
452:. In addition, Bernal wrote popular books on science and society. He was a
2976:
2865:
2280:
2263:
1156:
1127:
3680:
3450:
3198:
1364:
822:
814:
572:
477:
473:
27:
Irish scientist, pioneer of X-ray crystallography in biology (1901â1971)
3690:
2887:. Vol. 3, no. 4 (published November 1995). pp. 197â200.
2826:
2084:
1348:
1293:
817:
on the afternoon of D-Day+1 in the uniform of an Instructor-Lieutenant
686:
developed some of the earliest computers to help with the computation.
655:
617:
591:
2821:
Vol. 28, no. 5 (published September 2003). pp. 539â46.
1445:. He was also said to be the inspiration for the character Tengal in
1230:
903:"On the Interpretation of X-Ray, Single Crystal, Rotation Photographs"
2985:'Century of Endeavour: J D Bernal and the Science and Society Theme'
1502:
In the early 1930s he had a brief intimate relationship with chemist
885:
806:
640:
606:
576:
493:
468:
His family was Irish, with a mix of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and
111:
77:
2808:, first published Sept 2004, 2870 words, with portrait illustration
2634:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Margaret Gardiner
3685:
3003:
2570:
Brief biography of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery, London
1593:
849:. It is famous for having been the first to propose the so-called
802:
539:
method, which became the mathematical basis of a lengthy paper on
2857:
805:
with work on the structure of the proposed landing sites and the
735:
3007:
2490:"Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Medal and Lecture | Royal Society"
1514:(1937â2013) was a professor in the Department of Government at
2420:
Bernal's Picasso goes on show in London at Wellcome Collection
420:
2647:"Margaret Gardiner, obituary in The Guardian, 5 January 2005"
1437:
in 1937. A fictional portrait of Bernal appears in the novel
777:, Bernal was determined that its mistakes not be repeated in
749:
From 1942, he and Zuckerman served as scientific advisers to
523:
At Cambridge, Bernal read both mathematics and science for a
429:
2633:
1084:
A History of Classical Physics from Antiquity to the Quantum
654:, who disliked him, and in 1937, Bernal became Professor of
2953:
J D Bernal: philosophy, politics and the science of science
1387:
created a mural in Bernal's flat at the top of No. 22
662:, a department that had been brought to the first rank by
3787:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie â New Crystal Structures
2014:
2012:
4118:
Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography
3782:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie â Crystalline Materials
4113:
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
2484:
2482:
1166:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3675:
2902:"John Desmond Bernal, 10 May 1901 - 15 September 1971"
2505:"John Desmond Bernal, 10 May 1901 - 15 September 1971"
1585:
X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols
1080:
The Extension of Man. A History of Physics before 1900
2444:(in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1959.
527:
degree in 1922, which he followed by another year of
507:
Bernal was educated in England first for one term at
426:
2906:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
2509:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
2293:
2291:
1684:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1679:"John Desmond Bernal. 10 May 1901-15 September 1971"
1650:
1648:
1646:
432:
417:
4108:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
3856:
3823:
3795:
3747:
3699:
3646:
3593:
3524:
3307:
3298:
3221:
3129:
3074:
3041:
1564:"William Bragg - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
423:
375:
360:
352:
332:
314:
270:
258:
248:
238:
201:
190:
164:
138:
128:
118:
105:
89:
63:
34:
2948:Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
2201:
571:in London. In 1924 he determined the structure of
563:After his graduation, Bernal began research under
2815:(2003). "J D Bernal (1901â1971) in perspective".
2775:Swann, Brenda; Aprahamian, Francis, eds. (1999).
2308:
2306:
1639:Images of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery
1612:"Alan Mackay - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
1518:and author of the controversial Afrocentric work
1473:was named in his honour. He is the eponym of the
1626:"Max Perutz - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
1426:in 1953, the Grotius Gold Medal in 1959 and the
1145:Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology
809:countryside beyond, Bernal landed, according to
484:spent 14 years in Australia before returning to
4033:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
1323:in 1948. Afterwards, he wrote a letter to the
1016:Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century
3019:
2714:John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor',
2661:"Margaret Gardiner, obituary by Nchima Trust"
2402:The night that Picasso was a little plastered
2380:Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times, p. 181
1402:. From 1959 to 1965, he was president of the
8:
4123:Scholars and academics from County Tipperary
2778:J. D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics
1822:A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition
1461:Medal and Lecture were named in his honour.
4003:British people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
3963:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
2325:J.D. Bernal (18 September 1948). "Letter".
1934:
1932:
1527:He also had a child (Jane, born 1953) with
3853:
3304:
3126:
3071:
3026:
3012:
3004:
2804:: 'Bernal, (John) Desmond (1901â1971)â by
1864:John Dintih; Derek Gjertsen, eds. (1999).
1824:. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 25.
907:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
794:on previous holidays) and aerial surveys.
647:that would occupy him most of his career.
49:
31:
2921:
2606:
2520:
2441:Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2389:
2368:
2356:
2297:
2279:
2208:Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision
2139:
2018:
1844:
1807:
1783:
1696:
1654:
1317:World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace
926:
4018:Communist Party of Great Britain members
4008:British people of Spanish-Jewish descent
3998:British people of Italian-Jewish descent
2979:(Free versions of some of his writings.)
2434:
2432:
801:After assisting in the preparations for
2900:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1980).
2801:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2545:. Series 12. Episode 4. 12 April 2023.
2503:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1980).
2257:
2255:
2203:"Bibliography III: Science Backgrounds"
1913:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1592:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1582:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1937).
1555:
2991:Newspaper clippings about J. D. Bernal
2961:'The Relevance of Bernal's Questions'
2565:
2563:
2231:Haugen, Peter (2009). "4: 1931-1940".
1577:
1575:
1573:
660:Birkbeck College, University of London
567:at the Davy Faraday Laboratory at the
253:Birkbeck College, University of London
4058:People educated at Stonyhurst College
3993:Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom
3968:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
2621:
2587:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2344:
2332:
2312:
2159:
2042:
2030:
2003:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1923:
1900:
1888:
1795:
1745:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
666:. The same year, he was elected as a
511:, which he hated and so was moved to
7:
3920:
3260:Phase transformation crystallography
2977:Marxist Writers: John Desmond Bernal
2852:(1) (published January 1999): 13â4.
2329:. Vol. XXXVI. pp. 238â239.
1725:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
1308:, probably the earliest text on the
884:(1967) gives the current ideas from
543:for which he won a joint prize with
4068:Royal Navy officers of World War II
3767:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
2235:. Infobase Publishing. p. 85.
2210:. London: Oxford University Press.
1868:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1363:Under pressure from the burgeoning
1102:, British Peace Committee pamphlet
952:Aspects of Dialectical Materialism
843:The World, the Flesh and the Devil
531:. He taught himself the theory of
448:. He published extensively on the
25:
4053:People educated at Bedford School
2583:"J D Bernal: The sage of science"
2107:"Solly Zuckerman and J D Bernal,
1760:J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science
1723:J. D. Bernal: the sage of science
1391:. In 2007, it became part of the
1011:(1952) Marxism Today Series No. 9
3958:Scientists from County Tipperary
3919:
3908:
3907:
3514:
2755:(1978) Gary Werskey, on Bernal,
2645:Morgan, Janet (5 January 2005).
2156:. St Martin's Griffin, New York.
1763:. OUP Oxford. 24 November 2005.
1271:Communist Party of Great Britain
643:in 1936 and started the work on
458:Communist Party of Great Britain
413:
339:
319:
1108:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
594:and sterol compounds including
180:
4103:Irish people of Jewish descent
3709:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
2693:J D BernalâThe Sage of Science
2154:Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds
1459:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture
1441:, an early work of his friend
1306:The Social Function of Science
978:The Social Function of Science
940:(1929) Jonathan Cape. Scholar
862:The Social Function of Science
738:generated a multi-author book
710:started. With the outbreak of
1:
4098:20th-century Irish historians
4078:Stalin Peace Prize recipients
1993:. 30 June 1944. p. 3099.
551:'s Bookshop at the corner of
456:activist and a member of the
4028:Fellows of the Royal Society
2884:Journal of Medical Biography
2732:Sage: A Life of J. D. Bernal
1304:. In 1939, Bernal published
1082:(1972) M.I.T. Press also as
769:Operation Overlord and D-Day
3757:Crystal Growth & Design
3049:Timeline of crystallography
2995:20th Century Press Archives
2730:Goldsmith, Maurice (1980).
2537:"Live Series 12: Episode 4"
1469:The Bernal Building at the
1435:Fellow of the Royal Society
1393:Wellcome Trust's collection
1367:, the president of British
1284:, where he met the Soviets
895:Other publications include
714:in 1939, Bernal joined the
668:Fellow of the Royal Society
518:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
516:there. In 1919, he went to
482:Albert Agricultural College
4139:
3568:Nuclear magnetic resonance
2608:10.1088/1742-6596/57/1/006
2200:; Rabkin, Eric S. (1977).
2152:Clarke, Arthur C. (2000).
1866:A Dictionary of Scientists
1373:Soviet Academy of Sciences
1276:Bernal became a prominent
1000:The Physical Basis of Life
985:Science and the Humanities
773:After the disaster of the
639:arrived as a student from
480:and after graduating from
4023:British crystallographers
3978:British former Christians
3903:
3772:Journal of Crystal Growth
3512:
2845:Nature Structural Biology
2262:Witkowski, J. A. (2007).
2233:Biology: Decade by Decade
1475:John Desmond Bernal Prize
1120:10.1017/S0033583500000469
1091:, Labour Monthly pamphlet
825:of not knowing which was
716:Ministry of Home Security
702:Ministry of Home Security
397:
309:
305:
301:
231:
221:Grotius Gold Medal (1959)
55:Bernal in 1949, photo by
48:
3638:Single particle analysis
3496:HermannâMauguin notation
2716:Medical Research Council
2117:. London. Archived from
1962:, pp. 215â20, 235â7
1292:who gave an influential
992:The Freedom of Necessity
981:(1939) Faber & Faber
464:Education and early life
3762:Crystallography Reviews
3606:Isomorphous replacement
3400:LomerâCottrell junction
2955:Journal of Physics 2007
2698:Oxford University Press
2069:10.1126/science.1126642
1926:, pp. 90, 146, 187
1414:Bernal was awarded the
1296:account of the work of
1095:After Twenty-five Years
742:produced in a month by
133:University of Cambridge
4038:Former Roman Catholics
3275:Spinodal decomposition
2923:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
2690:Brown, Andrew (2005).
2522:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
2426:, UK, 14 January 2008.
1820:Boylan, Henry (1998).
1721:Brown, Andrew (2005).
1698:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
1471:University of Limerick
1457:and its successor the
1371:had resigned from the
1186:10.1098/rspb.1953.0022
1023:Bernal, J. D. (1953).
928:10.1098/rspa.1926.0143
901:Bernal, J. D. (1926).
870:Science Citation Index
763:Smithfield Meat Market
751:Lord Louis Mountbatten
718:, where he brought in
520:, with a scholarship.
4083:X-ray crystallography
4043:Historians of science
3973:British biophysicists
3815:Gregori Aminoff Prize
3611:Molecular replacement
2581:Brown, A. P. (2007).
2466:on 25 September 2015.
2371:, pp. 189 et seq
2359:, pp. 182 et seq
2281:10.1096/fj.07-0202ufm
1950:, pp. 198â9, 176
1490:shown in April 2023.
1433:Bernal was elected a
1332:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1025:"Stalin as Scientist"
442:X-ray crystallography
353:Years of service
243:X-ray crystallography
3121:Structure prediction
2983:Roy Johnston, 1999,
1310:sociology of science
1074:Emergence of Science
868:, originator of the
680:tobacco mosaic virus
622:tobacco mosaic virus
588:Cavendish Laboratory
500:, was a graduate of
170:Agnes Eileen Sprague
4093:World Peace Council
3385:Cottrell atmosphere
3365:Partial dislocation
3109:Restriction theorem
2753:The Visible College
2599:2007JPhCS..57...61B
2492:. 30 November 2023.
1404:World Peace Council
1336:World Peace Council
1223:1952Natur.169.1007B
1217:(4311): 1007â1008.
1178:1953RSPSB.141...71B
1062:Need There Be Need?
1056:A Prospect of Peace
919:1926RSPSA.113..117B
829:and which side was
684:Andrew Donald Booth
565:William Henry Bragg
559:Career and research
545:Ronald G.W. Norrish
502:Stanford University
404:John Desmond Bernal
265:William Henry Bragg
155:BernalâFowler rules
109:Battersea Cemetery,
57:Wolfgang Suschitzky
36:John Desmond Bernal
18:John Desmond Bernal
4088:British communists
4073:Space colonization
4063:People from Nenagh
4013:British physicists
3805:Carl Hermann Medal
3616:Molecular dynamics
3463:Defects in diamond
3458:StoneâWales defect
3104:Reciprocal lattice
3066:Biocrystallography
2827:10.1007/BF02703329
2771:, 2nd edition 1988
2142:, pp. 102â112
2033:, pp. 477â484
2021:, pp. 105â108
2006:, pp. 238â247
1990:The London Gazette
1598:uk.bl.ethos.727110
1516:Cornell University
1424:Stalin Peace Prize
1410:Awards and honours
1400:Stalin Peace Prize
1379:In November 1950,
1360:the Soviet Union.
1282:history of science
1256:Political activism
1100:Peace to the World
1089:Engels and Science
1068:The Origin of Life
1041:Science in History
882:The Origin of Life
877:Science in History
779:Operation Overlord
728:Kingston upon Hull
509:Stonyhurst College
450:history of science
385:Operation Overlord
293:Alexander F. Wells
217:Stalin Peace Prize
4048:Jewish socialists
3988:British inventors
3935:
3934:
3899:
3898:
3506:Thermal ellipsoid
3471:
3470:
3380:FrankâRead source
3340:
3339:
3206:Aperiodic crystal
3172:
3171:
3054:Crystallographers
2724:978-1-84046-940-0
2392:, p. picture
2268:The FASEB Journal
2217:978-0-19-502174-5
2172:Eugene Garfield.
2063:(5775): 849â850.
1770:978-0-19-851544-9
1675:Hodgkin, D. M. C.
1508:Margaret Gardiner
1389:Torrington Square
1269:". He joined the
1231:10.1038/1691007a0
1049:World without War
1019:(1953) Routledge.
787:Normandy landings
783:Quebec Conference
708:Spanish Civil War
676:Rosalind Franklin
652:Ernest Rutherford
569:Royal Institution
549:Charles Kay Ogden
541:crystal structure
446:molecular biology
401:
400:
390:Normandy landings
271:Doctoral students
233:Scientific career
93:15 September 1971
16:(Redirected from
4130:
3983:British atheists
3923:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3854:
3777:Kristallografija
3631:GerchbergâSaxton
3526:Characterisation
3518:
3501:Structure factor
3305:
3290:Ostwald ripening
3127:
3072:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
2935:
2925:
2896:
2877:
2838:
2796:
2757:J. B. S. Haldane
2749:
2711:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2663:. Archived from
2657:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2462:. Archived from
2452:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1974:, pp. 222â4
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1529:Margot Heinemann
1428:Bakerian Lecture
1321:Communist Poland
1286:Nikolai Bukharin
1263:road to Damascus
1250:
1205:
1160:
1139:
1036:
1029:Modern Quarterly
1008:Marx and Science
932:
930:
913:(763): 117â160.
847:Arthur C. Clarke
755:Project Habbakuk
696:Bakerian lecture
664:Patrick Blackett
633:protein crystals
535:, including the
529:natural sciences
525:Bachelor of Arts
486:County Tipperary
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
410:
380:Second World War
345:
343:
342:
334:
325:
323:
322:
260:Doctoral advisor
227:
224:Bakerian Lecture
184:
182:
96:
82:County Tipperary
73:
71:
53:
43:
32:
21:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3895:
3852:
3819:
3791:
3743:
3695:
3666:CrystalExplorer
3642:
3626:Phase retrieval
3589:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3467:
3446:Schottky defect
3345:Perfect crystal
3336:
3332:Abnormal growth
3294:
3280:Supersaturation
3243:Miscibility gap
3224:
3217:
3168:
3125:
3089:Bravais lattice
3070:
3037:
3035:Crystallography
3032:
2951:Helena Sheehan
2942:
2899:
2880:
2841:
2813:Mackay, Alan L.
2811:
2793:
2774:
2761:Lancelot Hogben
2746:
2729:
2708:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2667:on 3 March 2016
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2542:The Repair Shop
2535:
2534:
2530:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2410:, 2 April 2007.
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2198:Scholes, Robert
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2121:on 21 June 2008
2105:
2104:
2100:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:, p. 55,61
1887:
1883:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1504:Dorothy Hodgkin
1496:
1487:The Repair Shop
1467:
1420:Guthrie lecture
1412:
1258:
1253:
1208:
1163:
1142:
1105:
1064:(1960) pamphlet
1022:
987:(1946) pamphlet
946:science fiction
900:
866:Eugene Garfield
839:
771:
720:Solly Zuckerman
704:
691:Guthrie lecture
629:Dorothy Hodgkin
620:(1936) and the
614:
603:
561:
488:to buy a farm,
466:
416:
412:
406:
340:
338:
320:
318:
310:Military career
297:
278:Dorothy Hodgkin
222:
220:
215:
212:Guthrie lecture
210:
205:
186:
183: 1922)
178:
174:
171:
157:
153:
151:Bernal stacking
149:
145:
129:Alma mater
110:
101:
100:London, England
98:
94:
85:
75:
69:
67:
59:
44:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Direct methods
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Ewald's sphere
3483:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3429:Frenkel defect
3426:
3424:Bjerrum defect
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Peierls stress
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Burgers vector
3352:
3350:Stacking fault
3347:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3309:Grain boundary
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:Liquid crystal
3250:
3245:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3116:Periodic table
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2940:External links
2938:
2937:
2936:
2897:
2878:
2839:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2772:
2769:Joseph Needham
2750:
2744:
2727:
2718:2008, 381 pp,
2712:
2706:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2652:
2637:
2626:
2614:
2573:
2559:
2547:BBC Television
2528:
2495:
2478:
2469:
2456:"Royal Medals"
2447:
2428:
2412:
2394:
2390:Goldsmith 1980
2382:
2373:
2369:Goldsmith 1980
2361:
2357:Goldsmith 1980
2349:
2337:
2317:
2302:
2298:Goldsmith 1980
2287:
2274:(2): 302â304.
2251:
2241:
2223:
2216:
2189:
2164:
2144:
2140:Goldsmith 1980
2132:
2098:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2019:Goldsmith 1980
2008:
1996:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1874:
1849:
1845:Goldsmith 1980
1837:
1830:
1812:
1808:Goldsmith 1980
1800:
1788:
1784:Goldsmith 1980
1776:
1769:
1750:
1748:, pp. 1â3
1738:
1731:
1713:
1704:
1659:
1655:Goldsmith 1980
1642:
1631:
1617:
1603:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1495:
1492:
1482:BBC Television
1466:
1463:
1455:Bernal Lecture
1411:
1408:
1395:for ÂŁ250,000.
1357:Lysenko affair
1353:Trofim Lysenko
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1206:
1172:(902): 71â85.
1161:
1140:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
982:
974:
968:John Macmurray
949:
942:Robert Scholes
933:
897:
841:His 1929 work
838:
835:
770:
767:
740:Science in War
732:Tots and Quots
703:
700:
612:
601:
560:
557:
513:Bedford School
465:
462:
399:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
377:
373:
372:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
336:
330:
329:
327:United Kingdom
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
229:
228:
203:
199:
198:
192:
188:
187:
176:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
161:
140:
139:Known for
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:Bedford School
120:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
99:
97:(aged 70)
91:
87:
86:
76:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Patterson map
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Friedel's law
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:Wigner effect
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:Interstitials
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Precipitation
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:Phase diagram
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2914:Royal Society
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:1-85984-854-0
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2745:0-09-139550-X
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2707:0-19-851544-8
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2624:, p. 139
2623:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2460:Royal Society
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:, p. 304
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:, p. 325
2334:
2328:
2327:New Statesman
2321:
2318:
2315:, p. 269
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:9781438109770
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2045:, p. 184
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1875:0-19-280086-8
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1831:0-7171-2945-4
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:0-19-851544-8
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:, p. 238
1656:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:lib.cam.ac.uk
1587:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:Martin Bernal
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:Personal life
1493:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:in 1947, the
1421:
1418:in 1945, the
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Pablo Picasso
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:Royal Society
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:newspaper of
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:New Statesman
1322:
1319:organised in
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Joseph Stalin
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:R. Page Arnot
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:E. F. Carritt
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
898:
896:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:space habitat
852:
851:Bernal sphere
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
764:
760:
759:Geoffrey Pyke
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
608:
604:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
553:Bridge Street
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
409:
405:
396:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
337:
331:
328:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
218:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:4, including
193:
189:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Bernal sphere
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:Resting place
104:
92:
88:
83:
79:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3924:
3912:
3857:Associations
3825:Organisation
3317:Disclination
3248:Polymorphism
3211:Quasicrystal
3154:Orthorhombic
3094:Miller index
3042:Key concepts
2984:
2960:
2959:R. M. Young
2909:
2905:
2882:
2858:10.1038/4879
2849:
2843:
2816:
2799:
2777:
2752:
2731:
2692:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:the original
2655:
2640:
2629:
2617:
2593:(1): 61â72.
2590:
2586:
2576:
2550:. Retrieved
2541:
2531:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2472:
2464:the original
2450:
2440:
2415:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2300:, p. 31
2271:
2267:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2207:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2167:
2162:, p. 70
2153:
2147:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2114:
2108:
2101:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2038:
2026:
1999:
1988:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1919:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1865:
1847:, p. 27
1840:
1821:
1815:
1810:, p. 26
1803:
1791:
1786:, p. 24
1779:
1759:
1753:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1589:
1584:
1558:
1541:
1526:
1521:Black Athena
1519:
1510:. Their son
1501:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1451:Stevie Smith
1446:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1397:
1378:
1362:
1344:Evening Star
1342:
1340:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1298:Isaac Newton
1290:Boris Hessen
1278:intellectual
1275:
1267:Soviet Union
1259:
1214:
1210:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1114:(1): 81â87.
1111:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
984:
977:
954:(1934) with
951:
936:
910:
906:
894:
881:
875:
874:
861:
859:
853:, a type of
842:
840:
837:Publications
800:
796:
772:
748:
739:
712:World War II
705:
688:
649:
626:
616:(1935), the
585:
562:
533:space groups
522:
506:
489:
467:
403:
402:
376:Battles/wars
249:Institutions
232:
159:Zone melting
143:Bernal chart
95:(1971-09-15)
29:
3953:1971 deaths
3948:1901 births
3810:Ewald Prize
3578:Diffraction
3556:Diffraction
3539:Diffraction
3481:Bragg plane
3476:Bragg's law
3355:Dislocation
3270:Segregation
3182:Crystallite
3099:Point group
2806:Robert Olby
2671:28 February
1985:"No. 36590"
1798:, p. 9
1447:The Holiday
1416:Royal Medal
792:Arromanches
775:Dieppe raid
645:haemoglobin
596:cholesterol
490:Brookwatson
283:Alan Mackay
207:Royal Medal
74:10 May 1901
3942:Categories
3594:Algorithms
3583:Scattering
3561:Scattering
3544:Scattering
3412:Slip bands
3375:Cross slip
3225:transition
3159:Tetragonal
3149:Monoclinic
3061:Metallurgy
2818:J. Biosci.
2765:Hyman Levy
2736:Hutchinson
2734:. London:
2696:. Oxford:
2622:Brown 2005
2458:. London:
2345:Brown 2005
2333:Brown 2005
2331:quoted in
2313:Brown 2005
2160:Brown 2005
2125:7 November
2043:Brown 2005
2031:Brown 2005
2004:Brown 2005
1972:Brown 2005
1960:Brown 2005
1948:Brown 2005
1924:Brown 2005
1901:Brown 2005
1889:Brown 2005
1796:Brown 2005
1746:Brown 2005
1550:References
1443:C. P. Snow
1439:The Search
964:Hyman Levy
819:Royal Navy
811:C. P. Snow
744:Allen Lane
724:Birmingham
678:worked on
672:Aaron Klug
637:Max Perutz
581:goniometer
537:quaternion
365:Lieutenant
347:Royal Navy
315:Allegiance
288:Max Perutz
114:(unmarked)
70:1901-05-10
3701:Databases
3164:Triclinic
3144:Hexagonal
3084:Unit cell
3076:Structure
2932:0080-4606
2916:: 16â84.
2515:: 16â84.
2424:Culture24
2407:The Times
2158:cited in
2115:The Times
2093:220096079
2077:0036-8075
1691:: 16â84.
1430:in 1962.
1385:Sheffield
1151:: 17â32.
960:Ralph Fox
892:onwards.
831:starboard
698:in 1962.
611:vitamin D
600:vitamin B
470:Sephardic
454:communist
356:1944â1945
119:Education
84:, Ireland
3914:Category
3749:Journals
3681:OctaDist
3676:JANA2020
3648:Software
3534:Electron
3451:F-center
3238:Eutectic
3199:Fiveling
3194:Twinning
3187:Equiaxed
2893:11616361
2874:33553672
2835:14517357
2552:12 April
2182:10 March
1677:(1980).
1535:Writings
1365:Cold War
1239:14947858
1194:13047272
1136:32833369
823:solecism
815:Normandy
624:(1937).
609:(1934),
605:(1933),
573:graphite
478:Limerick
474:Catholic
460:(CPGB).
333:Service/
191:Children
3926:Commons
3874:Germany
3551:Neutron
3441:Vacancy
3300:Defects
3285:GP-zone
3131:Systems
2997:of the
2993:in the
2866:9886283
2684:Sources
2595:Bibcode
2085:3846181
2057:Science
1484:series
1349:Ipswich
1294:Marxist
1247:2503892
1219:Bibcode
1202:8614975
1174:Bibcode
1157:5849048
1128:4885734
948:ideas."
915:Bibcode
890:Haldane
656:Physics
618:sterols
592:oestrin
492:, near
226:(1962)
185:
177:
173:
3869:France
3864:Europe
3797:Awards
3327:Growth
3177:Growth
2930:
2891:
2872:
2864:
2833:
2789:
2742:
2722:
2704:
2239:
2214:
2091:
2083:
2075:
1872:
1828:
1767:
1729:
1596:
1545:(1929)
1465:Legacy
1453:. The
1355:. The
1288:, and
1245:
1237:
1211:Nature
1200:
1192:
1155:
1134:
1126:
1076:(1971)
1070:(1967)
1058:(1960)
1052:(1958)
1003:(1951)
995:(1949)
886:Oparin
807:bocage
682:, and
641:Vienna
607:pepsin
577:bronze
498:Antrim
494:Nenagh
344:
335:branch
324:
239:Fields
219:(1953)
214:(1947)
209:(1945)
202:Awards
196:Martin
165:Spouse
112:Morden
78:Nenagh
3891:Japan
3838:IOBCr
3691:SHELX
3686:Olex2
3573:X-ray
3223:Phase
3139:Cubic
2870:S2CID
2783:Verso
2177:(PDF)
2109:Times
2089:S2CID
2081:JSTOR
1594:EThOS
1243:S2CID
1198:S2CID
1132:S2CID
813:, at
803:D-Day
179:(
175:
3833:IUCr
3734:ICDD
3729:ICSD
3714:CCDC
3661:Coot
3656:CCP4
3407:Slip
3370:Kink
2928:ISSN
2889:PMID
2862:PMID
2831:PMID
2787:ISBN
2767:and
2740:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2673:2011
2554:2023
2237:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2184:2011
2127:2008
2073:ISSN
1870:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1235:PMID
1190:PMID
1153:PMID
1124:PMID
1035:(3).
888:and
827:port
736:Soho
726:and
689:His
674:and
369:RNVR
361:Rank
90:Died
64:Born
3848:DMG
3843:RAS
3739:PDB
3724:COD
3719:CIF
3671:DSR
3395:GND
3322:CSL
2999:ZBW
2918:doi
2854:doi
2823:doi
2603:doi
2517:doi
2276:doi
2065:doi
2061:312
1693:doi
1449:by
1227:doi
1215:169
1182:doi
1170:141
1116:doi
923:doi
911:113
860:In
833:".
734:in
658:at
476:in
444:in
408:FRS
41:FRS
3944::
3886:US
3879:UK
2926:.
2912:.
2910:26
2908:.
2904:.
2868:.
2860:.
2848:.
2829:.
2785:.
2781:.
2763:,
2759:,
2738:.
2700:.
2601:.
2591:57
2589:.
2585:.
2562:^
2539:.
2513:26
2511:.
2507:.
2481:^
2431:^
2422:,
2404:,
2305:^
2290:^
2272:21
2270:.
2266:.
2254:^
2245:.
2206:.
2113:.
2087:.
2079:.
2071:.
2059:.
2011:^
1987:.
1931:^
1852:^
1689:26
1687:.
1681:.
1662:^
1645:^
1588:.
1572:^
1531:.
1477:.
1406:.
1338:.
1312:.
1241:.
1233:.
1225:.
1213:.
1196:.
1188:.
1180:.
1168:.
1149:19
1147:.
1130:.
1122:.
1110:.
1031:.
1027:.
970:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
921:.
909:.
905:.
757:,
583:.
555:.
430:ÉË
421:Ér
181:m.
80:,
3027:e
3020:t
3013:v
2934:.
2920::
2895:.
2876:.
2856::
2850:6
2837:.
2825::
2795:.
2748:.
2710:.
2675:.
2649:.
2611:.
2605::
2597::
2556:.
2525:.
2519::
2284:.
2278::
2220:.
2186:.
2129:.
2095:.
2067::
1878:.
1834:.
1773:.
1735:.
1701:.
1695::
1628:.
1614:.
1600:.
1566:.
1249:.
1229::
1221::
1204:.
1184::
1176::
1159:.
1138:.
1118::
1112:1
1033:8
931:.
925::
917::
613:2
602:1
436:/
433:l
427:n
424:Ë
418:b
415:/
411:(
371:)
367:(
72:)
68:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
