John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland

1585:"And yet this act wherefore I die, was not altogether of me (as it is thought) but I was procured and induced thereunto by other. I was I say induced thereunto by other, howbeit, God forbid that I should name any man unto you, I will name no man unto you, and therefore I beseech you look not for it. ... And one thing more good people I have to say unto you ... and that is to warn you and exhort you to beware of these seditious preachers, and teachers of new doctrine, which pretend to preach God's word, but in very deed they preach their own fancies, ... they know not today what they would have tomorrow, ... they open the book, but they cannot shut it again. ... I could good people rehearse much more ... but you know I have another thing to do, whereunto I must prepare me, for the time draweth away." ... And after he had thus spoken he kneeled down ... and bowing toward the block he said, I have deserved a thousand deaths, and thereupon he made a cross upon the straw, and kissed it, and laid his head upon the block, and so died. 1514:, where she was the greatest landowner. She began to assemble an armed following and sent a letter to the council, demanding to be recognised as queen. It arrived on 10 July, the day Jane Grey was proclaimed as queen. The Duke of Northumberland's oration, held before Jane the previous day, did not move her to accept the Crown—her parents' assistance was required for that. Dudley had not prepared for resolute action on Mary's part and needed a week to build up a larger force. He was in a dilemma over who should lead the troops. He was the most experienced general in the kingdom, but he did not want to leave the government in the hands of his colleagues, in some of whom he had little confidence. Queen Jane decided the issue by demanding that her father, the Duke of Suffolk, should remain with her and the council. On 14 July Northumberland headed for 464: 1696:, was appropriate to his rank and figured well below the annuity of £5,333 p.a. the Duke of Somerset had granted himself, thus reaching an income of over £10,000 p.a. while in office. John Dudley was a typical Tudor Crown servant, self-interested but absolutely loyal to the incumbent sovereign: The monarch's every wish was law. This uncritical stance may have played a decisive role in Northumberland's decision to implement Edward's succession device, as it did in his attitude towards Mary when she had become queen. The fear his services could be inadequate or go unacknowledged by the monarch was constant in Dudley, who also was very sensitive on what he called "estimation", meaning status. 1674:

contemporary and modern—have been that Northumberland sought to rescue his family from the axe, that, in the face of catastrophe, he found a spiritual home in the church of his childhood, or that he saw the hand of God in Mary's success. Although he endorsed the Reformation from at least the mid-1530s, Dudley may not have understood theological subtleties, being a "simple man in such matters". The Duke was stung by an outspoken letter he received from John Knox, whom he had invited to preach before the King and in vain had offered a bishopric. William Cecil was informed:

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on the council's orders all the time and that he did not now wish "to combat the Council's decisions, supposing that they have been moved by good reasons ... and I beg your lordships to do the same." Proclaiming Mary Tudor at the market place, he threw up his cap and "so laughed that the tears ran down his cheeks for grief." The next morning the Earl of Arundel arrived to arrest him. A week earlier Arundel had assured Northumberland of his wish to spill his blood even at the Duke's feet; now Dudley went down on his knees as soon as he caught sight of him.

1427: 1057:, the Imperial ambassador. At a dinner Edward discussed with the envoy at length until Northumberland discreetly indicated to the King that he had said enough. Yet the Duke did not necessarily have his way in all things. In 1552–1553 the King's hand can be discerned behind decisions (and omissions) that directly contravened Dudley's wishes. At court, complex networks of influence were at work and Edward listened to more than one voice. Regarding the question to what extent Edward played a role in his own government, Stephen Alford writes: 1435:

questionable as a result of Henry VIII's legislation. In the first version of his "devise", written before he knew he was mortally ill, Edward bypassed his half-sisters and provided for the succession of male heirs only. Around the end of May or early June Edward's condition worsened dramatically and he corrected his draft such that Lady Jane Grey herself, not just her putative sons, could inherit the Crown. To what extent Edward's document—especially this last change—was influenced by Northumberland, his confidant

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incompatible with the mind and needs of a pragmatical politician. Mary's accession could cost Northumberland his head, but not necessarily so. He tried hard to please her during 1553, and may have shared the general assumption that she would succeed to the Crown as late as early June. Faced with Edward's express royal will and perseverance, John Dudley submitted to his master's wishes—either seeing his chance to retain his power beyond the boy's lifetime or out of loyalty.

880: 56: 1568:. Answered that the Great Seal of a usurper was worth nothing, he asked "whether any such persons as were equally culpable of that crime ... might be his judges". After sentence was passed, he begged the Queen's mercy for his five sons, the eldest of whom was condemned with him, the rest waiting for their trials. He also asked to "confess to a learned divine" and was visited by Bishop Stephen Gardiner, who had passed most of Edward's reign in the Tower and was now Mary's 827:, tried to convince Anne Askew to conform to the Catholic doctrines of the Henrician Church, yet she replied "it was great shame for them to counsel contrary to their knowledge". In September Dudley struck Gardiner in the face during a full meeting of the council. This was a grave offence, and he was lucky to escape with a month's leave from court in disgrace. In the last weeks of the reign Seymour and Dudley played their parts in Henry's strike against the conservative 1659: 1423:. Within a month the first of these marriages turned out to be highly significant. Although marked by magnificent festivities, at the time they took place the alliances were not seen as politically important, not even by the Imperial ambassador Scheyfye, who was the most suspicious observer. Often perceived as proof of a conspiracy to bring the Dudley family to the throne, they have also been described as routine matches between aristocrats. 1637:

the part of the loyal and tragic enforcer instead of the original instigator. Many historians have since seen the "devise" as Edward's very own project. Others, while remarking upon the plan's sloppy implementation, have seen Northumberland as behind the scheme, yet in concord with Edward's convictions; the Duke acting out of despair for his own survival, or to rescue political and religious reform and save England from Habsburg domination.

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chances to continue as principal minister would be good. From the age of about 14 Edward's signature on documents no longer needed the council's countersignatures, and the King was regularly debriefed in meetings with a Council of his own choosing—the principal administrators and the Duke of Northumberland were among the chosen. Dudley had a warm if respectful relationship with the teenager, who "loved and feared" him according to

932:, appealed to the common people. To his colleagues, whom he hardly consulted, he displayed a distinctly autocratic and "increasingly contemptuous" face. By autumn 1549 the same councillors who had made him Protector were convinced that he had failed to exercise proper authority and was unwilling to listen to good counsel. Dudley still had the troops from the Norfolk campaign at his disposal, and in October 1549 he joined the 995: 940:, prominent religious conservatives, to lead a coup of councillors to oust the Protector from office. They withdrew from court to London, meeting in Dudley's residence. Starting with the Protector, each side issued proclamations accusing the other of treason and declared to act in defence of the King's safety. Somerset tried in vain to raise a popular force and entrenched himself with the King at the 956:. In December 1549 Southampton tried to regain predominance by charging Dudley with treason, alongside Somerset, for having been an original ally of the Protector. The scheme misfired when Dudley invited the council to his house and baffled the plotters by exclaiming, with his hand at his sword and "a warlike visage": "my lord, you seek his blood and he that seeketh his blood would have mine also". 1492: 872:. Perceived as the most important man next the Protector, he was on friendly terms with Somerset, who soon reopened the war with Scotland. Dudley accompanied him as second-in-command with a taste for personal combat. On one occasion he fought his way out of an ambush and, spear in hand, chased his Scottish counterpart for some 250 yards (230 m), nearly running him through. In the 1167:

which she was told that what mattered was not her faith but her disobedience to the law, she sent the Imperial ambassador Scheyfve to threaten war on England. The English government could not swallow a war threat from an ambassador who had stepped out of his commission, but at the same time would not risk all-important commercial ties with the

451:, Northumberland returned to Catholicism and abjured the Protestant faith before his execution on 22 August 1553. Having secured the contempt of both religious camps, popularly hated, and a natural scapegoat, he became the "wicked Duke" — in contrast to his predecessor Somerset, the "good Duke". Only since the 1970s has he also been seen as a 972:

tried to obstruct Dudley's policies. His behaviour increasingly threatened the cohesion vital within a minority regime. In that respect Warwick would take no chances, and he now also aspired to a dukedom. He needed to advertise his power and impress his followers; like his predecessor, he had to represent the King's honour. His elevation as

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out: "it was thought best not to inquire too closely into what had happened, so as to make no discoveries that might prejudice those ". By renouncing the Protestantism he had so conspicuously stood for, Northumberland lost every respect and became ineligible for rehabilitation in a world dominated by thinking along

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If there were no male heirs at the time of his death, England should have no king until the birth of a male royal child; a detailed system of female regency provisions was to apply in this case. Edward also distinguished between different types of minority rule and envisaged the possibility of having

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Since the 1970s, critical reassessments of the Duke of Somerset's policies and government style led to acknowledgment that Northumberland revitalised and reformed the Privy Council as a central part of the administration, and that he "took the necessary but unpopular steps to hold the minority regime

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embraced this good duke/bad duke dichotomy in a two-volume study of Edward VI's reign. However, he saw the King on the verge of assuming full authority at the beginning of 1553 (with Dudley contemplating retirement) and ascribed the succession alteration to Edward's resolution, Northumberland playing

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At some point during his illness Edward wrote a draft document headed "My devise for the Succession". Due to his ardent Protestantism Edward did not want his Catholic sister Mary to succeed, but he was also preoccupied with male succession and with legitimacy, which in Mary's and Elizabeth's case was

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The war between France and the Emperor broke out once again in September 1551. In due course Northumberland rejected requests for English help from both sides, which in the case of the Empire consisted of a demand for full-scale war based on an Anglo-Imperial treaty of 1542. The Duke pursued a policy

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and some of Mary's household officers were arrested. On his next visit to the council, Scheyfye was informed by the Earl of Warwick that the King of England had as much authority at 14 as he had at 40—Dudley was alluding to Mary's refusal to accept Edward's demands on grounds of his young age. In the

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as a mark of reconciliation. Yet Somerset soon attracted political sympathizers and hoped to re-establish his power by removing Dudley from the scene, "contemplating", as he later admitted, the Lord President's arrest and execution. Relying on his popularity with the masses, he campaigned against and

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John Dudley was an imposing figure with a strong temperament who could also charm people with his courtesy and a graceful presence. He was a family man, an understanding father and husband who was passionately loved by his wife. Frequent phases of illness, partly due to a stomach ailment, occasioned

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I love not to have to do with men which be neither grateful nor pleasable. I assure you I mind to have no more to do with him but to wish him well ... he cannot tell whether I be a dissembler in religion or not ... for my own part, if I should have passed more upon the speech of the people than upon

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and professed that "the plagues that is upon the realm and upon us now is that we have erred from the faith these sixteen years." A great propaganda coup for the new government, Dudley's words were officially distributed—especially in the territories of the Emperor Charles V. In the evening the Duke

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and retreated again to Cambridge. On 20 July a letter from the Council in London arrived, declaring that they had proclaimed Mary Queen and commanding Northumberland to disband the army and await events. Dudley did not contemplate resistance. He explained to his fellow-commanders that they had acted

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Dudley set out to restore administrative efficiency and maintain public order to prevent renewed rebellion as seen in 1549. Equipped with a new law "for the punishment of unlawful assemblies", he built a united front of landholders and Privy Council, the government intervening locally at any sign of

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Dudley organised Edward's political education so that he should take an interest in affairs and at least appear to influence decisions. He wanted the King to grow into his authority as smoothly as possible. Disruptive conflicts when Edward took over government could thus be minimised, while Dudley's

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To what extent the Duke influenced this scheme is uncertain. The traditional view is that it was Northumberland's plot to maintain his power by placing his family on the throne. Many historians see the project as genuinely Edward's, enforced by Dudley after the King's death. The Duke did not prepare

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government and sought to introduce the adolescent King into business. Taking over an almost bankrupt administration, he ended the costly wars with France and Scotland and tackled finances in ways that led to some economic recovery. To prevent further uprisings he introduced countrywide policing on a

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of 1544 and in his will, nominated his daughters Mary and Elizabeth as successors to the Crown, "upon condition" that they did not marry without the consent of the Privy Council (Hutchinson 2006 p. 212). In the same 1544 act his daughters were still, as in earlier legislation, declared illegitimate

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Edward fully endorsed it. He personally supervised the copying of his will and twice summoned lawyers to his bedside to give them orders. On the second occasion, 15 June, Northumberland kept a watchful eye over the proceedings. Days before, the Duke had intimidated the judges who were raising legal

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The 15-year-old King fell seriously ill in February 1553. His sister Mary was invited to visit him, the Council doing "duty and obeisance to her as if she had been Queen of England". The King recovered somewhat, and in April Northumberland restored Mary's full title and arms as Princess of England,

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English garrison at Boulogne. The high costs of the garrison could thus be saved and French payments of redemption of roughly £180,000 were a most welcome cash income. The peace with France was concluded in the Treaty of Boulogne in March 1550. There was both public rejoicing and anger at the time,

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so that he should, in Northumberland's words, "be a whetstone to quicken and sharp the Bishop of Canterbury, whereof he hath need". Knox refused to collaborate, but joined fellow reformers in a concerted preaching campaign against covetous men in high places. Cranmer's canon law was finally wrecked

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in any of her residences, was not prepared to make any concessions. She planned to flee the country but then could not make up her mind in the last minute. Mary denied Edward's personal interest in the issue and entirely blamed John Dudley for her troubles. After a meeting with King and Council, in

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and thought him "a most faithful servant and by that term most witty councillor ... as was scarce like in this realm". In this position Cecil was Dudley's trusted right hand, who primed the Privy Council according to the Lord President's wishes. At the same time Cecil had intimate contact with the

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wrote of his onetime superior: "This Earl had such a head that he seldom went about anything but he had three or four purposes beforehand." A French eyewitness of 1553 described him as "an intelligent man who could explain his ideas and who displayed an impressive dignity. Others, who did not know

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of his Protestant faith before his execution delighted Queen Mary and enraged Lady Jane. The general opinion, especially among Protestants, was that he tried to seek a pardon by this move. Historians have often believed that he had no faith whatsoever, being a mere cynic. Further explanations—both

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and the Protector—as well as Edward himself. He also served as an indispensable scapegoat: It was the most practical thing for Queen Mary to believe that Dudley had been acting all alone and it was in nobody's interest to doubt it. Further questions were unwelcome, as Charles V's ambassadors found

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collections for the "relief of the poor". Parishes were to register their needy inhabitants as well as the amounts people agreed to give for them, while unwilling contributors were to be "induced" by the parson and, if need be, by the bishop. The years 1549–1551 saw poor harvests and, accordingly,

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for raising a contingent of armed men without a licence. He was executed on 22 January 1552. While technically lawful, these events contributed much to Northumberland's growing unpopularity. Dudley himself, according to a French eyewitness, confessed before his own end that "nothing had pressed so

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came on 11 October 1551 with the Duke of Somerset participating in the ceremony. Five days later Somerset was arrested, while rumours about supposed plots of his circulated. He was accused of having planned a "banquet massacre", in which the council were to be assaulted and Dudley killed. Somerset

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brokered an unofficial deal with Somerset, who surrendered. To keep appearances, the 12-year-old King personally commanded his uncle's arrest. For a moment there was hope of a conservative restoration in some quarters. However, Dudley and Cranmer secured the Reformed agenda by persuading Edward to

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It was now common knowledge that Edward was dying. The Imperial ambassador, Scheyfye, had been convinced for years that Dudley was engaged in some "mighty plot" to settle the Crown on his own head. As late as 12 June, though, he still knew nothing specific, despite having inside information about

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to the Tower on 25 July, with his guards struggling to protect him against the hostile populace. A pamphlet appearing shortly after his arrest illustrated the general hatred of him: "the great devil Dudley ruleth, Duke I should have said". He was now commonly thought to have poisoned King Edward

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Whether altering the succession was Edward's own idea or not, he was determinedly at work to exclude his half-sisters in favour of what he perceived as his jeopardised legacy. The original provisions of the "devise" have been described as bizarre and obsessive and as typical of a teenager, while

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between the two countries. This matter was concluded in August 1552 by French arbitration. Despite the cessation of hostilities, English defences were kept on a high level: nearly £200,000 p.a. were spent on the navy and the garrisons at Calais and on the Scottish border. In his capacity as

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John Dudley, popularly fêted and highly regarded by King Henry as a general, became a royal intimate who played cards with the ailing monarch. Next to Edward Seymour, Prince Edward's maternal uncle, Dudley was one of the leaders of the Reformed party at court, and both their wives were among the

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put it (Loades 2004 p. 127). Such rumours and claims were largely exaggerated, though (Ives 2009 pp. 203–205; Loades 2004 p. 127). The bulk of the troops he had brought from London were with the Duke until the end and, in the words of David Loades, "he could have made a considerable nuisance of

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learnt "that I must prepare myself against tomorrow to receive my deadly stroke", as he wrote in a desperate plea to the Earl of Arundel: "O my good lord remember how sweet life is, and how bitter ye contrary." On the scaffold, before 10,000 people, Dudley confessed his guilt but maintained:

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by the officers of the mint and other institutions. In 1551, the government at the same time tried to yield profit and restore confidence in the coin by issuing yet further debased coinage and "crying it down" immediately afterwards. The result was panic and confusion and, to get hold of the

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by official searches for hidden corn and by fixing maximum prices for grain, meat, and other victuals. However, the set prices were so unrealistic that farmers stopped to sell their produce at the open market and the regulations had to be rescinded. The regime's agrarian policy, while giving

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to explain Mary's triumph over Jane simply in terms of overwhelming spontaneous support. Northumberland ... was completely unprepared for the crisis which eventually overtook him. He was already losing his grip upon the situation before the council defected, and that was why they did

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contingent and drove the rebels out after fierce street fighting; 49 prisoners he had immediately hanged. Two days later Kett, who had his main camp outside the city, confronted the royal army, resulting in a slaughter of over 2,000 peasants. In the following weeks Dudley conducted

1251:. The most radical preachers thought that bishops, if needed at all, should be "unlorded". This attitude was attractive to Dudley, as it conveniently allowed him to fill up the Exchequer or distribute rewards with Church property. When new bishops were appointed—typically to the 1136:. After the first good harvest in four years, by late 1552 the currency was stable, prices for foodstuffs had dropped, and a basis for economic recovery had been laid. A process to centralise the administration of Crown revenue was underway and foreign debt had been eliminated. 1255:

of deprived conservative incumbents—they often had to surrender substantial land holdings to the Crown and were left with a much reduced income. The dire situation of the Crown finances made the Council resort to a further wave of Church expropriation in 1552–1553, targeting

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while Mary "would have been as glad of her brother's life, as the ragged bear is glad of his death". Dumbfounded by the turn of events, the French ambassador Noailles wrote: "I have witnessed the most sudden change believable in men, and I believe that God alone worked it."

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situation, a coin of 92.3% silver content (against 25% silver content in the last debasement) was issued within months. The bad coin prevailed over the good, however, because people had lost confidence. Northumberland admitted defeat and recruited the financial expert

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in Norfolk. Convinced of the Protector's incompetence, he and other privy councillors forced Somerset out of office in October 1549. Having averted a conservative reaction in religion and a plot to destroy him alongside Somerset, Dudley emerged in early 1550 as

1348:, in May 1550, yet never lost his keen interest in maritime affairs. Henry VIII had revolutionised the English navy, mainly in military terms. Dudley encouraged English voyages to far-off coasts, ignoring Spanish threats. He even contemplated a raid on 1599:

A black legend about the Duke of Northumberland was already in the making when he was still in power, the more after his fall. From the last days of Henry VIII he was to have planned, years in advance, the destruction of both King Edward's Seymour

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for the 12-year-old Edward VI. He reconciled himself with Somerset, who nevertheless soon began to intrigue against him and his policies. Somerset was executed on largely fabricated charges, three months after Dudley had been raised to the

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The war policy 1547–1549 had entailed an extraordinary expenditure of about £350,000 p.a. against a regular Crown income of £150,000 p.a. It was impossible to continue in this way, and Dudley quickly negotiated a withdrawal of the

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were unlawful. As one of England's major landowners, Dudley soon feared that this would lead to serious trouble and discreetly tried to warn Somerset. By the summer of 1549 there was widespread unrest or even rebellion all over England. The

963:, with the capacity to debar councillors from the body and appoint new ones. He excluded Southampton and other conservatives, but arranged Somerset's release and his return to the Privy Council and Privy Chamber. In June 1550 Dudley's heir 1529:, Mary's military camp was gathering strength daily and, through luck, came into possession of powerful artillery from the royal navy. In the circumstances the Duke deemed fighting a hopeless campaign. The army proceeded from Cambridge to 859:

with full powers, which in effect were those of a prince. At the same time the Council awarded themselves a round of promotions based on Henry VIII's wishes; the Earl of Hertford became the Duke of Somerset and John Dudley was created

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in 1999. Dale Hoak concluded in 1980: "given the circumstances which he inherited in 1549, the duke of Northumberland appears to have been one of the most remarkably able governors of any European state during the sixteenth century."

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Northumberland was not an old-style peer, despite his aristocratic ancestry and existence as a great lord. He acquired, sold, and exchanged lands, but never strove to build himself a territorial power base or a large armed force of

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the service of my master ... I needed not to have had so much obloquy of some kind of men; but the living God, that knoweth the hearts of all men, shall be my judge at the last day with what zeal, faith, and truth I serve my master.

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The financial legacy of the Protectorate consisted, apart from crippling Crown debts, of an unprecedentedly debased coinage. On the second day as Lord President of the Council, Dudley began a process to tackle the problems of the

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and was taken into his household. At the same time Edmund Dudley's attainder was lifted and John Dudley was restored "in name and blood". The King was hoping for the good services "which the said John Dudley is likely to do".

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sailed in May 1553. King Edward watched their departure from his window. Northumberland was at the centre of a "maritime revolution", a policy in which, increasingly, the English Crown sponsored long-distance trade directly.

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The Protector's agrarian policy and proclamations were inspired by a group of intellectuals sometimes called "the commonwealth men". These were highly critical of landlords and left many commoners with the impression that

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Edward's sickness. France, which found the prospect of the Emperor's cousin on the English throne disagreeable, gave indications of support to Northumberland. Since the Duke did not rule out an armed intervention from

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this was still not enough punishment, so Dudley warned them: "Is there no place for pardon? ... What shall we then do? Shall we hold the plough ourselves, play the carters and labour the ground with our own hands?"

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objections to the "devise". The next step was an engagement to perform the King's will after his death, signed in his presence by Northumberland and 23 others. Finally, the King's official "declaration", issued as

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government's direction of Church affairs made the Duke disliked among clerics, whether Reformed or conservative. His relations with them were never worse than when the crisis of Edward's final illness approached.

1094:. These measures proved effective and the country was calm for the rest of the reign. In fact, in the summer of 1552—a year before the succession crisis—the cavalry bands were disbanded to save money. 1344:

John Dudley recovered the post of Lord Admiral immediately after the Protector's fall in October 1549, Thomas Seymour having been executed by his brother in March 1549. Dudley passed on the office to

357:. Dudley took part in the 1544 campaigns in Scotland and France and was one of Henry VIII's intimates in the last years of the reign. He was also a leader of the religious reform party at court. 1498:, whom Northumberland put on the English throne; he reminded his colleagues that "this virtuous lady ... by ... our enticement is rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and request." 811:

and King Francis. In the Peace of Camp, the French king acknowledged Henry VIII's title as "Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland", a success for both England and her Lord Admiral.

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concentrated on the pious King Edward's achievements and reinvented Somerset as the "good Duke"—it followed that there had also to be a "wicked Duke". This interpretation was enhanced by the

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in private. So soon as he was in power, Dudley put pressure on her to stop her from allowing her entire household and flocks of visitors to attend. Mary, who in her turn did not tolerate the

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and some historians have condemned the peace as a shameful surrender of English-held territory. A year later it was agreed that King Edward was to have a French bride, the six-year-old

803:, of manoeuvres which might have led to a renewal of hostilities, he suddenly put to sea in a show of English strength, before returning to the negotiating table. He then travelled to 1722: 1700:

was unforgotten: "my poor father's fate who, after his master was gone, suffered death for doing his master's commandments", the Duke wrote to Cecil nine months before his own end.

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wrote of Guildford Dudley as "the new King", while the Emperor instructed his envoys to arrange themselves with the Duke and to discourage Mary from undertaking anything dangerous.

739:, the siege of which had cost the life of his eldest son, Henry. His tasks were to rebuild the fortifications to King Henry's design and to fend off French attacks by sea and land. 4957: 5238: 1408: 1387:

which she had lost in the 1530s. He also kept her informed about Edward's condition. About this time a set of drawn-out marriage negotiations came to conclusion. On 21 May 1553

1564:. The panels of the jury and judges were largely made up of his former colleagues. Dudley hinted that he had acted on the authority of Prince and Council and by warrant of the 1069:

of the king's age ... the dynamics of power at the centre were capable of reshaping themselves because the men around the king accepted that, in the circumstances, they should.

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accept the still powerful political presence of John Dudley and his colleagues. The structures of ... the ... Council and the royal household began to adapt themselves to the

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thinking: Squadrons of ships, ordered by size and firepower, were to manoeuvre in formation, using co-ordinated gunfire. These were all new developments in the English navy.

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also embodied the Regency Council that had been appointed to rule collectively during Edward VI's minority. The new Council agreed on making Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford

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landlords much freedom to enclose common land, also distinguished between different forms of enclosure. Landlords guilty of illegal enclosures were increasingly prosecuted.

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who were in close contact with the central authority. Dudley's religious policy was — in accordance with Edward's religion — decidedly Protestant, further enforcing the

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Appealing to the King's religious tastes, John Dudley became the chief backer of evangelical Protestants among the clergy, promoting several to bishoprics—for example

1475:. After Jane's accession in July the ambassadors of both powers were convinced she would prevail, although they were in no doubt that the common people backed Mary. 134: 5258: 1641:

together". Stability and reconstruction have been made out as the mark of most of his policies; the scale of his motivation ranging from "determined ambition" with

1008:, the working atmosphere being more conciliar and less autocratic than under Somerset. The new Lord President of the Council reshuffled some high offices, becoming 1629:, who saw Somerset as a champion of political liberty whose desire "to do good" was thwarted by, in Pollard's phrase, "the subtlest intriguer in English History". 353:

from 1537 until 1547, during which time he set novel standards of navy organisation and was an innovative commander at sea. He also developed a strong interest in

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by Northumberland's furious intervention during the spring parliament of 1553. On a personal level, though, the Duke was happy to help produce a schoolchildren's

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end a silent compromise came into effect: Mary continued to hear mass in a more private manner, while augmenting her landed property by exchanges with the Crown.

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John Dudley also strove to alleviate the social situation. The 1547 "Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds", which had enacted that any unemployed man found

933: 463: 1455:, was signed by 102 notables, among them the whole Privy Council, peers, bishops, judges, and London aldermen. Edward also announced to have it passed in 1024:, which gave Dudley the means to control the Privy Chamber and thus the King's surroundings. This was done via his "special friends" (as he called them), 5193: 5118: 4873: 1546:, biographer of both Queen Mary and John Dudley, concludes that the lack of fighting clouds the fact that this outcome was a close-run affair, and warns 1412: 1017: 681: 432:, from the succession, designating non-existent, hypothetical male heirs. As his death approached, Edward changed his will so that his Protestant cousin 236: 599:, asserted that his uncle had intended him to inherit. Dudley and his wife contested this claim. The parties went to court and Dudley, who had secured 301: 5208: 5173: 5133: 5128: 4929: 4844: 4288:

Hoak, Dale (1980): "Rehabilitating the Duke of Northumberland: Politics and Political Control, 1549–53". In Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler (eds.):

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a pardon on the condition that the peasant army disband at once. This was rejected and the next night Dudley stormed the rebel-held city with a small

896: 824: 1572:. The Duke's execution was planned for 21 August at eight in the morning; however, it was suddenly cancelled. Northumberland was instead escorted to 1420: 5163: 4991: 4464: 4309: 1029: 1762:. He accordingly assumed the bear and the ragged staff, the arms of the medieval Earls of Warwick (Wilson 1981 pp. 1, 3; Adams 2002 pp. 312–313). 5158: 5123: 1416: 772:

functioning and thus made English naval administration the most efficient in Europe. At sea, Dudley's fighting orders were at the forefront of

573: 346: 171: 3327:

Loades 1996 pp. 238–239; Loades 2004 p. 121; Ives 2009 pp. 152–154; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 10–11; Wilson 2005 pp. 214–215; Christmas 1997

959:

Dudley consolidated his power through institutional manoeuvres and by January 1550 was in effect the new regent. On 2 February 1550 he became

4706: 4588: 4544: 4508: 4346: 4282: 4231: 4152: 1828:, Northumberland's brother. Only Guildford was executed, in February 1554, with his wife Lady Jane Grey. The only other people who died were 1727: 4564: 1288:

reveal a concern in him that "the preaching of the gospel" should not lack funds. Still, the confiscation of Church property as well as the

5243: 5031: 4890: 4827: 4773: 1817: 1503: 883: 724: 539: 365: 218: 1240:. But for the King's death, Melanchthon would have come to England—his high travel costs had already been granted by Edward's government. 4817: 1813: 1759: 1345: 208: 5233: 5228: 5198: 4911: 4863: 1755: 1746:

Claims that he was the grandson of a carpenter notwithstanding, John Dudley was of noble ancestry. His paternal great-grandfather was

1101:

was to be branded and given to the "presentor" as a slave, was abolished as too harsh in 1550. In 1552, Northumberland pushed a novel

828: 488: 266: 1522:, having reminded his colleagues of the gravity of the cause, "what chance of variance soever might grow amongst you in my absence". 4691: 4676: 4661: 4624: 4606: 4483: 4452: 4437: 4422: 4404: 4364: 4328: 4297: 4256: 4206: 4167: 4137: 4122: 1430:"My devise for the Succession" by Edward VI. Edward changed his text from "L Janes heires masles" to "L Jane and her heires masles". 1041: 658: 468: 1510:

with 300 men to secure the person of Mary Tudor. Aware of her half-brother's condition, the Princess had only days before moved to

1247:

lay the issue of the Church's wealth, from the confiscation of which the government and its officials had profited ever since the

5203: 5168: 5153: 5083: 4947: 1809: 1400: 964: 203: 5016: 618:

7,000 on the security of the baronial estate. Lord Dudley was unable to pay off any of his creditors, so when the mortgage was

492: 5178: 4731: 1248: 654: 1268:

of his own. However, as it turned out, Durham's entire revenue was allotted to the two successor bishoprics and the nearby

1215:

and the Duke was icy. To prevent the Church from becoming independent of the state, Dudley was against Cranmer's reform of

4899: 4316: 1833: 1747: 1709: 1573: 1468: 960: 611: 401: 124: 668:

In January 1537, Dudley was made Vice-Admiral and began to apply himself to naval matters. He was Master of the Horse to

213: 5273: 4807: 4780: 1233: 1045: 31: 5278: 1426: 1396: 1311:. The threat of war with Scotland was also neutralised, England giving up some isolated garrisons in exchange. In the 728: 4264:"DUDLEY, Sir John (1504/6-53), of Halden, Kent; Dudley Castle, Staffs.; Durham Place, London; Chelsea and Syon, Mdx." 4748: 1353: 1261: 455:

Crown servant: self-serving, inherently loyal to the incumbent monarch, and an able statesman in difficult times.

444:

to capture Mary, he surrendered on hearing that the Privy Council had changed sides and proclaimed Mary as queen.

317:(1504 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King 5268: 5138: 4597:(1980): "Social Policy and the Constraints of Government, 1547–58". In Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler (eds.): 394: 345:

at the age of seven. Dudley grew up in Guildford's household together with his future wife, Guildford's daughter

5253: 4532: 1858: 1044:

was still in the Duke of Somerset's service when he gradually shifted his loyalty to John Dudley, who made him

831:, thus clearing the path for a Protestant minority rule. They were seen as the likely leaders of the impending 705: 405: 1688:(which proved fatal in the end). His maximum income of £4,300 p.a. from land and a £2,000 p.a. from 1187:. The English Reformation went on apace, despite its widespread unpopularity. The 1552 revised edition of the 4263: 4352: 1633: 1565: 1361: 551: 429: 377: 1315:

of June 1551, a joint commission, one of the first of its kind in history, was installed to agree upon the

5213: 5148: 4834: 1211:, he was displeased with the way the government handled their issue. By 1552 the relationship between the 1200: 973: 869: 577: 1704:

long absences from court but did not reduce his high output of paperwork, and may have had an element of

1471:, he came back on the French offer after the King's death, sending a secret and non-committal mission to 4630: 1853:(Loades 1996 pp. 231–233, 239–241; Loades 2003 pp. 79–80; Loades 2004 pp. 68–69, 121–123; Loades 2008); 1829: 1456: 1436: 1269: 1146: 1106: 1025: 712: 677: 661:, in place of his deceased father-in-law, in 1534–1536, and led one of the contingents sent against the 284: 223: 800: 795:

with 500 men aboard. In 1546 John Dudley went to France for peace negotiations. When he suspected the

5113: 5108: 4390:

The Queenmaker: A Portrait of John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland

4244: 3480:

MacCulloch 2001 pp. 39–41; Starkey 2001 pp. 112–114; Alford 2002 pp. 171–172; Jordan 1970 pp. 515–516

3354:

Loades 2003 pp. 79–80; Starkey 2001 pp. 111–113; Loades 1996 p. 232; Ives 2009 pp. 142–143; Hoak 2008

1772: 1622: 1237: 1196: 1180: 1168: 852: 780: 701: 581: 519: 484: 342: 330: 947:. Military force near King Edward's presence was unthinkable and, apparently, Dudley and Archbishop 4471: 4115:

Household Accounts and Disbursement Books of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1558–1561, 1584–1586

1854: 1685: 1646: 1476: 1404: 1349: 1308: 904: 879: 662: 630: 585: 542:, during his first major military experience, the 1523 invasion of France. In 1524 Dudley became a 414: 381: 1658: 5056: 1472: 1325: 1229: 1192: 1004: 808: 785: 752: 689: 543: 17: 4160:

Northumberland: The Political Career of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland

1284:), but there was no further gain for him. Overall, Northumberland's provisions for reorganised 4702: 4687: 4672: 4657: 4620: 4602: 4584: 4540: 4504: 4479: 4448: 4433: 4418: 4400: 4375: 4360: 4342: 4324: 4293: 4278: 4252: 4227: 4202: 4163: 4148: 4133: 4118: 1751: 1365: 1151: 1037: 796: 650: 421: 5048: 4972: 4919: 4551: 4321:

The Last Days of Henry VIII: Conspiracy, Treason and Heresy at the Court of the dying Tyrant

4275:

Of Prelates and Princes: A Study of the Economic and Social Position of the Tudor Episcopate

4212: 1821: 1561: 1388: 1212: 1033: 873: 836: 820: 773: 716: 673: 354: 4747: 4185: 742: 55: 5069: 4980: 4939: 4496: 3489:

Ives 2009 p. 141; MacCulloch 2001 p. 41; Loades 1996 p. 233; Hoak 2008; Wilson 2005 p. 216

1569: 1530: 1369: 1333: 1320:

Warden-General of the Scottish Marches, Northumberland arranged for the building of a new

1316: 1265: 1102: 1087: 1021: 861: 600: 576:, who was four years his junior and his former classmate. The Dudleys belonged to the new 557:

Being "the most skilful of his generation, both on foot and on horseback", he excelled in

535: 531: 410: 361: 128: 4634: 4515: 641:, who was soon to be queen. Dudley took part in the christenings of the King's children, 986:

injuriously upon his conscience as the fraudulent scheme against the Duke of Somerset".

4743: 4642: 4576: 4385: 1862: 1538: 1495: 1452: 1392: 1208: 1159: 1133: 1013: 994: 948: 944: 937: 917: 856: 685: 669: 615: 596: 527: 452: 433: 369: 322: 1260:

lands and Church plate. At the time and since, the break-up and reorganisation of the

5097: 4684:

The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black History of the Dudleys and the Tudor Throne

4612: 4569: 4556: 4190: 1866: 1825: 1697: 1626: 1618: 1526: 1507: 1444: 1357: 1273: 1252: 1054: 953: 804: 623: 480: 476: 326: 289: 261: 920:

which executed many rebels, perhaps up to 300. For the enraged and humiliated local

684:

but was soon promoted to the House of Lords following 12 March 1542, when he became

4880: 4853: 4410: 1850: 1796: 1705: 1606: 1543: 1312: 1009: 929: 876:

Dudley led the vanguard, being "one of the key architects of the English victory".

747: 720: 697: 547: 508: 500: 373: 350: 114: 4037:

Loades 1996 pp. 269–270; Ives 2009 pp. 122–123, 124; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 12

1491: 3857:

Loades 1996 p. 192; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 9–10, 12; Jordan 1970 pp. 531–532

1670: 1642: 1511: 1277: 1124: 1061:

It is possible to endorse Edward's developing grasp of the business of kingship

908: 642: 638: 441: 425: 228: 4524: 1228:

in Latin and English. In June 1553 he backed the Privy Council's invitation of

4594: 4357:

Edward VI: The Threshold of Power. The Dominance of the Duke of Northumberland

1845:

For example: Stephen Alford (Alford 2002 pp. 171–174); Dale Hoak (Hoak 2004);

1614: 1440: 1244: 1184: 1128: 1090:

that represented the central government and were to keep ready small bands of

1002:

Instead of taking the title of Lord Protector, John Dudley set out to rule as

864:. The new Earl had to pass on his post of Lord Admiral to Somerset's brother, 816: 769: 765: 619: 566: 515: 504: 338: 334: 103: 4459: 4304: 768:, which for the first time co-ordinated the various tasks of maintaining the 149: 136: 4737: 4334: 1846: 1689: 1610: 1577: 1519: 1515: 1502:

Edward VI died on 6 July 1553. The next morning Northumberland sent his son

1321: 1281: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1204: 1098: 912: 891: 791: 646: 604: 592: 558: 496: 318: 279: 43: 2880:

Ives 2009 p. 7; Loades 1996 pp. 248–251; Loach 2002 p. 113; Hoak 1980 p. 42

1786:

adult sons to succeed him (Ives 2009 pp. 137–139; Alford 2002 pp. 172–173).

1364:

in 1551 and 1552 were actually realised. A planned voyage to China via the

1114:

soaring food prices. Dudley tried to intervene against the malpractices of

420:

The 15-year-old King fell ill in early 1553 and excluded his half-sisters,

779:

In 1545, he directed the fleet's operations before, during, and after the

349:, with whom he was to have 13 children. Dudley served as Vice-Admiral and 5006: 1285: 1172: 1115: 941: 848: 736: 732: 4237:

Gunn, S.J. (1999): "A Letter of Jane, Duchess of Northumberland, 1553".

4028:

Loades 1996 pp. 269–270; Hoak 1980 p. 45; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 57

1257: 1091: 978: 900: 693: 562: 448: 4734:

VIII. Succession of John Dudley and his building the Renaissance Range

4372:

The Saying of John Late Duke of Northumberland Upon the Scaffold, 1553

4082:

Ives 2009 pp. 105–106, 307; Loades 2008; Gunn 1999 pp. 1268, 1270–1271

649:

and, in connection with the announcement of the Prince's birth to the

4669:

Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588

4489:

MacCulloch, Diarmaid. "Parliament and the Reformation of Edward VI."

4468:. Online edn. Oct 2008 (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-04-04. 4313:. Online edn. Jan 2008 (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-04-04. 1110: 1083: 1080: 982: 921: 832: 727:, was supported by a fleet which Dudley commanded. Dudley joined the 634: 389: 86: 4379: 1079:

unrest. He returned to the ancient practice of granting licences to

835:—"there are no other nobles of a fit age and ability for the task", 692:, Henry VIII's uncle, and "by the right of his mother". Being now a 3381:

Loades 2004 p. 121; Ives 2009 p. 150; Alford 2002 p. 172; Hoak 2008

1869:(Starkey 2001 pp. 112–114); Derek Wilson (Wilson 2005 pp. 215–221). 580:

circles of the early 1530s, and their 13 children were educated in

526:

At about age 15 John Dudley probably went with his guardian to the

3699:

Tytler 1839 pp. 225–226; Ives 2009 p. 96; Loades 1996 pp. 266, 271

1657: 1490: 1460: 1439:, or still other members of the Privy Chamber like Edward's tutor 1425: 1303: 1289: 1049:

King because Edward worked closely with the secretaries of state.

993: 878: 750:

John Dudley, Viscount Lisle welcomed King Henry VIII on board the

741: 462: 4241:. Vol. CXIV No. 460. November 1999. pp. 1267–1271. 1795:

It was said that "his men forsook him", as the London chronicler

1280:

of the new "King's County Palatine" in the North (worth £50

839:, the former Imperial ambassador, commented from his retirement. 4178: 1663: 467:

Garter-encircled Arms of John Dudley as Duke of Northumberland (

27:

English nobleman, politician, and military commander (1504–1553)

4565:"Edward VI and Mary Tudor: Protestant King and Catholic Sister" 3965:

Chapman 1962 p. 166; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 58; Loades 2008

3498:

Starkey 2001 p. 111; Beer 1973 pp. 147–148; Loades 1996 pp. 238

2688:

Beer 1973 pp. 124–125; Loades 2004 p. 89; MacCulloch 2001 p. 53

653:, travelled to Spain via France in October 1537. He sat in the 569:

of the royal court, as a French report stated as late as 1546.

1693: 952:

appoint additional Reformed-minded members to the Council and

436:, Northumberland's daughter-in-law, could inherit the Crown. 4647:

Wicked Women of Tudor England: Queens, Aristocrats, Commoners

1264:

has been interpreted as Dudley's attempt to create himself a

5189:

People executed under the Tudors for treason against England

380:. During the country-wide uprisings of 1549 Dudley put down 3821:

Loades 1996 pp. vii–viii; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 54–55

3077: 3075: 2897: 2895: 2786: 2784: 2303:

Loades 1996 pp. 107–108; Loades 2004 pp. 44–45; Loades 2008

595:. His only son having predeceased him, Guildford's nephew, 4699:

The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England

4091:

Hoak 1980 p. 40; Alford 2002 p. 140; Ives 2009 pp. 124–125

3902:

MacCulloch 2001 p. 55; Alford 2002 p. 170; Hoak 1980 p. 50

622:

in the late 1530s Sir John Dudley came into possession of

417:

and promoting radical reformers to high Church positions.

321:

from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install

1836:, on the same day as the Duke (Loades 1996 pp. 270, 271). 764:

As Lord Admiral, Dudley was responsible for creating the

325:

on the English throne after the King's death. The son of

3516:

Loades 1996 p. 241; Loades 2008; Jordan 1970 pp. 531–532

2165:

Beer 1973 p. 36; Loades 1996 pp. 78–80; Ives 2009 p. 103

1525:

Supported by gentry and nobility in East Anglia and the

4130:

Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics

2347: 2345: 1861:(Porter 2007 p. 188); Judith Richards (Richards 2007); 1776:

and unable to inherit by common law (Ives 2009 p. 143).

1723:

Attainder of Duke of Northumberland and others Act 1553

1207:. Despite these being cherished projects of Archbishop 4476:

The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation

3830:

MacCulloch 2001 p. 42; Loades 1996 p. 192; Loades 2008

3727: 3725: 3723: 3578: 3576: 3305: 3303: 3020: 3018: 1020:. The office of Grand Master entailed supervising the 807:, where the English delegates were entertained by the 4738:

Duke of Northumberland at The Internet Movie Database

1713:

him, would have considered him worthy of a kingdom."

511:

for his predecessor's unpopular financial policies.

4046:

Ives 2009 pp. 120–123; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 57

2994:

MacCulloch 2001 pp. 101–102; Loades 1996 pp. 218–219

2116: 2114: 2272: 2270: 1243:At the heart of Northumberland's problems with the 530:to serve there for the next years. He took part in 296: 275: 254: 190: 165: 120: 110: 93: 76: 71: 41: 4460:"Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland (1504–1553)" 2946:Loades 2004 p. 76; Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 4–5 546:, and from 1534 he was responsible for the King's 4758:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 788–789. 4721:"Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland (DDLY551J)" 4501:The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551 4100:Nichols 1857 pp. ccxxii, ccxxiv; Ives 2009 p. 104 3974:Beer 1973 p. 158; Loades 1996 p. 268; Ives p. 309 3507:Loades 1996 pp. 240–241; Jordan 1970 pp. 511, 517 3390:Alford 2002 p. 172; Loades 2004 p. 122; Hoak 2008 1972: 1970: 5219:People executed by Tudor England by decapitation 4573:. Issue 59. December 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-23. 4445:Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558 1988:MacCulloch 2001 pp. 52–53; Ives 2009 pp. 114–115 1391:, Northumberland's second youngest son, married 731:, after he had blown the main gate apart with a 629:Dudley was present at Henry VIII's meeting with 534:'s diplomatic voyages of 1521 and 1527, and was 503:in 1510, having been arrested immediately after 4636:England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary 4145:Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI 4019:Loades 1996 pp. 222–223; 97–98; Hoak 1980 p. 46 3938:Ives 2009 p. 118; Jordan and Gleason 1975 p. 56 2981: 2979: 1800:himself if he had chosen."(Loades 2004 p. 127). 1676: 1583: 1548: 1150:became law in 1549. King Edward's half-sister, 1059: 1012:himself and giving Somerset's former office of 899:had been unable to restore order in and around 4560:Issue 44. December 2002. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 3117:Loades 1996 pp. 154–155; MacCulloch 2001 p. 55 3033:Loades 1996 pp. 176–177; Heal 1980 pp. 141–142 2201:Loades 1996 pp. 82–85; MacCulloch 2001 pp. 7–8 2072:Loades 1996 pp. 34–36, viii; Wilson 1981 p. 20 1560:Northumberland was tried on 18 August 1553 in 1415:, Guildford's younger sister, was promised to 843:From Earl of Warwick to Duke of Northumberland 823:in July 1546. Dudley and the Queen's brother, 4415:John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553 4194:. Issue 27. March 1997. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 3153:Merriman 2000 pp. 373–376; Loades 1996 p. 221 2192:Hutchinson 2006 p. 181; Loades 1996 pp. 81–82 1984: 1982: 1750:. On his mother's side he descended from the 1127:. He set up a committee that looked into the 637:in 1532. Another member of the entourage was 572:In 1525, Dudley married Guildford's daughter 8: 5239:Burials at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula 4749:"Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of" 2715:Alford 2002 pp. 142, 148; Loades 1996 p. 202 2409:Loades 2004 pp. 48–50; MacCulloch 2001 p. 51 1997:Wilson 1981 pp. 11, 15–16; French 2002 p. 33 819:, the Protestant martyr destroyed by Bishop 735:. In late 1544 he was appointed Governor of 514:In 1512, the seven-year-old John became the 475:John Dudley was the eldest of three sons of 4224:John Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus 2661:Loades 2004 p. 88; Loades 1996 pp. 173, 193 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 1395:, the fervently Protestant daughter of the 783:and entertained King Henry on the flagship 5184:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge 4762: 4073:Ives 2009 pp. 104–105; Hoak 1980 pp. 44–45 3812:Ives 2009 p. 154 (square brackets by Ives) 3543:Loades 1996 pp. 257–258; Loach 2002 p. 170 3399:Ives 2009 pp. 145, 148; Loades 1996 p. 241 3363:Ives 2009 pp. 139–140; Starkey 2001 p. 113 3042:MacCulloch 2001 p. 154; Loades 1996 p. 255 3012:Loades 1996 p. 254; MacCulloch 2001 p. 170 2964:MacCulloch 2001 p. 101; Loades 1996 p. 254 2652:Loades 2004 p. 88; Loades 1996 pp. 201–203 2571:Ives 2009 p. 109; Loades 1996 pp. 189, 190 2436:Loades 2004 pp. 84–85; Hoak 1980 pp. 36–37 1018:William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester 440:well for this occasion. Having marched to 237:Katherine Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon 54: 38: 5039:Chancellor of the University of Cambridge 4526:Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth 3708:Loades 1996 pp. 267–268; Ives 2009 p. 184 3618:Chapman 1962 p. 149; Ives 2009 p. 241–242 3417:Ives 2009 pp. 160–161; Alford 2002 p. 172 3297:Loades 1996 pp. 238–239; Adams 1995 p. 44 2589:Loades 1996 p. 182; MacCulloch 2001 p. 55 1403:, a grandniece of Henry VIII. Her sister 903:, so John Dudley was sent to get hold of 507:'s accession because the new king needed 3636:Ives 2009 pp. 243–244; Nichols 1850 p. 7 3609:Loades 2004 p. 127; Ives 2009 p. 241–242 3600:Ives 2009 pp. 209–212; Loach 2002 p. 172 3345:Ives 2009 pp. 137–139; Loades 2004 p. 68 2889:Loades 1996 pp. 158–159; Ives 2009 p. 88 2826:Loades 1996 pp. 169–170; Hoak 1980 p. 30 2643:Hoak 1980 p. 40; Alford 2002 pp. 139–141 30:For other people named John Dudley, see 5264:Members of the Privy Council of England 5249:English politicians convicted of crimes 5224:People executed under Mary I of England 5104:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 4465:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4310:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3875:Hoak 1980 p. 49; Beer 1973 pp. 148, 164 3069:MacCulloch 2001 p. 55; Heal 1980 p. 147 2751:Ives 2009 pp. 111–112, 308; Loades 2008 2339:Chapman 1962 p. 63; Wood 2007 pp. 72–73 1887: 1739: 789:. A tragic loss was the sinking of the 372:, distinguished himself in the renewed 315:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland 5259:Peers of England created by Henry VIII 4370:Jordan, W.K. and M.R. Gleason (1975): 4292:. pp. 29–51, 201–203. Macmillan. 3426:Ives 2009 pp. 165–166; Hoak 1980 p. 49 2463:Hoak 1980 pp. 36–39; Loades 2004 p. 88 2445:MacCulloch 2001 p. 95; Hoak 1980 p. 36 2147:Beer 1973 p. 32; Loades 1996 pp. 69–71 2050: 2048: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 2006:Loades 1996 pp. 30–32; Beer 1973 p. 8 1728:Cultural depictions of Lady Jane Grey 1645:in 1977 to "idealism of a sort" with 704:in 1543; he was also admitted to the 7: 3884:Hoak 1980 p. 50; Loades 1996 p. viii 3663:Alford 2002 p. 8; Loades 1996 p. 257 3444:Loades 1996 p. 240; Ives 2009 p. 151 3372:Ives 2009 p. 145; Loades 1996 p. 239 3108:Loades 1996 pp. 169–170; Loades 2008 2580:Hoak 1980 p. 203; Loades 2004 p. 110 2562:Loades 2004 pp. 110–111; Loades 2008 2210:Rathbone 2002; Loades 1996 pp. 82–85 2081:Ives 2009 p. 99; Warnicke 2012 p. 64 1824:were all condemned to death, as was 1032:. Dudley also placed his son-in-law 715:in 1542, he served as Warden of the 540:Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk 219:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester 125:Chapel Royal of St. Peter ad Vincula 4654:The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603 4581:Edward VI: The Lost King of England 4217:Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor 4162:. The Kent State University Press. 3956:Adams 2002 p. 133; Ives 2009 p. 118 3929:Hoak 1980 p. 51; Dawson 1993 p. 243 3261:Ives 2009 p. 11; Loades 1996 p. 237 2928:Loades 2004 p. 102; Ives 2009 p. 92 2535:Loades 1996 p. 182; Hoak 1980 p. 46 2499:Hoak 1980 p. 48; Loades 2004 p. 110 2490:Hoak 1980 p. 39; Loades 1996 p. 186 1910:Loades 2008; Adams 2002 pp. 312–313 1760:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 729:land force that destroyed Edinburgh 209:Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick 5144:English people of the Rough Wooing 3803:Loades 1996 p. 267; Ives 2009 p. 3 2955:MacCulloch 2001 p. 56; Loades 2008 2790:Slack 1980 p. 103; Guy 1990 p. 221 2400:Beer 1973 p. 88; Loades 2004 p. 48 2174:Wilson 1981 p. 22; Beer 1973 p. 36 1849:(Ives 2009 pp. 136–142, 145–148); 1756:Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick 1199:, issued in June 1553, proclaimed 688:after the death of his stepfather 591:Sir Edward Guildford died in 1534 267:Elizabeth Grey, 6th Baroness Lisle 25: 5194:Executions at the Tower of London 5119:16th-century Royal Navy personnel 4599:The Mid-Tudor Polity c. 1540–1560 4290:The Mid-Tudor Polity c. 1540–1560 3776:Jordan and Gleason 1975 pp. 45–47 2817:Loades 1996 p. 150; Rathbone 2002 1407:was matched with the heir of the 5209:Prisoners in the Tower of London 5174:Earls of Warwick (1547 creation) 5134:Lord-lieutenants of Warwickshire 5129:16th-century English politicians 4732:The Archaeology of Dudley Castle 4639:. Vol. II. Richard Bentley. 4268:The History of Parliament Online 2255:Beer 1973 pp. 58–60; Loades 2008 1537:Northumberland rode through the 1459:in September, and the necessary 1158:had licence to continue hearing 884:Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset 725:Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford 300: 204:John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick 18:John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick 4339:Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery 4132:. Manchester University Press. 3866:Beer 1973 p. 149; Rathbone 2002 1609:lines. Protestant writers like 825:William Parr, 1st Earl of Essex 493:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Lisle 180: 5164:Lord Presidents of the Council 4701:. Cambridge University Press. 4601:. pp. 94–115. Macmillan. 4529:. Vol. I. Roxburghe Club. 4277:. Cambridge University Press. 4147:. Cambridge University Press. 4117:. Cambridge University Press. 2937:Ives 2009 p. 93; Richards 2007 2760:Loades 2004 p. 98; Loades 2008 1708:in them. The English diplomat 1249:Dissolution of the Monasteries 676:, and in 1542 returned to the 1: 5159:Lord high admirals of England 5124:16th-century English nobility 4900:Lord President of the Council 4881:Grand Master of the Household 4583:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3983:Loades 1996 pp. 196, 198, 199 3785:Ives 2009 p. 109; Loades 2008 2553:Loades 1996 pp. 183, 184, 188 1865:(Skidmore 2007 pp. 247–250); 1857:(MacCulloch 2001 pp. 39–41); 1748:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 1576:, where he took the Catholic 1010:Grand Master of the Household 961:Lord President of the Council 612:John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley 610:In 1532, he lent his cousin, 404:, Dudley headed a distinctly 402:Lord President of the Council 61: 4523:Nichols, J.G. (ed.) (1857): 4514:Nichols, J.G. (ed.) (1850): 4359:. George Allen & Unwin. 4201:. Thomas Nelson & Sons. 4010:Loades 1996 pp. 285–286, 258 3243:Loades 1996 pp. 245–247, 238 3180:Loades 1996 pp. 203, 241–244 3171:Loades 1996 pp. 203, 241–242 2844:Loades 1996 pp. 162, 227–229 2679:Alford 2002 pp. 163–166, 168 1955:Loades 1996 pp. 20–22, 24–25 1234:Regius Professor of Divinity 1203:and denied the existence of 1171:, so an embassy was sent to 967:married Somerset's daughter 459:Career under Henry VIII 360:In 1547, Dudley was created 32:John Dudley (disambiguation) 5244:Lords Warden of the Marches 4845:The Marquess of Northampton 4801:The Lord Seymour of Sudeley 4791:The Lord Seymour of Sudeley 4725:A Cambridge Alumni Database 4656:. Oxford University Press. 4537:Mary Tudor: The First Queen 4517:The Chronicle of Queen Jane 4199:The Tudor Century 1485–1603 4184:Christmas, Matthew (1997): 4113:Adams, Simon (ed.) (1995): 1518:with 1,500 troops and some 998:King Edward VI c. 1550 928:The Lord Protector, in his 552:Master of the Tower Armoury 5295: 4727:. University of Cambridge. 3060:Heal 1980 pp. 145–146; 149 2472:Loades 2004 pp. 87–88, 104 1313:peace treaty with Scotland 1262:Prince-Bishopric of Durham 1109:which provided for weekly 1074:Social and economic policy 469:SVG version available here 48:The Duke of Northumberland 29: 5199:Executed military leaders 5080: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5045: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5013: 5003: 4998: 4988: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4944: 4936: 4926: 4916: 4908: 4897: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4860: 4851: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4814: 4805: 4797: 4787: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4744:Pollard, Albert Frederick 4617:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship 4563:Richards, Judith (2007): 4399:. Yale University Press. 4392:. Williams & Norgate. 4262:Hawkyard, A.D.K. (1982): 4239:English Historical Review 2351:MacCulloch 2001 pp. 50–51 2237:Alford 2002 pp. 29, 69–70 2063:Loades 1996 pp. 31, 33–34 1662:John Dudley, 1540s, with 1191:rejected the doctrine of 766:Council for Marine Causes 395:Dukedom of Northumberland 337:, John Dudley became the 308: 53: 5049:The Bishop of Winchester 4652:Williams, Penry (1998): 4395:Loach, Jennifer (2002): 4173:Chapman, Hester (1962): 4143:Alford, Stephen (2002): 3645:Chapman 1962 pp. 150–151 3051:Loades 1996 pp. 198, 302 1399:and, through her mother 1356:in 1551. Expeditions to 1219:. He recruited the Scot 1086:followers and installed 723:the English force under 711:In the aftermath of the 409:local basis, appointing 229:Mary Dudley, Lady Sidney 111:Cause of death 5204:Executed English people 5169:Dukes of Northumberland 5154:Lord Great Chamberlains 4755:Encyclopædia Britannica 4550:Rathbone, Mark (2002): 4432:. Hambledon Continuum. 4305:"Edward VI (1537–1553)" 4273:Heal, Felicity (1980): 4270:. Retrieved 2014-02-28. 4001:Loades 1996 pp. ix, 285 3681:Loades 1996 pp. 264–265 3570:Loades 1996 pp. 258–261 3552:Loades 1996 pp. 258–259 3462:Loades 1996 pp. 256–257 3453:Loades 1996 pp. 262–263 3336:Alford 2002 pp. 171–172 3270:Loades 1996 pp. 237–238 3162:Loades 1996 pp. 203–206 3099:Loades 1996 pp. 169–170 3081:Loades 1996 pp. 254–255 2901:Loades 1996 pp. 158–159 2871:Loades 1996 pp. 211–213 2853:Loades 1996 pp. 170–171 2544:Loades 1996 pp. 180–181 2526:Loades 2004 pp. 108–109 2508:Loades 1996 pp. 168–169 2454:Loades 1996 pp. 144–145 1619:High and Late Victorian 1445:Secretary William Petre 1382:Changing the succession 897:Marquess of Northampton 378:Battle of Pinkie Cleugh 4948:Council in the Marches 4835:Lord Great Chamberlain 4686:. Carroll & Graf. 4682:Wilson, Derek (2005): 4667:Wilson, Derek (1981): 4458:Loades, David (2008): 4443:Loades, David (2004): 4428:Loades, David (2003): 4222:French, Peter (2002): 3534:Ives 2009 pp. 202, 325 3408:Ives 2009 pp. 105, 148 2799:Slack 1980 pp. 105–106 2228:Hutchinson 2006 p. 213 2138:Loades 1996 pp. 71, 85 1681: 1666: 1632:As late as 1968/1970, 1587: 1553: 1499: 1431: 1276:. Dudley received the 1201:justification by faith 1071: 999: 974:Duke of Northumberland 886: 870:Lord Great Chamberlain 761: 655:Reformation parliament 593:without a written will 487:, and his second wife 472: 428:, whom he regarded as 5234:English MPs 1542–1544 5229:English MPs 1529–1536 5179:Knights of the Garter 4493:34.3 (2015): 383–400. 4491:Parliamentary History 4251:. Oxford Paperbacks. 4128:Adams, Simon (2002): 4055:Ives 2009 pp. 123–124 3920:MacCulloch 2001 p. 55 3848:MacCulloch 2001 p. 42 3839:Alford 2002 pp. 20–21 3794:Ives 2009 pp. 107–109 2973:Ives 2009 pp. 115–116 2427:Loades 2004 pp. 84–85 2391:Loades 2004 pp. 47–48 2382:Alford 2002 pp. 71–72 2246:Loades 1996 pp. 88–90 2108:Ives 2009 pp. 100–101 2015:Loades 1996 pp. 27–28 1661: 1595:Historical reputation 1494: 1429: 1189:Book of Common Prayer 1164:Book of Common Prayer 1147:Book of Common Prayer 997: 882: 745: 713:Battle of Solway Moss 466: 224:Lord Guildford Dudley 60:Posthumous portrait, 5032:The Duke of Somerset 4973:Sir Edward Guildford 4828:The Duke of Somerset 4774:The Earl of Hertford 4472:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 4197:Dawson, Ian (1993): 3135:Merriman 2000 p. 377 2285:Merriman 2000 p. 353 1919:Loades 1996 pp. 7–11 1773:Third Succession Act 1623:James Anthony Froude 1346:Edward, Lord Clinton 1238:Cambridge University 1169:Habsburg Netherlands 781:Battle of the Solent 702:Knight of the Garter 582:Renaissance humanism 520:Sir Edward Guildford 355:overseas exploration 343:Sir Edward Guildford 150:51.50861°N 0.07694°W 5274:Court of Henry VIII 4958:Sir William Herbert 4918:Lord Warden of the 4912:The Earl of Rutland 4891:The Earl of Arundel 4864:The Duke of Norfolk 4697:Wood, Andy (2007): 4671:. Hamish Hamilton. 4447:. Pearson/Longman. 4417:. Clarendon Press. 4374:. Harvard Library. 4303:Hoak, Dale (2008): 4158:Beer, B.L. (1973): 3758:Chapman 1962 p. 169 3690:Ives 2009 pp. 96–97 3471:Chapman 1962 p. 121 2910:Starkey 2001 p. 105 2808:Williams 1998 p. 68 2778:Williams 1998 p. 67 2733:Hoak 1980 pp. 29–30 1855:Diarmaid MacCulloch 1771:Henry VIII, in his 1647:Diarmaid MacCulloch 1574:St Peter ad Vincula 1556:Trial and execution 1477:Antoine de Noailles 1309:Elisabeth of Valois 981:, but convicted of 934:Earl of Southampton 756:, popularly called 663:Pilgrimage of Grace 631:Francis I of France 415:English Reformation 146: / 5279:Court of Edward VI 5057:Peerage of England 4766:Political offices 4317:Hutchinson, Robert 3992:Tytler 1839 p. 148 3911:Dawson 1993 p. 253 3893:Loades 1996 p. vii 3767:Loades 1996 p. 270 3749:Loades 1996 p. 269 3731:Loades 1996 p. 268 3672:Loades 1996 p. 265 3582:Loades 1996 p. 261 3309:Loades 1996 p. 239 3288:Loades 1996 p. 237 3252:Loades 1996 p. 247 3225:Loades 1996 p. 245 3216:Loades 1996 p. 244 3207:Loades 1996 p. 210 3144:Loades 1996 p. 209 3126:Loades 1996 p. 166 3090:Loades 1996 p. 170 3024:Loades 1996 p. 176 3003:Alford 2002 p. 139 2919:Loades 2004 p. 101 2862:Loades 1996 p. 171 2742:Loades 1996 p. 145 2724:Alford 2002 p. 159 2706:Loades 1996 p. 234 2670:Loades 1996 p. 193 2634:Alford 2002 p. 140 2598:Loades 1996 p. 149 2517:Alford 2002 p. 170 2312:Loades 1996 p. 118 2294:Loades 1996 p. 107 2264:Loades 1996 p. 100 1667: 1500: 1432: 1421:Earl of Huntingdon 1326:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1230:Philip Melanchthon 1197:Forty-two Articles 1193:transubstantiation 1046:Secretary of State 1005:primus inter pares 1000: 887: 868:, but advanced to 801:Claude d'Annebault 786:Henri Grace a Dieu 762: 753:Henri Grace a Dieu 690:Arthur Plantagenet 544:Knight of the Body 473: 155:51.50861; -0.07694 5090: 5089: 5081:Succeeded by 5046:Succeeded by 5024:Academic offices 5017:The Lord Poynings 5014:Succeeded by 4989:Succeeded by 4965:Military offices 4955:Succeeded by 4946:President of the 4927:Succeeded by 4888:Succeeded by 4861:Succeeded by 4842:Succeeded by 4815:Succeeded by 4808:Lord High Admiral 4788:Succeeded by 4781:Lord High Admiral 4707:978-0-521-83206-9 4589:978-0-297-84649-9 4545:978-0-7499-5144-3 4520:. Camden Society. 4509:978-1-86232-090-1 4347:978-1-4051-9413-6 4341:Wiley-Blackwell. 4283:978-0-521-08761-2 4232:978-0-7448-0079-1 4213:Erickson, Carolly 4177:. Jonathan Cape. 4153:978-0-521-03971-0 3198:Alford 2002 p. 97 3189:Wilson 1981 p. 41 2418:Loades 2004 p. 50 2183:Loades 1996 p. 79 2156:Loades 1996 p. 77 2120:Wilson 1981 p. 22 2090:Loades 1996 p. 48 2042:Loades 1996 p. 36 2033:Beer 1973 pp. 8–9 2024:Loades 1996 p. 28 1964:Loades 1996 p. 22 1946:Loades 1996 p. 20 1937:Loades 1996 p. 18 1928:Loades 1996 p. 17 1834:Sir Thomas Palmer 1826:Sir Andrew Dudley 1752:Hundred Years War 1366:Northeast Passage 1340:Overseas interest 1038:Sir Andrew Dudley 1030:Lord Thomas Darcy 977:was acquitted of 907:. Dudley offered 853:Henry VIII's will 797:Admiral of France 607:, won the case. 499:and executed for 495:. His father was 397:in October 1551. 312: 311: 241:Temperance Dudley 106:, London, England 101:(aged 48–49) 16:(Redirected from 5286: 5269:Knights Bachelor 5139:English generals 5029:Preceded by 4992:Sir Thomas Darcy 4970:Preceded by 4937:Preceded by 4920:Scottish Marches 4909:Preceded by 4874:The Lord St John 4871:Preceded by 4825:Preceded by 4818:The Lord Clinton 4798:Preceded by 4771:Preceded by 4763: 4759: 4751: 4728: 4552:"Northumberland" 4503:Tuckwell Press. 4497:Merriman, Marcus 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4064:Ives 2009 p. 122 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947:Ives 2009 p. 115 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3740:Ives 2009 p. 119 3738: 3732: 3729: 3718: 3717:Ives 2009 p. 117 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3654:Alford 2002 p. 7 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3627:Ives 2009 p. 242 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3591:Ives 2009 p. 198 3589: 3583: 3580: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561:Ives 2009 p. 187 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525:Ives 2009 p. 216 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318:Ives 2009 p. 152 3316: 3310: 3307: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3234:Beer 1973 p. 193 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985:Ives 2009 p. 116 2983: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2835:Ives 2009 p. 132 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2697:Ives 2009 p. 133 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2481:Ives 2009 p. 111 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2352: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2321:Ives 2009 p. 102 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276:Ives 2009 p. 104 2274: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129:Ives 2009 p. 101 2127: 2121: 2118: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2099:Ives 2009 p. 103 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1870: 1843: 1837: 1822:Guildford Dudley 1807: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1763: 1744: 1710:Richard Morrison 1562:Westminster Hall 1409:Earl of Pembroke 1389:Guildford Dudley 1140:Religious policy 1088:lord-lieutenants 1036:and his brother 1034:Sir Henry Sidney 905:Kett's Rebellion 874:Battle of Pinkie 837:Eustache Chapuys 821:Stephen Gardiner 717:Scottish Marches 696:, Dudley became 678:House of Commons 674:Catherine Howard 411:lord-lieutenants 382:Kett's Rebellion 366:Duke of Somerset 329:, a minister of 304: 247:Katherine Dudley 197:Sir Henry Dudley 184: 182: 161: 160: 158: 157: 156: 151: 147: 144: 143: 142: 139: 100: 72:Personal details 66: 63: 58: 39: 21: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5254:Viscounts Lisle 5094: 5093: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5070:Earl of Warwick 5051: 5042: 5034: 5019: 5010: 4994: 4985: 4975: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4940:Richard Sampson 4932: 4923: 4914: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4876: 4866: 4857: 4847: 4838: 4830: 4820: 4811: 4803: 4793: 4784: 4776: 4742: 4719: 4716: 4643:Warnicke, R. M. 4577:Skidmore, Chris 4386:Lindsay, Philip 4110: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 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2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616:Hoak 1980 p. 44 2615: 2611: 2607:Hoak 1980 p. 38 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330:Wood 2007 p. 72 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219:Beer 1973 p. 41 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1976:Ives 2009 p. 99 1975: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1844: 1840: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1719: 1656: 1597: 1592: 1570:Lord Chancellor 1558: 1531:Bury St Edmunds 1489: 1463:were prepared. 1401:Frances Brandon 1397:Duke of Suffolk 1384: 1379: 1370:Hugh Willoughby 1354:Sebastian Cabot 1342: 1299: 1266:county palatine 1144:The use of the 1142: 1076: 1040:near the King. 1022:Royal Household 992: 938:Earl of Arundel 862:Earl of Warwick 845: 829:House of Howard 665:in late 1536. 601:Thomas Cromwell 532:Cardinal Wolsey 461: 362:Earl of Warwick 292:, West Midlands 288: 283: 271: 250: 244:Margaret Dudley 186: 183: 1525) 178: 174: 154: 152: 148: 145: 140: 137: 135: 133: 132: 131: 129:Tower of London 102: 98: 85: 83: 82: 67: 64: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 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Gresham 1075: 1072: 1026:Sir John Gates 1014:Lord Treasurer 991: 990:Ruling England 988: 949:Thomas Cranmer 945:Windsor Castle 918:courts-martial 866:Thomas Seymour 857:Lord Protector 844: 841: 686:Viscount Lisle 670:Anne of Cleves 597:John Guildford 528:Pale of Calais 491:, daughter of 489:Elizabeth Grey 460: 457: 434:Lady Jane Grey 370:Lord Protector 364:and, with the 323:Lady Jane Grey 310: 309: 306: 305: 298: 294: 293: 277: 273: 272: 270: 269: 264: 258: 256: 252: 251: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 234: 233:Charles Dudley 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 198: 194: 192: 188: 187: 176: 172:Jane Guildford 170: 169: 167: 163: 162: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 97:22 August 1553 95: 91: 90: 80: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5291: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:Dudley family 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 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F. 4629: 4626: 4625:0-09-928657-2 4622: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4607:0-333-24528-8 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533:Porter, Linda 4531: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484:0-312-23830-4 4481: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453:0-582-77226-5 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438:1-85285-304-2 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423:0-19-820193-1 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411:Loades, David 4409: 4406: 4405:0-300-09409-4 4402: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365:0-04-942083-6 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353:Jordan, W. K. 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4329:0-7538-1936-8 4326: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298:0-333-24528-8 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257:0-19-285213-2 4254: 4250: 4249:Tudor England 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226:. 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F. Pollard 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527:Thames Valley 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Hertfordshire 1505: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1473:King Henry II 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Norham Castle 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1055:Jean Scheyfve 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042:William Cecil 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 996: 989: 987: 984: 980: 975: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 954:Privy Chamber 950: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:proclamations 926: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 885: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 842: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 812: 810: 809:Dauphin Henri 806: 805:Fontainebleau 802: 798: 794: 793: 788: 787: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 759: 755: 754: 749: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:1544 campaign 719:, and in the 718: 714: 709: 707: 706:Privy Council 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Staffordshire 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 624:Dudley Castle 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Edmund Dudley 470: 465: 458: 456: 454: 450: 447:Convicted of 445: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 407: 403: 398: 396: 391: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327:Edmund Dudley 324: 320: 316: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Dudley Castle 286: 281: 278: 274: 268: 265: 263: 262:Edmund Dudley 260: 259: 257: 253: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200:Thomas Dudley 199: 196: 195: 193: 189: 173: 168: 164: 159: 130: 126: 123: 121:Resting place 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 96: 92: 88: 79: 75: 70: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5091: 5075:2nd creation 5074: 5068: 5064:New creation 5063: 5037: 5005:Governor of 5004: 4999: 4978: 4945: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4854:Earl Marshal 4852: 4833: 4806: 4779: 4753: 4724: 4698: 4683: 4668: 4653: 4646: 4635: 4616: 4598: 4580: 4568: 4555: 4539:. Portrait. 4536: 4525: 4516: 4500: 4490: 4478:. 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K. Jordan 1631: 1621:historians, 1598: 1584: 1559: 1549: 1544:David Loades 1536: 1524: 1501: 1481: 1465: 1449: 1433: 1385: 1362:Guinea coast 1343: 1330: 1324:fortress at 1300: 1297:Peace policy 1272:garrison of 1242: 1188: 1178: 1163: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1121: 1111:parish-based 1096: 1077: 1067:implications 1066: 1062: 1060: 1051: 1003: 1001: 958: 927: 888: 846: 813: 790: 784: 778: 763: 757: 751: 748:Lord Admiral 710: 698:Lord Admiral 667: 628: 609: 590: 571: 556: 525: 513: 501:high treason 474: 449:high treason 446: 438: 430:illegitimate 419: 399: 386: 374:Scottish war 368:, England's 359: 351:Lord Admiral 333:executed by 314: 313: 285:Durham House 276:Residence(s) 214:Henry Dudley 99:(1553-08-22) 36: 5114:1553 deaths 5109:1504 births 5084:John Dudley 4649:. Palgrave. 4619:. Vintage. 4595:Slack, Paul 4430:Elizabeth I 4323:. Phoenix. 4186:"Edward VI" 1901:Loades 2008 1671:recantation 1654:Personality 1643:G. R. Elton 1602:Lord Thomas 1590:Assessments 1512:East Anglia 1278:stewardship 1181:John Hooper 909:Robert Kett 815:friends of 758:Great Harry 639:Anne Boleyn 578:evangelical 567:tournaments 548:body armour 442:East Anglia 153: / 81:John Dudley 65: 1607 5098:Categories 5078:1547–1553 5043:1552–1553 5011:1544–1545 4986:1535–1544 4952:1548–1550 4924:1542–1543 4904:1550–1553 4885:1550–1553 4858:1551–1553 4839:1547–1550 4812:1549–1550 4785:1543–1547 4335:Ives, Eric 1877:References 1615:John Ponet 1566:Great Seal 1457:parliament 1441:John Cheke 1437:John Gates 1334:neutrality 1322:Italianate 1245:episcopate 1232:to become 1195:, and the 1185:John Ponet 1152:Mary Tudor 1129:peculation 1107:parliament 892:enclosures 817:Anne Askew 680:as MP for 620:foreclosed 565:, and the 509:scapegoats 505:Henry VIII 481:councillor 335:Henry VIII 138:51°30′31″N 104:Tower Hill 4397:Edward VI 4245:Guy, John 4181:51384729. 3435:Hoak 2008 1882:Footnotes 1847:Eric Ives 1690:annuities 1686:retainers 1611:John Foxe 1607:sectarian 1578:communion 1520:artillery 1516:Cambridge 1469:Charles V 1413:Katherine 1405:Catherine 1226:catechism 1221:John Knox 1217:canon law 1205:purgatory 1116:middlemen 1099:loitering 913:mercenary 849:executors 792:Mary Rose 746:In 1545, 643:Elizabeth 605:patronage 559:wrestling 497:attainted 485:Henry VII 426:Elizabeth 406:conciliar 331:Henry VII 319:Edward VI 297:Signature 280:Ely Place 89:, England 44:His Grace 5007:Boulogne 4983:Armoury 4746:(1911). 4645:(2012): 4633:(1839): 4615:(2001): 4579:(2007): 4535:(2007): 4499:(2000): 4474:(2001): 4413:(1996): 4388:(1951): 4380:75-15032 4355:(1970): 4337:(2009): 4319:(2006): 4247:(1990): 4215:(1995): 1754:heroes, 1717:See also 1487:Downfall 1360:and the 1304:besieged 1286:dioceses 1173:Brussels 1156:de facto 1105:through 1103:Poor Law 1084:liveried 942:fortress 936:and the 774:tactical 737:Boulogne 733:culverin 536:knighted 387:de facto 287:, London 282:, London 191:Children 141:0°4′37″W 115:Beheaded 1814:Ambrose 1600:uncles— 1358:Morocco 1258:chantry 1213:primate 1092:cavalry 979:treason 901:Norwich 847:The 16 833:regency 651:Emperor 614:, over 586:science 563:archery 376:at the 255:Parents 185: 177: 5000:Vacant 4705: 4690: 4675: 4660: 4623: 4605: 4587: 4543: 4507: 4482: 4451: 4436: 4421: 4403: 4378: 4363: 4345: 4327: 4296: 4281: 4255: 4230: 4219:. 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Knowledge

John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland

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