528:, the artist's interest in spiritualism began with a premonition of his son Isidore's death. In an article in the Bristol Mercury and Daily Post of 3 March 1883, Keulemans tells how he and his family were living in Paris in December 1880 when there was an outbreak of smallpox. The parents sent three of their children to London to live with their grandparents; one of the children was his favourite son Isidore, aged four. In the morning of 24 January 1881, Keulemans woke up and heard Isidore's voice and saw his face. The apparition returned the next day, which made Keulemans very uneasy. A few days later he received a letter from London to tell him Isidore was ill, when in fact he had died exactly on the day of the first appearance of Isidore in John Gerrard's dream.
327:
263:
1481:
1416:
1397:
1378:
374:, 1878) were not intended to be coloured. The technique of lithography made it necessary for the print to be coloured by hand. This was done by semi-skilled artisans working in an assembly line in a manner similar to stencilling. While Keulemans' talents as a draughtsman were hardly disputed by his contemporaries, often the finished, coloured plates were the subject of criticism (Sharpe/
555:
517:
354:); he had rendered the images on stone well before publication of these works. A calculation of his total output gives about 4,000-5,000 published illustrations. The vast majority of these were vignettes published within octavo-size books and publications, and a great number of his works also appeared in quarto (Dresser/
150:, where he lived for the rest of his life. He was married twice, and had eight children by his first wife and seven children by his second wife. Only nine of his children reached adulthood. He also wrote topics on spirituality, and claimed he had a premonition at the moment of death of one of his sons. He died in
369:
Most of the illustrations by
Keulemans were produced through traditional lithography, allowing for a finished product that depicts a vivid, lifelike figure through depth and tone. Printing was carried out by the two firms of Mintern and Hanhart, and early in his career, some were printed by P. M. W.
322:
Keulemans's work is characterised by its consistency, showing little change over the course of his career, and focused to an extraordinary degree on the rendering of fine detail. These generalisations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work, since the nature of
341:
Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911. Keulemans' first prints appeared in two books by
Francois Pollen,
323:
scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed
Keulemans above his contemporaries; his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field.
307:, a book that includes a bibliography of the artist's publications, a genealogical tree and appendices detailing his spiritualism, with a sample of his financial correspondence. Also of note is a contemporary obituary of Keulemans in the journal
544:
and gave some examples of the alleged trickery in support of his criticisms. He seems not to have been opposed to
Spiritualism in its philosophical or metaphysical bases, but against its pretensions as a science based on demonstrable
531:
Subsequently, Keulemans experienced further incidents increasing his belief in the supernatural, in particular which he claimed could be awakened via the painting of a bird's eye. Keulemans began an association with the
1176:
Midden-Sumatra. Reizen en onderzoekingen der
Sumatra-Expeditie, uitgerust door het (Aardrijkskundig) Genootschap, 1877–1879, beschreven door de leden der Expeditie, onder toezicht van Prof. P. J. Veth.
703:
Anatomical and zoological researches: comprising an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to
Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875 and a monograph of the two cetacean genera,
1470:, 1866. Opmerkingen over de vogels van de Kaap-Verdische Eilanden en van Prins-Eiland (Ilhado Principe) in de bogt van Guinea gelegen. Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., 3(11-12): 363-401 -
1471:
536:; later he became disenchanted with the prevalence of fraud in spiritualist society, and used his scientific training to expose the trickery he saw performed by mediums.
1063:
315:, which tells the story of a remarkable discovery of a painting John Gerrard had made of his own gravestone. And finally, Tony Keulemans wrote an errata list to
1635:
282:. This is a drab bird about 14–16 cm., light brown above and on its flanks, and buff below. He did not publish an illustration of it, but his plate for
1557:
In de ban van vogels. Geschiedenis van de beoefening van de ornithologie in
Nederland in de twintigste eeuw. Tevens Ornithologisch Biografisch Woordenboek
1318:
1270:
130:
Keulemans was born in
Rotterdam. As a young man he collected animal specimens for museums such as the Natural History Museum in Leiden, whose director,
481:
Keulemans is famous for his illustrations, but in this book he shows that he is a very able observer of birds in the field as well. The chapter on the
118:(8 June 1842 – 29 March 1912) was a Dutch bird illustrator. For most of his life he lived and worked in England, illustrating many of the best-known
1726:
1721:
366:). While the subject of his illustrations was almost entirely avian, he was also commissioned to create portraits of mammals, insects, and shells.
44:
1701:
1243:
1188:
1640:
1564:
1711:
1706:
1296:
997:
St. Helena: A Physical, Historical, and
Topographical Description of the Island, Including Its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology.
390:
721:
Observations on the
Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British Expedition to that country in 1867--68.
1595:
758:
1686:
966:
LILFORD, Thomas Littleton Powys (1833-1896). Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands. London: R.H. Porter, 1885-1897
1454:
1442:
731:
Eastern Persia: An Account of the Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870--71--72. Vol. II; The Zoology and Geology.
533:
488:
in vol. 2, for instance, has 13 pages of text, with a number of field observations by Keulemans. In vol. 2 he describes the
294:, along with those of his colleague Dr. H. Dohrn, would eventually become the basis for a later description of a rare ibis,
1419:
1400:
1381:
907:
Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the route and Natural History of the countries traversed by the expedition of 1870, under
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794:
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632:
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1029:
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470:
In this work Keulemans does write about a number of native birds, but he also describes (and paints) a number of
1297:"Introduction to and Bibliographic Description of Lionel Walter Rothschild- The Avifauna of Laysan (1893-1900)"
1213:
559:
378:). If the depicted colours did not match those of the birds, the value of the finished product was diminished.
275:
244:
941:
Mongoliia i Kam : trudy Ekspeditsii Imperatorskago Russkago geograficheskago obshchestva, sovershennoi v.
879:
869:
736:
726:
716:
394:
1621:
1238:. Geoff Norman, Walter Lawry, Sir Buller, Walter Lawry, Sir Buller. Wellington: Te Papa Press. p. 9.
1133:
1123:
1114:
1002:
740:
444:(Our birds in home and garden). It was a three volume work in Dutch that appeared between 1869 and 1876.
135:
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1142:
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1080:
956:
330:
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189:
134:, encouraged Keulemans and sent him on the 1864 expedition to West Africa. In 1869, he was persuaded by
1041:
Matabele land and the Victoria Falls : a naturalist's wanderings in the interior of South Africa.
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221:
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398:
229:
181:
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565:
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422:
131:
326:
982:
106:
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also show that Keulemans was a careful observer of the species he painted and described.
406:
1579:
975:
Marshall, C(harles) H(enry) T(illson), and Marshall, G(eorge) F(rederick) L(eycester).
262:
501:
243:
One of his last great achievements was his contribution of over one hundred plates for
172:
159:
43:
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908:
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213:
205:
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in vol. 2, giving an extensive account of field observations done on the island of
426:
303:
The only significant biography of Keulemans is by Jan Coldewey and Tony Keulemans,
319:, which includes additional literature references and new genealogical findings.
1646:
1588:
Feathers to Brush: The Victorian Bird Artist, John Gerrard Keulemans, 1842–1912.
497:
489:
414:
141:
119:
440:
The only work that was not only illustrated but also written by Keulemans, was
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1377:
252:
17:
1508:
Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands / Issued by Lord Lilford
1253:
370:
Trap. Often, the published lithographs were not coloured, and perhaps some (
410:
267:
67:
541:
504:. Keulemans stayed there around 1865 during a year. Many other chapters of
162:) and is buried in Buckingham Road cemetery, Ilford, in an unmarked grave.
1233:
625:
471:
291:
554:
516:
418:
147:
1235:
Buller's birds of New Zealand : the complete work of JG Keulemans
1590:
Epse, The Netherlands: C.J. Coldewey; Melbourne: T. Keulemans, 1982.
475:
256:
151:
86:
553:
515:
381:
Keulemans painted remarkable pictures of extinct birds, including
325:
261:
155:
1193:
The Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquess of Tweeddale.
782:
History of the birds of New Zealand: Second Edition Supplement.
402:
1525:
A monograph of the Alcedinidae : or, family of kingfishers
679:
Quarterly Magazine of the High Wycombe Natural History Society.
1651:
290:(pl. XVI) is similar. His notes and findings on the island of
350:(1867). Some appeared after his death until 1915 (Mathews,
668:
Proceedings and Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,
1647:
Avibus Historiae: Keulemans Johannes Gerardus (1842-1912)
251:(1907–1910). He also spent some time collecting birds in
652:
Mittheilungen aus dem K Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden.
1602:
Beyond the Grave: A Short Sequel to Feathers to Brush.
572:
The following are cited in Keulemans & Coldewey's
180:. He illustrated many important bird books, including
1168:
Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Fauna van Midden-Sumatra.
1105:
Geographical Distribution of the Family Charadriidae.
466:
vol. 3. 194 text pages; 60 images; 3 pages contents.
459:
vol. 2. 232 text pages; 70 images; 3 pages contents.
452:
vol. 1. 242 text pages; 70 images; 3 pages contents.
658:
Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelles.
102:
94:
75:
53:
34:
1622:Digitised works by or about John Gerrard Keulemans
550:List of major works to which Keulemans contributed
344:Contributions a l'histoire naturelle des Lemuriens
939:Koslow, Piotr Kuz'mich, and Bianchi V(alentin).
745:Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission.
524:According to the authors of Keulemans' biography
1492:
1490:
697:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
1631:The Avifauna of Laysan and neighbouring islands
674:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
170:Keulemans regularly provided illustrations for
1007:Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn; Mammiferes.
884:Biologia Central-Americana. (Aves, Mammalia).
1290:
1288:
763:Ornithologie d'Angola. 2 volumes, 1877–1881.
540:Keulemans claimed to have visited nearly 400
8:
1528:. London: Richard Bowdler Sharpe. pp. i
614:Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
819:History of the Birds of Europe: Supplement
1138:Monograph of the Paradiseidae. 1891—1898.
274:Keulemans is credited with describing the
236:(1871–1896), and a single illustration in
42:
31:
1198:Woodward, R. B., and Woodward, J. D. S.
1085:Monograph of the Jacamars and Puff-birds.
178:The Proceedings of the Zoological Society
1183:Historie du Bimaculated Duck de Pennant.
1051:Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn; Aves.
640:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1295:Overstreet, Leslie K. (February 2002).
1265:
1263:
1224:
1559:. Uitg. Scheffers, Utrecht. 605 pags.
1472:Vogels van de Kaap-Verdische Eilanden
1455:Keulemans 1873, De roodstaartpapegaai
1421:Onze vogels in huis en tuin, vol. III
280:Calamodyta (Acrocephalus) brevipennis
186:A History of the Birds of New Zealand
7:
1402:Onze vogels in huis en tuin, vol. II
1319:"John Gerrard Keulemans (1842-1912)"
1271:"John Gerrard Keulemans (1842-1912)"
1056:Pidsley, William E(lias) H(elman).
772:History of the birds of New Zealand.
311:(1912). Tony Keulemans later wrote
210:Monograph of the Turdidae (thrushes)
1586:Keulemans, Tony, and Jan Coldewey.
1383:Onze vogels in huis en tuin, vol. I
759:Barboza du Bocage, J(ose) V(icente)
691:Transactions of the Linnean Society
934:Natural History of the Cage-Birds.
608:*Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum,
391:American Museum of Natural History
238:The Journal of the Linnean Society
25:
1024:Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes.
897:A Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland.
576:(unless noted with an asterisk).
387:Avifauna of Laysan, Extinct Birds
122:books of the nineteenth century.
1583:. London: John van Voorst, 1871.
1479:
1414:
1395:
1376:
582:Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
1727:20th-century Dutch male artists
1722:19th-century Dutch male artists
1580:A Natural History of Cage Birds
1157:Monograph of the Nectariniidae.
1147:Handbook of the Birds of Egypt.
1012:Mitchell, F(rederick) S(haw).
961:History of the birds of Ceylon.
809:History of the Birds of Europe.
266:An illustration of the extinct
1496:Keulemans and Coldewey, 1982.
789:The Birds of Tierra del Fuego.
646:Journal of the Linnean Society
534:Society for Psychical Research
436:(Our birds in home and garden)
372:Journal of the Linnean Society
234:History of the Birds of Europe
194:History of the Birds of Ceylon
1:
1626:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1128:Monograph of the Alcedinidae.
983:Mathews, Gregory M(acalister)
977:Monograph of the Capitonidae.
856:Monograph of the Phasianidae.
847:Monograph of the Bucerotidae.
27:Dutch bird artist (1842–1912)
1702:Natural history illustrators
1609:Errata on Feathers to Brush.
1353:The Art of Bird Illustration
928:Onze Vogels in huis en tuin.
829:Monograph of the Coraciidae.
492:(grijze roodstaartpapegaai)
202:Monograph of the Bucerotidae
1712:20th-century Dutch painters
1707:19th-century Dutch painters
1161:Monograph of the Cinnyridae
921:The Unknown Horn of Africa.
838:Monograph of the Meropidae.
741:Sharpe, R(ichard) B(owdler)
506:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
464:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
457:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
450:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
442:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
434:Onze vogels in huis en tuin
218:Biologia Centrali-Americana
146:(1868-1871) and to move to
116:Johannes Gerardus Keulemans
1743:
1457:(the African grey parrot).
1443:Keulemans 1873, De koekoek
1166:Snelleman, Joh. F. (ed.).
1118:Monograph of the Turdidae.
1075:Ornithological Miscellany.
1030:Mivart, George St. Jackson
1020:Mivart, George St. Jackson
957:Legge, W(illiam) V(incent)
932:Keulemans, John Gerrard.
926:Keulemans, John Gerrard.
865:Monograph of the Pittidae.
621:(three volumes, 1907–1910)
144:, or Family of Kingfishers
1522:Sharpe, Richard Bowdler.
1232:Keulemans, J. G. (2014).
1077:1876–1878, three volumes.
880:Godman, Frederick Du Cane
874:Monograph of the Petrels.
870:Godman, Frederick Du Cane
204:(hornbills) (1887–1892),
41:
1643:(Natural History Museum)
1340:Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk.
1321:. Natural History Museum
1273:. Natural History Museum
1214:List of wildlife artists
1174:} in Veth, P. J., ed.:
1073:Rowley, George Dawson.
1058:The Birds of Devonshire.
1034:Monograph of the Lories.
1014:The Birds of Lancashire.
737:Blanford, William Thomas
727:Blanford, William Thomas
717:Blanford, William Thomas
634:Journal fur Ornithologie
588:Annali del Museo Civico,
512:Interest in spiritualism
393:in New York include the
389:(1907). Examples in the
358:) and in folio (Seebohm/
284:Acrocephalus brunnescens
276:Cape Verde swamp-warbler
249:Monograph of the Petrels
245:Frederick Du Cane Godman
1687:Painters from Rotterdam
1299:. Smithsonian Libraries
1189:Tweeddale, Marquess of
1134:Sharpe, Richard Bowdler
1124:Sharpe, Richard Bowdler
1097:1888–1889, two volumes.
1043:1881 (premier edition).
1003:Milne-Edwards, Alphonse
901:Henderson, George, and
890:Cruise of the Marchesa,
876:5 fascicles, 1907–1910.
774:1873 (premier edition).
395:Choiseul crested pigeon
1466:He wrote a report in:
1153:Shelley, George Ernest
1143:Shelley, George Ernest
1095:Argentine Ornithology.
1093:, and Hudson, Henry.
1091:Sclater, Philip Lutley
1081:Sclater, Philip Lutley
951:Birds of South Africa,
903:Hume, Allan O(ctavian)
590:Series 2, Volume 4 .*
569:
566:Scoptelus castaneiceps
547:
521:
348:Een blik in Madagascar
338:
286:in George Henderson's
271:
136:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
36:John Gerrard Keulemans
1636:Classic Nature Prints
993:Melliss, John Charles
947:Layard, Edgar Leopold
895:Harvie-Brown, J. A.
892:2v. 1 plate in each.
861:Elliot, Daniel Giraud
852:Elliot, Daniel Giraud
843:Elliot, Daniel Giraud
557:
538:
519:
331:Red-banded fruiteater
329:
297:Lampribis rothschildi
265:
226:Birds of South Africa
190:William Vincent Legge
1677:Dutch ornithologists
1424:on Dutch Wikisource.
1405:on Dutch Wikisource.
1386:on Dutch Wikisource.
1159:(originally titled,
971:Birds of Cumberland.
834:Dresser, Henry Eeles
825:Dresser, Henry Eeles
815:Dresser, Henry Eeles
805:Dresser, Henry Eeles
787:Crawshay, Richard.
778:Buller, Walter Lawry
768:Buller, Walter Lawry
663:Novitates Zoologicae
222:Edgar Leopold Layard
198:Daniel Giraud Elliot
1717:Dutch male painters
1068:Avifauna of Laysan.
1016:1885 (premier edn.)
969:Macpherson, H. A.
917:James, Frank Linsly
494:Psittacus erithacus
399:Kangaroo Island emu
230:Henry Eeles Dresser
1697:Dutch bird artists
1682:Dutch illustrators
1433:Voous 1995, p. 300
1342:3, 1866; ex Dohrn.
1181:Suchetet, Andre.
1064:Rothschild, Lionel
987:Birds of Australia
570:
522:
520:An older Keulemans
362:and DuCane Godman/
352:Birds of Australia
339:
272:
138:to illustrate his
1692:Parapsychologists
1607:Keulemans, Tony.
1600:Keulemans, Tony.
1577:Keulemans, J. G.
1484:Dutch Wikisource.
1245:978-0-9876688-6-8
733:Volume II (1876).
574:Feathers to Brush
526:Feathers to Brush
383:Walter Rothschild
335:Pipreola whitelyi
317:Feathers to Brush
305:Feathers to Brush
288:Lahore to Yarkand
140:Monograph of the
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799:Our Rarer Birds.
709:Orcella. 1878 (
701:Anderson, John.
560:Irrisor jacksoni
423:Guadalupe petrel
313:Beyond the grave
132:Hermann Schlegel
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1572:Further reading
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1047:Oustalet, Emile
943:Volume V, 1907.
811:1871–1881. 8v.
693:(three volumes)
687:Volume X, 1887.
685:Stray Feathers;
654:Heft III, 1878.
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486:Cuculus canorus
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107:Natural history
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510:
502:Gulf of Guinea
468:
467:
460:
453:
437:
431:
188:(1873, 1888),
167:
164:
160:Greater London
127:
124:
111:
110:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 69)
77:
73:
72:
66:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
18:John Keulemans
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1739:
1728:
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1645:
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1641:J G Keulemans
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1611:Sydney, 2010.
1610:
1606:
1604:Sydney, 2005.
1603:
1599:
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1596:0-9593943-0-3
1593:
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1565:90 5546 013 3
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1445:(the cuckoo).
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1365:Extinct Birds
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1115:Sharpe, R. B.
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483:common cuckoo
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309:British Birds
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277:
269:
264:
260:
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246:
241:
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231:
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220:(1879–1904),
219:
215:
214:Osbert Salvin
211:
207:
206:Henry Seebohm
203:
199:
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187:
183:
179:
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165:
163:
161:
158:(now part of
157:
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143:
137:
133:
125:
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121:
117:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
79:29 March 1912
78:
74:
70:, Netherlands
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1578:
1556:
1530:. Retrieved
1524:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1478:islands) on
1462:
1450:
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1420:
1410:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1275:. Retrieved
1234:
1227:
1200:Natal Birds.
1199:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1170:(Deel IV/I {
1167:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1127:
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1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1006:
996:
989:(vols. 1–4).
986:
976:
970:
960:
953:revised edn.
950:
940:
933:
927:
920:
911:, Esq., C.B.
906:
896:
889:
888:Guillemard,
883:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
821:(1895—1896).
818:
808:
798:
788:
781:
771:
762:
752:
748:
744:
730:
720:
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681:(one volume)
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673:
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594:
587:
584:(one volume)
581:
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571:
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558:
539:
530:
525:
523:
505:
493:
485:
480:
469:
463:
456:
449:
441:
439:
433:
427:laughing owl
407:Lyall's wren
386:
380:
375:
371:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
334:
321:
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312:
308:
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295:
287:
283:
279:
273:
270:by Keulemans
248:
242:
237:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
185:
177:
171:
169:
139:
129:
115:
114:
109:illustration
81:(1912-03-29)
29:
1672:1912 deaths
1667:1842 births
1553:Voous, K.H.
1351:Lambourne,
705:Platanista
604:(Volume 4).
602:Bird Notes.
490:grey parrot
415:Hawaii mamo
376:Alcedinidae
346:(1867) and
300:Bannerman.
228:(1887) and
142:Alcedinidae
120:ornithology
95:Nationality
64:8 June 1842
1661:Categories
1550:(in Dutch)
1544:Literature
1476:Cape Verde
1474:(birds of
1325:2 November
1303:2 November
1277:3 November
1220:References
1130:1868–1871.
979:1870–1871.
425:, and the
253:Cape Verde
60:1842-06-08
1555:(1995) -
1254:890727333
784:1905–1906
749:Mammalia,
670:vol. VI.*
472:cagebirds
411:Hawaii oo
268:great auk
255:and West
126:Biography
89:, England
68:Rotterdam
1367:rev. ed.
1208:See also
1178:) 1887.
626:The Ibis
619:The Emu.
610:vol. II.
498:Príncipe
360:Turdidae
292:Principe
212:(1902),
196:(1880),
173:The Ibis
1532:21 July
1511:. 1885.
542:séances
478:birds.
419:Oahu oo
364:Petrels
337:), 1886
148:England
1594:
1563:
1252:
1242:
1195:1881.*
1120:2vols.
1113:, and
755:1891).
751:1879;
739:, and
595:Aquila
500:in de
476:aviary
462:1876:
455:1873:
448:1869:
356:Europe
257:Africa
182:Buller
152:Ilford
87:Ilford
1202:1899.
1185:1895.
1172:Fauna
1149:1872.
1107:1888.
1087:1881.
1070:1893.
1060:1891.
1053:1891.
1036:1893.
1026:1890.
1009:1891.
999:1875.
963:1880.
936:1871.
923:1888.
913:1873.
801:1888.
791:1907.
753:Aves,
723:1870.
545:fact.
156:Essex
98:Dutch
1592:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1534:2015
1327:2013
1305:2013
1279:2013
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
563:and
474:and
403:huia
176:and
166:Work
76:Died
54:Born
1652:Shh
1624:at
1191:.
1155:.
1145:.
1136:.
1126:.
1103:.
1083:.
1066:.
1049:.
1032:.
1022:.
1005:.
995:.
985:.
949:.
919:.
905:.
882:.
872:.
863:.
854:.
845:.
836:.
827:.
817:.
807:.
797:.
780:.
770:.
761:.
707:and
385:'s
247:'s
232:'s
224:'s
216:'s
208:'s
200:'s
192:'s
184:'s
1663::
1489:^
1287:^
1262:^
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1163:).
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421:,
417:,
413:,
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405:,
401:,
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240:.
154:,
1536:.
1329:.
1307:.
1281:.
1256:.
747:(
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628:,
333:(
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58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
