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507:, Ostrom concluded that hadrosaurs likely developed an acute sense of smell by a lengthening of the nasal passages into long chambers that wound around the skull and were protected by bony crests. He speculated in a subsequent paper that hadrosaurs had need for such an acute sense of smell as a defense against larger carnivorous dinosaurs, of which the hadrosaur body plan had little in the way of armor and speed.
42:
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Due in large part to his earlier research on hadrosaurs—and his conclusion that they were likely upright, terrestrial animals rather than sluggish, swamp-bound lizards—Ostrom was one of the first paleontologists to grasp the implications of the amount of energy it would take such large animals (and
510:
This hypothesis led Ostrom to further conclude that ecology of hadrosaurs was more likely to be that of dry ground such as conifer forests, rather than swampy, aquatic environments, thought to be the case at the time. This idea was further justified by a 1922 paper that Ostrom rediscovered in 1964,
596:
was an active predator that clearly killed its prey by leaping and slashing or stabbing with its "terrible claw", the meaning of the animal's genus name. Ostrom also suggested that it had hunted in packs. John Ostrom's work on the functional morphology of dinosaurs found that the claws and tendon
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In considering the possible evolution of flight, Ostrom theorized that birds might have evolved the ability for powered flight as a result of cursorial, or ground-upward movement such as leaping up to capture prey. This position was opposed to the arboreal hypothesis in which activities such as
451:
have since been destroyed. As early as
October 20, 1884, stones from the Wolcott Quarry, reportedly containing fossils, were used to build a local bridge. In 1969, Ostrom surveyed over 60 bridges to find the missing blocks. They were part of a bridge over Hop Creek at Bridge Street which was
579:
Ostrom worked in the
Cloverly Formation Site in Montana and Wyoming from 1962 to 1966. Late in 1964, he detected unfamiliar fossils in the Bridger Fossil Area, near the town of Bridger, Montana. In subsequent seasons, his team unearthed four specimens of a small bipedal carnivorous
452:
scheduled for replacement. The highway department allowed Ostrom and his team to examine 400 sandstone blocks to find dinosaur fossils. Despite lobbying to preserve it, a shopping mall was built on the site of the
Charles O. Wolcott Quarry in 2000.
747:. He suggested that dinosaurs, far from becoming extinct, had evolved into a wide variety of descendants in the form of birds. Ostrom's work led to a revolution in the classification of fossils and the understanding of dinosaur-bird lineages.
625:
changed depictions of dinosaurs both by professional illustrators and as perceived by the public eye. Museums worldwide changed their dinosaur bone displays. The altered view of dinosaurs inspired a new generation of dinosaur movies such as
839:(meaning "Ostrom's menace from the clouds") in honour of John Ostrom. The fossil is that of a primitive winged creature with a two-foot wingspan, feathers and a sickle-shaped claw on its second toe designed for slashing prey, similar to
348:
as his advisor. In 1951 Simpson invited Ostrom to spend the summer as a field assistant in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Ostrom also worked as a research assistant with
Colbert, who was the Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the
601:
running along the tail, providing a stiff counterbalance for jumping and running. This changed the posture of bipedal dinosaurs to one of agile, fast-running, fearsome predators. He concluded that at least some dinosaurs had a high
651:
by Bakker to describe increased interest in paleontology. The "dinosaur renaissance" continues, with scientists describing new species of dinosaurs every year and expanding the understanding of dinosaur biology.
679:. Ostrom supported this view by noting the correlation of erect posture and locomotion with high metabolism and body temperature in modern mammals and birds, stating that this relationship cannot be accidental.
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Ostrom's work first achieved international attention with his studies of the unique hadrosaur nasal apparatus, which had not been convincingly explained by the early 1960s. By examining the
436:, published over a dozen books for both scientific and lay audiences. He was the recipient of numerous awards and honors. In the 1960s, Ostrom wrote a paleontology themed guide for the
479:
455:
Ostrom officially retired from Yale in 1992, but continued to write and research as a professor emeritus until his health failed. Ostrom died from complications of
2873:
Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur
Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum novitates ; no. 3240
764:
As a result of subsequent research and comparison with more recently found specimens from the
Tiaojushan Formation of China, it was suggested in 2017 that the
1955:
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1917:
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for John Ostrom and Chris Mays. The largest discovered example of this species is 23 feet long and had an estimated live weight over 1000 pounds.
532:. He mapped the site, identifying preserved dinosaur tracks in the sandstone beds of various sizes and species. Ostrom's reading of fossilized
3026:
325:, he originally aimed to prepare for medical school in order to become a physician like his father. However, an elective course in geology and
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739:. Ostrom's 1970 paper (and 1972 description) identified it as one of only four specimens known to exist at that time. In his 1973 paper in
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273:(1926). Prior to Ostrom's work, the development of birds was generally believed to have split off early on from that of dinosaurs.
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1619:"The oldest Archaeopteryx (Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria"
158:
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817:
743:, "The Ancestry of Birds", Ostrom argued for a coelurosaurian (Theropoda) ancestry of birds, based on the skeletal anatomy of
525:
2230:
1177:
305:, confirming his theories about dinosaurs being progenitors of birds, and the existence of dinosaurs with feathered plumage.
675:
climates were universally tropical and that such warm climates would be necessary to sustain large animals with lizard-like
517:, which included conifer needles, twigs, fruit and seeds, plant matter that would be consumed in a terrestrial environment.
444:(NNLs) Program. He recommended 20 sites for designation and protection as NNLs, of which 13 became designated landmarks.
1956:"Preserving Fossils: How the National Natural Landmarks Program Advances Resource Management (U.S. National Park Service)"
2430:
2067:
432:
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682:
The observation that dinosaurs, thought to be uniformly cold-blooded at the time, could not be used as indicators of
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Throughout his career, Ostrom led and organized fossil-hunting expeditions to
Wyoming and Montana. He worked in the
2262:
Getty, Patrick R.; Aucoin, Christopher; Fox, Nathaniel; Judge, Aaron; Hardy, Laurel; Bush, Andrew M. (March 2017).
1848:
597:
scars in the tail would indicate a running position. Evidence of a truly active lifestyle included long strings of
441:
353:(AMNH), Ostrom earned his doctorate in geology (vertebrate paleontology) in 1960 with a thesis on North American
380:, where he remained throughout his career. As a new professor at Yale, Ostrom was named the assistant curator for
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Ostrom showed more bird-like traits common in dinosaurs and proved that birds themselves are in fact a group of
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513:
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424:
381:
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2757:
Tarsitano, Samuel F.; Russell, Anthony P.; Horne, Francis; Plummer, Christopher; Millerchip, Karen (2000).
1896:"Days of the Deinos : Did predatory dinosaurs leave clues to their pack-hunting habits at kill sites?"
538:
trackways led him to the conclusion that these duckbilled dinosaurs were gregarious and traveled in herds.
809:
529:
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326:
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2264:"Perennial Lakes as an Environmental Control on Theropod Movement in the Jurassic of the Hartford Basin"
437:
427:("because the governor was besieged by letters from schoolchildren swayed into dino-mania by Ostrom".).
2798:"Evolution of Vertebrate Flight: An Aerodynamic Model for the Transition from Gliding to Active Flight"
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1993:
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Ostrom's interest in the dinosaur-bird connection started with his study of what became known as the
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2591:"Re-evaluation of the Haarlem Archaeopteryx and the radiation of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs"
2506:
2017:
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298:
1538:"John Ostrom's Studies on Archaeopteryx, the Origin of Birds, and the Evolution of Avian Flight"
1295:
1142:"Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana"
943:"Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana"
360:
In 1952 Ostrom married Nancy Grace
Hartman (d. 2003). They had two daughters, Karen and Alicia.
1585:
The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction
750:
724:. Discovered in 1855, it was actually the first specimen recovered but, incorrectly labeled as
667:) to stand and move erect. At the first North American Paleontological Convention, held at the
251:
Further, Ostrom's work made zoologists question whether birds should be considered an order of
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2009:
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1080:
1002:
Ostrom, JH (1972). "Description of the
Archaeopteryx specimen in the Teyler museum, Haarlem".
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was considered radical at the time, but its ability to resolve outstanding contradictions in
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2001:
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Burnham, D. A.; Bakker, R. T.; Currie, P. J.; Ostrom, J. H.; Kraig, L. D.; Zhou, Z. (2000).
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410:
369:
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224:
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79:
2369:"Shake a tail feather: the evolution of the theropod tail into a stiff aerodynamic surface"
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521:
377:
53:
1376:"Creating the Proavis: bird origins in the art and science of Gerhard Heilmann 1913–1926"
1121:
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Site in
Montana and Wyoming from 1962 to 1966. By 1964 he had made 10 expeditions to the
2707:
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1997:
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978:
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inspired him to change his career plans. He earned his bachelor's degree in biology and
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In the field of paleontology, Ostrom is responsible for the following key discoveries:
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immediately drew many followers, and would be supported by many future discoveries.
2005:
1871:
1522:
695:
618:
607:
199:
185:
1347:"A short history of research on Archaeopteryx and its relationship with dinosaurs"
2393:
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actually represents a separate taxon. The genus has been given the generic name
621:
lizards, which had prevailed since the turn of the century. The implications of
240:
in 1964, Ostrom challenged the widespread belief that dinosaurs were slow-moving
2759:"On the Evolution of Feathers from an Aerodynamic and Constructional View Point"
777:, after John Ostrom. The Haarlem fossil is now considered to be of the species
736:
686:
was further validated in 1973 with the discovery of hadrosaur fossils above the
586:
534:
419:
fossils from the Cloverly Formation. In 1966 John H. Ostrom helped to establish
405:
318:
248:, a small two-legged carnivore, would have been fast-moving and warm-blooded.
236:
101:
48:
2649:
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2263:
2157:"Nasal Cavity Homologies and Cranial Crest Function in Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs"
1016:
874:
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699:
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676:
603:
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which described the stomach contents of a mummified specimen of the hadrosaur
491:) paratype YPM 2182 at the Yale University Museum showing its upright posture.
354:
17:
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2183:
2013:
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gliding down from trees were suggested to have been a precursor to flight.
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1982:"The Postcranial Skeleton of the Ornithopod Dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti"
1433:
1391:
496:
288:
284:
2743:
2634:
2493:
2477:"Celebrating dinosaurs: their behaviour, evolution, growth, and physiology"
2476:
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1800:
1654:
1514:
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932:
907:
1767:"Generations: Tracking American Paleontology and Anatomy Over 17 Decades"
852:
773:
672:
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fossils is considered one of the most important fossil finds in history.
581:
280:
252:
220:
2367:
Pittman, M; Gatesy, SM; Upchurch, P; Goswami, A; Hutchinson, JR (2013).
893:
Ostrom, John H. (1962). "The cranial crests of hadrosaurian dinosaurs".
41:
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2797:
2782:
2758:
2021:
1981:
1635:
1561:
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765:
718:
500:
334:
1744:. Notable Scientists. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 193–195.
259:. The idea that dinosaurs were similar to birds was first proposed by
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1783:
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This helped to change the impression of dinosaurs as sluggish, slow,
598:
241:
2526:"A Yale scientist's research changed our understanding of dinosaurs"
584:, and parts of a larger plant-eating dinosaur. The discovery of the
2813:
2565:
Russell, Dale A. (1973). "The environments of Canadian dinosaurs".
875:"Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America"
2871:
2119:"John Ostrom, 77; Paleontologist Pursued Dinosaurs' Link to Birds"
749:
478:
302:
2935:"The Continuously Evolving Picture of the World's Largest Raptor"
2853:"How Flight Evolved in Birds: The Flying and Feathered Dinosaurs"
1122:"The Munich specimen of Triceratops with a revision of the genus"
908:"A reconsideration of the paleoecology of hadrosaurian dinosaurs"
1918:"A New Species of Small Dinosaur Reported Found by Yale Curator"
297:
appeared in 1976. Ostrom lived to see the eventual discovery of
256:
2136:
Lucas, Frederic A. (1904). "The dinosaur Trachodon annectens".
2550:"Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates".
2340:
Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide
1351:
Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective
781:. It is the first representative of the basal avialian clade
2552:
Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention
610:. This position was further popularized by Ostrom's student
283:
dinosaurs. The first of Ostrom's broad-based reviews of the
2176:
10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2
2093:"Mystery Solved: Bones found in Bridge – GeologyWriter.com"
1723:"John H. Ostrom, Influential Paleontologist, Is Dead at 77"
671:
in 1969, Ostrom spoke out against the accepted wisdom that
376:
the following year. In 1961 he accepted a professorship at
357:
that was based on the skull collection housed at the AMNH.
2589:
Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2 December 2017).
856:(a new genus named for the Haarlem specimen, formerly of
2984: (archived May 27, 2006). May 1975. John H. Ostrom.
2206:
The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Palaeontology
1692:"Collection: John H. Ostrom Archives | Archives at Yale"
447:
Others sites such as the Charles O. Wolcott Quarry near
1826:. United States: Elsevier Science. pp. xxix–xxx.
2231:"A Four-Legged Megalosaurus and Swimming Brontosaurs"
3052:
Presidents of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
3012:
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in the United States
2458:"Deinonychus Changed Our Understanding of Dinosaurs"
2435:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1416:
Havstad, Joyce C; Smith, N Adam (1 September 2019).
215:(February 18, 1928 – July 16, 2005) was an American
550:
191:
181:
154:
142:
118:
108:
86:
61:
32:
1873:John Ostrom | American paleontologist | Britannica
1353:. Geological Society of London. pp. 237–250.
1296:"Influential Paleontologist John Ostrom, 77, Dies"
1146:University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions
1489:"Ornithischian Dinosaurs and the Origin of Birds"
1418:"Fossils with Feathers and Philosophy of Science"
967:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
950:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
820:, Robert Gaston, and Donald Burge named a fossil
388:. He became full professor and curator in 1971.
1178:"The fossil that launched a dinosaur revolution"
2696:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
630:, which based its murderous "Velociraptors" on
219:who revolutionized the modern understanding of
2692:"Paleobiology and the origins of avian flight"
2312:"Dinosaur Footprints Reservation, Holyoke, MA"
804:its formal name (meaning "fast small hunter").
1617:Rauhut, OWM; Foth, C; Tischlinger, H (2018).
1057:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
8:
1340:
1338:
321:. As a pre-medical undergraduate student at
2953:"UNIQUE 'DINO-BIRD' FOSSIL FOUND IN AFRICA"
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
571:"The Raptor That Made Us Rethink Dinosaurs"
2346:. New York, N.Y. u.a: Simon and Schuster.
1975:
1973:
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1883:
1171:
1169:
1167:
40:
29:
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2492:
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2402:
2392:
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2208:. Great Britain: Blond & Briggs Ltd.
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1212:
1210:
1208:
1189:
1101:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
931:
2870:Makovicky, Peter J.; Sues, Hans-Dieter.
1822:Curie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (1997).
1250:
1248:
223:. Ostrom's work inspired what his pupil
2584:
2582:
2580:
1591:(6.print. ed.). New York: Morrow.
1163:
1094:"Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds"
698:. Ostrom's reappraisal of dinosaurs as
2988:, volume 11, number 1, pages 15 to 23.
2876:. American Museum of Natural History.
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2091:Williams, David B. (August 19, 2010).
1716:
1714:
1712:
1120:Ostrom, J. H.; Wellnhofer, P. (1986).
661:their still larger predators, such as
547:
372:in 1955 before joining the faculty at
2138:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
2117:Maugh, II, Thomas H. (21 July 2005).
2061:
2059:
2057:
7:
2432:Dinosaurs: a very short introduction
1721:Wilford, John Noble (21 July 2005).
1176:Stoddart, Charlotte (13 June 2023).
645:", a term coined in a 1975 issue of
317:on February 18, 1928 and grew up in
3017:Deaths from dementia in Connecticut
1255:Bakker, Robert T. (April 1, 1975).
1077:10.1146/annurev.ea.03.050175.000415
263:in the 1860s, but was dismissed by
2895:Abdale, Jason R. (July 20, 2021).
2481:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2068:"Dinosaur Expert John Ostrom Dies"
1986:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1506:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01775.x
1182:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
1113:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x
785:to be found outside eastern Asia.
757:, previously known as the Haarlem
351:American Museum of Natural History
25:
2035:Carlson, Barbara (23 July 2005).
1281:10.1038/scientificamerican0475-58
1227:"The man who saved the dinosaurs"
963:"Were some dinosaurs gregarious?"
641:is credited with triggering the "
459:in July 2005 at the age of 77 in
386:Peabody Museum of Natural History
2914:Abdale, Jason R. (1 July 2022).
2690:Ruben, John (16 February 2010).
2475:Currie, Philip J. (March 2023).
1294:Siegel, Robert (July 21, 2005).
565:
556:
244:(or "saurians"). He argued that
234:Beginning with the discovery of
159:Hayden Memorial Geological Award
3037:Union College (New York) alumni
2851:Manning, Adam (20 March 2020).
2066:Schudel, Matt (July 22, 2005).
961:Ostrom, John H. (1 June 1972).
694:by the Canadian paleontologist
526:Dinosaur Footprints Reservation
520:In the 1970s, Ostrom examined
413:. He also discovered and named
2648:Ostrom, John (March 9, 1973).
2006:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011815
1980:Forster, Catherine A. (1990).
1487:Galton, Peter M. (June 1970).
1015:Ostrom, John (March 9, 1973).
403:. Late in 1964, he discovered
368:Ostrom taught for one year at
52:skeleton cast. Photo courtesy
1:
3027:Scientists from New York City
2933:Black, Riley (June 2, 2020).
1092:Ostrom, John H. (June 1976).
337:from Union College in 1951.
2524:Badwan, Bara (3 June 2019).
2456:Badwan, Bara (3 June 2019).
2394:10.1371/journal.pone.0063115
1765:Dodson, Peter (April 2020).
1740:Gates, Alexander E. (2003).
1051:Ostrom, John H. (May 1975).
987:10.1016/0031-0182(72)90049-1
503:and drawing comparisons via
255:instead of their own class,
2204:Desmond, Adrian J. (1975).
1966:(1). National Park Service.
1380:Archives of Natural History
1349:. In Moody, Richard (ed.).
1300:NPR / All Things Considered
912:American Journal of Science
433:American Journal of Science
344:as a graduate student with
3068:
3032:Columbia University alumni
2289:10.3390/geosciences7010013
1742:A to Z of Earth Scientists
1673:BBC - Science & Nature
1669:"Dinosaurs in Your Garden"
1582:Bakker, Robert T. (1986).
1374:Ries, C. J. (April 2007).
1345:Wellnhofer, Peter (2010).
1325:Yale Bulletin and Calendar
1321:"In Memoriam: John Ostrom"
813:(meaning "tendon lizard").
798:In 1970, John Ostrom gave
483:Skeleton of the hadrosaur
442:National Natural Landmarks
2796:Norberg, Ulla M. (1985).
2608:10.1186/s12862-017-1076-y
2337:Paul, Gregory S. (1988).
1894:Maxwell, Desmond (2000).
1824:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
1225:Conniff, Richard (2014).
1191:10.1146/knowable-060923-1
1004:Proc K Ned Akad van Wet B
862:) was named in his honor.
823:Utahraptor ostrommaysorum
793:Scientific classification
564:
555:
409:fossils near the town of
401:Yellowstone National Park
206:
174:
39:
3047:Brooklyn College faculty
3022:American paleontologists
2920:DINOSAURS AND BARBARIANS
2901:DINOSAURS AND BARBARIANS
2595:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2155:Evans, David C. (2006).
2037:"Bringing shale to life"
1900:Natural History Magazine
941:Ostrom, John H. (1969).
906:Ostrom, John H. (1964).
713:and the origin of flight
331:The Meaning of Evolution
309:Early life and education
267:in his influential book
2916:"Utahraptor: A History"
2802:The American Naturalist
2717:10.1073/pnas.0915099107
2650:"The Ancestry of Birds"
2248:10.15385/jch.2018.2.2.5
2229:Oldham, Jordan (2018).
1954:Orlowski, Jeff (2020).
1536:Cracraft, Joel (1977).
1392:10.3366/anh.2007.34.1.1
1017:"The Ancestry of Birds"
807:Also in 1970, he named
731:, it languished in the
606:and were in some cases
461:Litchfield, Connecticut
449:Manchester, Connecticut
425:Rocky Hill, Connecticut
382:vertebrate paleontology
27:American paleontologist
3042:Beloit College faculty
2494:10.1139/cjes-2022-0131
2429:Norman, David (2017).
1960:Park Paleontology News
1257:"Dinosaur Renaissance"
873:Ostrom, J. H. (1961).
810:Tenontosaurus tilletti
761:
530:Holyoke, Massachusetts
505:comparative morphology
499:apparatuses of modern
492:
399:, in Wyoming, east of
327:George Gaylord Simpson
291:of the primitive bird
1849:"OSTROM, DR. JOHN H."
1771:The Anatomical Record
1472:Heilmann, G. (1926).
1434:10.1093/sysbio/syz010
1331:(1). August 26, 2005.
1053:"The Origin of Birds"
933:10.2475/ajs.262.8.975
867:Selected publications
753:
482:
438:National Park Service
2939:Smithsonian Magazine
1231:Yale Alumni Magazine
882:Bulletin of the AMNH
669:Chicago Field Museum
643:dinosaur renaissance
229:dinosaur renaissance
148:Dinosaur renaissance
2708:2010PNAS..107.2733R
2385:2013PLoSO...863115P
2280:2017Geosc...7...13G
2072:The Washington Post
1998:1990JVPal..10..273F
1847:Courant, Hartford.
1542:The Wilson Bulletin
1476:. London: Witherby.
1474:The origin of birds
1273:1975SciAm.232d..58B
1261:Scientific American
1069:1975AREPS...3...55O
979:1972PPP....11..287O
924:1964AmJS..262..975O
704:dinosaur physiology
648:Scientific American
457:Alzheimer's disease
421:Dinosaur State Park
342:Columbia University
340:Ostrom enrolled at
313:Ostrom was born in
299:feathered dinosaurs
270:The Origin of Birds
261:Thomas Henry Huxley
166:Romer-Simpson Medal
132:Columbia University
2763:American Zoologist
1922:The New York Times
1727:The New York Times
1675:. 18 October 2002.
1636:10.7717/peerj.4191
1422:Systematic Biology
1233:. No. Jul/Aug
801:Microvenator celer
779:Ostromia crassipes
762:
755:Ostromia crassipes
656:Energy and climate
493:
430:Ostrom edited the
393:Cloverly Formation
213:John Harold Ostrom
2123:Los Angeles Times
1924:. 4 December 1964
1360:978-1-86239-311-0
836:Rahonavis ostromi
831:Catherine Forster
664:Tyrannosaurus rex
637:Ostrom's work on
577:
576:
210:
209:
192:Doctoral students
176:Scientific career
72:February 18, 1928
16:(Redirected from
3059:
2961:
2960:
2959:. 18 March 1998.
2949:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2719:
2702:(7): 2733–2734.
2687:
2681:
2680:
2669:10.1038/242136a0
2654:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2610:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2554:: 347–376. 1969.
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2496:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:Hartford Courant
2032:
2026:
2025:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1951:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1786:
1784:10.1002/ar.24375
1762:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1614:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1445:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1173:
1153:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1098:
1088:
1047:
1036:10.1038/242136a0
1021:
1011:
998:
957:
947:
937:
935:
902:
889:
879:
612:Robert T. Bakker
569:
568:
560:
548:
411:Bridger, Montana
370:Brooklyn College
301:in northeastern
265:Gerhard Heilmann
225:Robert T. Bakker
196:Robert T. Bakker
170:
163:
93:
71:
69:
46:John Ostrom and
44:
30:
21:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
2992:
2991:
2982:Wayback Machine
2970:
2965:
2964:
2957:Chicago Tribune
2951:
2950:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2869:
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2864:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2316:Allosaurus Roar
2310:
2309:
2305:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1139:
1124:
1119:
1096:
1091:
1050:
1019:
1014:
1001:
960:
945:
940:
905:
892:
877:
872:
869:
833:named a fossil
795:
783:Anchiornithidae
715:
658:
566:
551:External videos
546:
477:
469:
467:Key discoveries
378:Yale University
366:
311:
202:
198:
168:
164:
161:
130:
119:Alma mater
104:
95:
91:
82:
73:
67:
65:
57:
54:Yale University
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2925:
2906:
2897:"Microvenator"
2887:
2862:
2843:
2814:10.1086/284419
2808:(3): 303–327.
2788:
2769:(4): 676–686.
2749:
2682:
2640:
2576:
2567:Canad. Geog. J
2557:
2542:
2516:
2487:(3): 263–293.
2467:
2448:
2441:
2418:
2359:
2353:978-0671619466
2352:
2329:
2303:
2254:
2221:
2215:978-0803737556
2214:
2189:
2170:(1): 109–125.
2147:
2128:
2109:
2097:Geology Writer
2083:
2053:
2027:
1992:(3): 273–294.
1969:
1935:
1909:
1879:
1863:
1839:
1832:
1814:
1777:(4): 649–655.
1757:
1750:
1732:
1708:
1678:
1660:
1604:
1597:
1574:
1548:(3): 488–492.
1528:
1499:(2): 448–462.
1479:
1464:
1428:(5): 840–851.
1405:
1366:
1359:
1334:
1312:
1286:
1244:
1204:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1117:
1089:
1048:
1012:
999:
973:(4): 287–301.
958:
938:
918:(8): 975–997.
903:
890:
868:
865:
864:
863:
848:
827:
818:James Kirkland
814:
805:
794:
791:
733:Teylers Museum
714:
708:
657:
654:
575:
574:
562:
561:
553:
552:
545:
540:
476:
473:
468:
465:
397:Big Horn Basin
374:Beloit College
365:
362:
310:
307:
278:coelurosaurian
227:has termed a "
217:paleontologist
208:
207:
204:
203:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
172:
171:
156:
152:
151:
144:
143:Known for
140:
139:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
96:
94:(aged 77)
88:
84:
83:
74:
63:
59:
58:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
18:John H. Ostrom
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:Archaeopteryx
2972:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2857:Darwin's Door
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:(5393): 136.
2662:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2442:9780198795926
2438:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:(5): e63115.
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2318:. 7 July 2017
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1833:9780080494746
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1751:0-8160-4580-1
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1696:Yale Archives
1693:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:0-688-04287-2
1594:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:(2): 91–182.
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:(5393): 136.
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
944:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
883:
876:
871:
870:
866:
861:
860:
859:Archaeopteryx
855:
854:
849:
846:
845:Archaeopteryx
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
825:
824:
819:
815:
812:
811:
806:
803:
802:
797:
796:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
769:Archaeopteryx
767:
760:
759:Archaeopteryx
756:
752:
748:
746:
745:Archaeopteryx
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
727:Pterodactylus
723:
722:Archaeopteryx
720:
712:
711:Archaeopteryx
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Arctic Circle
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
655:
653:
650:
649:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:Jurassic Park
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
589:
588:
583:
572:
563:
559:
554:
549:
544:
541:
539:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:
508:
506:
502:
498:
490:
486:
481:
474:
472:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:
416:Tenontosaurus
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
361:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Union College
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:
294:Archaeopteryx
290:
286:
282:
279:
274:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
167:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
123:Union College
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:July 16, 2005
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:New York City
64:
60:
55:
51:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2985:
2975:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2919:
2909:
2900:
2890:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2846:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2598:
2594:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2519:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2462:SciTechDaily
2461:
2451:
2431:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2339:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
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186:Paleontology
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3007:2005 deaths
3002:1928 births
2268:Geosciences
1852:courant.com
1729:. New York.
1386:(1): 1–19.
841:Deinonychus
737:Netherlands
700:endothermic
677:metabolisms
639:Deinonychus
632:Deinonychus
623:Deinonychus
594:Deinonychus
587:Deinonychus
543:Deinonychus
535:Hadrosaurus
514:Anatosaurus
485:Anatosaurus
406:Deinonychus
346:Ned Colbert
319:Schenectady
246:Deinonychus
237:Deinonychus
109:Nationality
102:Connecticut
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2996:Categories
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1010:: 289–305.
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604:metabolism
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355:hadrosaurs
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2986:Discovery
2882:2246/3239
2822:0003-0147
2775:0003-1569
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289:phylogeny
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329:'s book
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