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637:(which is easily avoided with inexpensive food sources of vitamin C) and exposure. Most prisoners had to sleep on the ground, even in freezing weather. The camp was in a wilderness area surrounded by forest, but the prisoners generally were not permitted to build huts or make campfires to cook their daily ration — about a pint of poorly ground corn meal. At the post-war trial of Captain
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for much of the war, until May 5, 1864. He then commanded the 2nd
District of the Department of North Carolina & Southern Virginia from May 25 until June 7. Ten days later, he briefly commanded Camp Sumter himself, until July 26. Winder then was given command of all military prisons in Georgia as
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of alcohol and required all citizens to surrender their firearms. Even though there were daily accusations or entrapment and corruption against his "plug-ugly" police force, Winder refused to order an investigation. By
October 1864 newspapers reported the crime rate in Richmond exceeded the worst
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The assignment to run prisons in the South during the Civil War was a difficult job at best, hampered by the
Confederacy's poor supply system combined with diminishing resources. In their post-war writings, some of the high level leaders of the Confederate government voiced the difficulties of
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On the 12th of
February 1823, he married Elizabeth Shepherd, inheriting slaves through this marriage. The next year his father died, placing him in deep economic strain, and his mother was forced to turn her home into a boardinghouse. Winder failed to manage his father-in-law's plantation
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believes these charges were without merit, saying, "Winder adopted every means at his command to assure that the prisoners received the same ration as did
Confederate soldiers in the field, scanty as that allotment was." However, John McElroy's eyewitness account in his 1879 memoir
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During the early 1820s, Winder went through numerous transfers, going from the U.S. Rifle
Regiment in 1820, to the 4th U.S. Artillery. Winder resigned his commission on August 31, 1823, and would not return to the Army for almost four years.
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It was suggested that Winder's controversial tenure as
Richmond's provost marshal in 1862–1864 and commissary general of Confederate prisons in 1864–1865 exemplified the inefficient administrative system run by the Confederate Government.
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appears to contradict this. McElroy depicts Winder as boasting that he was "killing off more
Yankees than twenty regiments in Lee's Army." McElroy claims that on July 27, 1864, Winder issued an order that if Union troops (under
699:, near the intersection of U.S. Business 13 and U.S. 50 where a historically Black neighborhood was razed in 1950s to make room for the highways. In 1983, due to damage from traffic accidents, the sign was moved to the
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on a visit to Mexico City made an unscheduled stop at the stone monument to the child heroes. In front of
Mexican cadets standing at attention, Truman placed a floral wreath helping to heal the century old wound.
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On March 1, 1862, Jefferson Davis declared martial law in
Richmond and appointed Winder provost marshal general. Winder designated Samuel B. Maccubbin chief of detectives and gave him a force of
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in Salisbury. On June 12, 2020, the sign recognizing Winder was removed. The Winder sign had been the focus of protests for years and was the subject of the 2018 documentary titled
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and a few hundred cadets. While Winder's forces succeeded in either killing and capturing many of the cadets, that battle became a key part of Mexico's patriotic lore known as the
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630:) were to come within seven miles of Andersonville, the guards were to "open upon the Stockade with grapeshot, without reference to the situation beyond these lines of defense."
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declared that he was a much-maligned man. He was set to perform a task made impossible by the inadequacy of supplies of men, food, clothing, and medicines.
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until November 21, when he was put in charge of the Confederate Bureau of Prison Camps, a post which he held until his death on February 7, 1865.
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days of Baltimore or New York and much of the blame went to the corrupt police force. This earned him the moniker "The Dictator of Richmond".
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Winder resigned his U.S. Army commission on April 20, 1861, and offered his services to the state of North Carolina. He was appointed a
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took command and prevented the fort from falling into rebel hands. The Union would retain control of the fort for the rest of the war.
471:.) He was wounded in an encounter near the Belén Gate when a piece of bone from the skull of one of his men scratched him in the face.
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PDDOC biography of Winder. possible cause of death "...from disease contracted while visiting the prison stockade at Florence."
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On April 2, 1827, Winder was reinstated as a second lieutenant, and he served in the 1st U.S. Artillery. He was promoted to
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became the third state to secede from the Union. At this time, the pro-secession Winder was in command of the defenses in
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1159:"A county on Maryland's Eastern Shore quietly takes down a Confederate memorial, after years of rejecting the idea"
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The major causes of the high mortality rates in Andersonville, Florence, and other prisons overseen by Winder were
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successfully, and he was unable to help his mother. In 1826, Elizabeth died, leaving him to raise their young son
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After the Civil War, Winder's son, Capt. William Sidney Winder unsuccessfully tried to clear his father's name.
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1080:, Essential Civil War Curriculum, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech, 2010-2022
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imported from Baltimore to police the population of Richmond. Winder's first order was established
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Military Administrator: The Controversial Life of Brigadier General John Henry Winder, C. S. A.
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During the Civil War, Camp Winder and the Winder Hospital in Richmond were named after him.
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newspapers, which accused him of intentionally starving Union prisoners. Military historian
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commandant of a new prison camp in Georgia called Camp Sumter, better known as the infamous
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840:"Examining Gen. John Winder's history as Confederate monuments fall across the country"
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during the war, and for charges of improperly supplying the prisoners in his charge.
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In addition to his duties involving prisons, he was responsible for dealing with
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The Architect of Andersonville Prison: A son’s quest to clear his father’s name
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Confederate Prisons: Development and operation of the Confederate prison system
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Pensacola during the Civil War : a thorn in the side of the Confederacy
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Military Duty in Antebellum Florida: The Experiences of John Henry Winder
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At the battle of Chapultepec, Winder was responsible for attacking the
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of the Camps of Instruction that were in the Confederacy's capital of
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381:, and graduated 11th of 30 cadets in 1820. He was commissioned a
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Gertrude Polk was a 1st cousin about 4 times removed to Colonel
906:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 9–11.
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from May 23, 1838, until January 20, 1840. He was promoted to
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1187:"Confederate Gen. John Winder sign comes down in Wicomico"
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Wakelyn, p. 443. Attributes death to "anxiety and fatigue"
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and his wife Gertrude Polk. Winder's father fought in the
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American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1309:
Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.
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and was a second cousin to future Confederate general
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Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959.
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John Henry Winder, Confederate Army brigadier general
298:(February 21, 1800 – February 7, 1865) was a career
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747:List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
612:During the war, Winder was frequently derided in
1044:. New York: McDowell, Obolensky Inc. p. 296
1017:Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons
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533:on June 21 and the next day was made Assistant
302:officer who served with distinction during the
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1423:People of Maryland in the American Civil War
1067:Omaha, Nebraska: Creighton University, 1961.
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455:on August 20, 1847 (for his conduct at the
416:on November 30, 1833. He taught tactics at
1398:Confederate States Army brigadier generals
1292:Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy
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18:
1038:John McElroy (1957). Roy Meredith (ed.).
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575:In April 1864, Winder appointed Captain
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265: 1823; died 1826)
1353:Gen. John Henry Winder, C.S.A., Marker
1127:, Civil War Richmond, www.mdgorman.com
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1418:People from Somerset County, Maryland
1408:United States Military Academy alumni
1245:, University Press of Florida, 1990,
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583:. Winder commanded the Department of
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1157:Pitts, Jonathan M. (July 24, 2020).
1264:, Stanford University Press, 2001,
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529:on May 21. He was then promoted to
1020:. Vol. 4. Toledo: D. R. Locke
203:Confederate Bureau of Prison Camps
149:1820–23, 1827–61 (USA)
14:
678:Winder appears as a character in
1243:"General John H. Winder, C.S.A,"
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571:Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia
320:Winder was noted for commanding
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1428:Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
1279:New York: Facts On File, 1988.
1185:Powers, Kelly (June 12, 2020).
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600:...President Davis, Secretary
375:United States Military Academy
1:
1277:Who Was Who in the Civil War.
596:Winder's assignment, saying:
369:Winder as a U.S. Army captain
108:Confederate States of America
1095:Florida Historical Quarterly
781:grandfather of US President
373:In 1814, Winder entered the
1413:United States Army officers
988:"PDDOC biography of Winder"
889:www.selfdiscoveryportal.com
1444:
1325:PDDOC biography of Winder.
1228:. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
902:Pearce, George F. (2000).
701:Wicomico County Courthouse
690:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
1403:Confederate war criminals
1355:Winder's stone marker in
1294:, Greenwood Press, 1977,
739:American Civil War portal
488:President Harry S. Truman
467:on September 14 (for the
341:Somerset County, Maryland
339:was born at "Rewston" in
54:Somerset County, Maryland
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655:Florence, South Carolina
98:United States of America
70:Florence, South Carolina
16:Confederate Army general
1383:American mass murderers
1262:Civil War High Commands
653:Winder died on duty in
397:, and then in Florida.
306:. He later served as a
179:Brigadier General (CSA)
140:Confederate States Army
1241:Blakey, Arch Fredric;
1061:Duffy, Sarah Annette.
1041:This was Andersonville
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469:Battle for Mexico City
389:, and served first at
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231:Battle for Mexico City
1393:American slave owners
1347:Encyclopedia Virginia
1256:Eicher, John H., and
1195:. Salisbury, Maryland
1089:Arch Fredric Blakey.
1014:John McElroy (1897).
962:Blakey, pages 119-152
787:Polk family genealogy
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564:in Richmond as well.
478:that was defended by
420:in 1827 where he met
368:
360:Charles Sidney Winder
356:Battle of Bladensburg
343:, a son of U.S. Army
332:Early life and career
322:prisoner-of-war camps
146:Years of service
663:Green Mount Cemetery
581:Andersonville Prison
461:Battle of Churubusco
443:Mexican-American War
439:on October 7, 1842.
304:Mexican–American War
226:Battle of Churubusco
216:Mexican–American War
81:Green Mount Cemetery
1357:Salisbury, Maryland
1076:Roger Pickenpaugh.
697:Salisbury, Maryland
457:Battle of Contreras
395:Baltimore, Maryland
221:Battle of Contreras
190:U.S. Rifle Regiment
151:1861–65 (CSA)
1345:John H. Winder in
1275:Sifakis, Stewart.
944:Blakey, p. 123-124
885:"Los Niños Héroes"
573:
539:Richmond, Virginia
495:American Civil War
480:Felipe Xicoténcatl
465:lieutenant colonel
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315:American Civil War
300:United States Army
252:Elizabeth Shepherd
238:American Civil War
194:1st U.S. Artillery
192:3rd U.S. Artillery
188:4th U.S. Artillery
128:United States Army
1317:978-0-8071-0823-9
1290:Wakelyn, Jon L.,
1285:978-0-8160-1055-4
1097:, 1984, Volume 63
588:well as those in
535:Inspector General
531:brigadier general
507:, which included
499:In January 1861,
407:William A. Winder
383:second lieutenant
348:William H. Winder
296:John Henry Winder
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287:William H. Winder
277:William A. Winder
175:Lt. Colonel (USA)
51:February 21, 1800
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209:Battles/wars
65:(1865-02-07)
1378:1865 deaths
1373:1800 births
1164:The Capital
550:prohibition
546:Plug Uglies
486:. In 1947,
352:War of 1812
313:during the
308:Confederate
164:Major (USA)
1367:Categories
1236:References
1048:2020-06-28
1024:2020-06-28
997:2008-10-17
849:2023-10-18
639:Henry Wirz
577:Henry Wirz
463:), and to
430:regimental
418:West Point
379:West Point
345:Brig. Gen.
88:Allegiance
47:1800-02-21
667:Baltimore
558:deserters
505:Pensacola
387:artillery
283:Relations
247:Spouse(s)
1215:The Sign
1199:June 18,
1170:July 25,
711:See also
705:The Sign
659:Maryland
614:Northern
527:infantry
433:adjutant
289:(father)
273:Children
199:Commands
114:Service/
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585:Henrico
522:in the
520:colonel
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437:captain
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602:Seddon
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453:major
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1313:ISBN
1296:ISBN
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1247:ISBN
1220:IMDb
1201:2020
1172:2020
908:ISBN
424:and
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172:Bvt.
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