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pool and bounced to a halt only a few yards from each other, at precisely 0016 hours. All gliders were brought to an immediate halt, almost on top of the objectives—the nose was "buried in barbed wire and almost on the bridge", in the words of a soldier under Howard. The assault troops engaged their objectives almost from the moment they stepped outside of the wreckage of their aircraft. The German defenders were taken completely by surprise for they had almost no time to react, form, and attempt a defence of the objectives; since the
British force had, in effect, landed within the boundary of the objective. Some of the Germans were caught asleep in their gun pits. Only one German soldier was able to fire a
431:
97:
77:
183:
559:
40:
463:. The other Panzers thought they were up against a bigger enemy force armed with a 6-pounder anti-tankgun and so immediately retreated. A more forceful German counter-attack came in the early hours of D-Day, when German divisional headquarters realised the bridges had been taken intact. By that time, Howard and his glider troops had been bolstered by both fresh airborne
307:. However, the economic situation at the time was hard and at the age of fourteen he began full-time work, working as a clerk at a broker's firm. To further his education he took evening classes and continued with the Scouts. In 1931, however, he found himself out of work, after the brokerage firm that he was working for went out of business.
452:
example of a "commando-style" military operation, where surprise is the attacker's greatest asset; and when it is executed as planned, surprise is complete because the attackers in the event, face essentially no opposition. Virtually all of their casualties in the assault, are either from friendly fire, or accident.
446:
detachment, in a glider-borne assault in the early hours of 6 June 1944. Released at 8,000 feet over the
Normandy coast, three gliders, each carrying about 28 heavily armed troops—in total 90 men, pilots included—clipped the tops of a group of poplar trees skirting a very small field and a dangerous
525:
and in the end it had been decided not to employ a coup-de-main assault on the bridges at
Nijmegen and Arnhem. Nevertheless, Howard began the process of training 'D' Company in the hope of returning to combat. However, it was not to be. On 13 November 1944, he was involved in a car accident and was
611:
In 1974 Howard retired from the public service and he and his wife Joy moved to the village of Burcot, near Oxford. Later he moved to an old country house in Surrey and in 1986 his wife, Joy, died. In his later life Howard returned to
Normandy on 6 June every year to lay a wreath at the location
451:
to try to warn soldiers on the Orne bridge a few hundred yards away, but by the time he fired, the other bridge had been overrun. There was no time to attempt to blow the bridge, and even if there had been, the explosives needed for the job had never been fitted to the bridge. It was the classic
266:
assault that gained control of the bridges and then held them until relieved. After D-Day, Howard commanded his company until
September 1944 when they were withdrawn from the line. Due to the injuries he sustained in a car accident in November 1944, he took no further part in the war and was
662:
According to
Ambrose a German tank was destroyed but British eyewitness reports from 6 June daytime as well as Sergeant Thornton's Military Medal citation refer to it as an armoured carrier, most likely a halftrack armed with cannon; note by drs. Carles Wolterman, Amstelveen, the
612:
where the gliders landed and was involved in the creation and maintenance of an airborne forces museum near the bridge. He also lectured cadets in the United
Kingdom, France, Norway, Sweden, the United States and many other NATO countries. In the 1960s, Howard met and befriended
333:
In June 1938, he was discharged from the Army, having served his six-year enlistment period, and joined the Oxford City Police. On 28 October 1939 he married Joy
Bromley - whom he had met in 1936 - and with whom he would later have two children, Terry and Penny.
426:
and rations were essential if the 6th
Airborne was to effectively protect the left flank of the Allied invasion force. Furthermore, the crossings had to be held, undamaged, so as to serve as causeways from the beach landing areas, when the Allies moved forward.
270:
His role in the assault on the bridges was detailed in a number of books and films since the war, and after he retired he gave a number of lectures in Europe and the United States on tactics and on the assault itself. He died in 1999, at the age of 86.
262:. Before D-Day, Howard's company was selected to carry out the assault on the Caen and Orne River bridges and he became personally responsible for their training and the planning of the assault. During D-Day he led the company in a successful
501:
Following the attack on the bridges on D-Day, instead of being removed from the line to commence training for further operations 'D' Company was used as a normal infantry company. Howard was nominated for the
1417:
1402:
619:
Howard died on 5 May 1999, at the age of 86. The new
Memorial Pegasus museum was opened by the Prince of Wales on 4 June 2000. In 2006, his daughter, Penny, published Howard's private papers, titled
322:(KSLI). He excelled at physical training and did consistently well on army exams. He became a company clerk and later a physical training instructor. On the basis of his education he applied for a
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Howard initially joined the British Army before the war, serving as a private soldier and then a non-commissioned officer for six years before discharging in 1938 and joining the
406:
on 6 June 1944. Control of both bridges was vital because Allied forces needed the Orne as a geographic barrier against an immediate counter-attack against the allied flank by
521:
Upon return to Bulford, Howard began to reform and reorganise his company in preparation for future operations. They were not withdrawn from the line in time to take part in
518:, although the award was not officially confirmed until 31 August. 'D' Company remained in Normandy fighting until 5 September 1944, after 91 days of continuous fighting.
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In 1946, despite wishing to continue serving, Howard was invalided out of the Army as a result of injuries that he received in the accident, and he went to work for the
390:
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231:(about 500 yards to the east), and were vitally important to the success of the D-Day landings. Since the war, the bridge over the canal has become known as "
349:
of the battalion. Offered the opportunity of a commission he went to 166th Officer Cadet Training Unit in mid-1940. On graduation he was commissioned as a
250:. In 1939 he was recalled to the army following the outbreak of the war and quickly rose through the ranks to become a regimental sergeant major in the
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Only about half of the original men of the battalion made the transition; their places were filled by volunteers from other units of the Army.
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295:, while his mother kept the house and looked after the children. During his formative years, Howard was an active member of the
586:, in which 'D' Company's assault on the bridges was detailed. In 1962, Howard's experiences on D-Day were re-enacted by actor
526:
badly injured. He took no further part in the war and remained in hospital until March 1945. 'D' Company, led by Major, later
1359:
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170:
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Gliderborne: The Story of the 2nd Battalion, The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (The 52nd) in World War II
483:
616:, a senior officer in the 21st Panzer Division who had been unable to assist in the defence of Pegasus Bridge on 6 June.
267:
eventually invalided out of the British Army in 1946. After this he became a public servant before he retired in 1974.
20:
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490:'s bagpipes. With these reinforcements, they were able to hold Pegasus Bridge against an attack by elements of the
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and eventually rose to be a major in 1942, at which time he took over command of 'D' Company, 2nd Battalion,
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for his leadership during the capture of the bridges and, on 16 July 1944, was presented with the medal by
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283:. The eldest of nine children, Howard's family background was working class. His father worked as a
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Reginald John Howard was born on 8 December 1912 to Jack and Ethel Howard, who lived in London's
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235:," a tribute to the men who captured it. The bridge over the River Orne later became known as
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1245:
Redcoats to Riflemen: A short History of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire County Regiment
456:
304:
601:
443:
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208:
600:, which was largely based on Ryan's book, although it was a dramatised account. In 1985,
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Group photograph of British veterans, Major Howard among them, in Normandy, France, 1982.
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landings The 2nd Ox and Bucks coup de main platoons holding the bridges were relieved by
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in early 1942, Howard volunteered, accepting demotion to 2nd lieutenant and command of a
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At least two armed German halftracks belonging to an engineer company and followed by
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1324:
An Outline History of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 1741–1992
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411:
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292:
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Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (The 43rd/52nd Regiment of Foot)
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tried to attack the bridge at 1:30 a.m., but the first was destroyed by a
39:
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1337:
The Pegasus and Orne Bridges (Their Capture, Defence & Relief on D-Day)
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341:, he rejoined the KSLI as a corporal. He was, however, quickly promoted to
904:
75 years from that long day in Normandy – we still have something to learn
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forces, and because access to a lateral road would ensure supplies from
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56:
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On 2 December 1939, nearly three months since the outbreak of the
1148:
35. Pegasus Diaries John Howard and Penny Bates (2006) page 129.
594:, sent to reinforce Howard's coup-de-main party—in the 1962 film
365:
for over a year. When the battalion was marked for conversion to
1330:
The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry War Chronicle
1280:
The Pegasus Diaries: The Private Papers of Major John Howard DSO
460:
423:
299:, he also enjoyed attending school and did very well, earning a
1373:
Memorial Pegasus Museum - Ranville-BĂ©nouville (Normandy) France
701:
His longest D-day secured the allied advance into Normandy
676:
section for the full bibliographic details of these works.
590:—who had himself participated in the raid, serving in the
418:, which had been dropped to the east of Caen. Supplies of
381:
of 'D' Company which he trained for the next two years.
1403:
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
1352:
Pegasus Bridge: D-day: The Daring British Airborne Raid
1261:
The Devil's Own Luck: From Pegasus Bridge to the Baltic
604:
published a book on the assault on the bridges, called
1205:
Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans Von Luck
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Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
291:after serving in the trenches in France during the
177:
162:
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809:(Supplement). 3 December 1940. pp. 6924–6925.
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391:Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
357:(Ox & Bucks) on 9 November 1940. He rose to
848:
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875:Private Bill Gray, quoted in Ryan 1959, p. 109
355:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
326:but was rejected, although he was promoted to
260:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
213:captured the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
147:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
1408:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
725:
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653:Double British Summertime = 23:16 local time.
8:
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977:(Supplement). 29 August 1944. p. 4044.
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373:. He was subsequently promoted, becoming a
576:by the French government. On 6 June 1959,
399:formed the eastern, or left, flank of the
345:and within five months of joining was the
27:
1398:King's Shropshire Light Infantry soldiers
471:at 03:00. Later on D-Day a detachment of
438:can be seen where they landed next to it.
19:For other people with the same name, see
1332:Vol 1V 1944/45. Gale & Polden. 1954.
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
689:
637:
486:, marched to the bridge to the tune of
1413:British Army personnel of World War II
1232:. Famous Regiments Series Leo Cooper
200:(8 December 1912 – 5 May 1999) was a
7:
673:
243:that carried troops to the bridges.
1278:Howard, John; Bates, Penny (2006).
697:Bellamy, Christopher (7 May 1999).
254:. In 1940 he was commissioned as a
1068:"Major John Howard, DSO, Obituary"
314:and undertook recruit training at
310:In 1932, Howard enlisted into the
14:
1296:Massy-Beresford, Michael (2007).
1190:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
919:Ambrose 1985, pp. 129–130.
320:King's Shropshire Light Infantry
252:King's Shropshire Light Infantry
181:
143:King's Shropshire Light Infantry
95:
75:
38:
16:British Army officer (1912–1999)
538:, the crossing of the Rhine in
215:on 6 June 1944, as part of the
1423:Military personnel from London
1243:Draper, Robin Anthony (2015).
1166:. London: Simon and Schuster.
534:, went on to fight during the
442:Howard led 'D' Company and an
1:
1306:What D'ya Do in the War, Dad?
1158:Ambrose, Stephen E. (1985) .
570:. In 1954 he was awarded the
434:Pegasus Bridge, 9 June 1944;
1187:The Longest Day; 6 June 1944
1074:. 7 May 1999. Archived from
884:Ryan 1959, pp. 109–110
223:. These bridges spanned the
21:John Howard (disambiguation)
1354:. Simon & Schuster UK,
1350:Ambrose, Stephen E. (2002)
504:Distinguished Service Order
477:1st Special Service Brigade
167:Distinguished Service Order
1439:
1032:Ambrose 1985, pp. 191–193.
1023:Ambrose 1985, pp. 191–192.
996:Ambrose 1985, pp. 190–192.
931:Ambrose 1985, pp. 164–168.
573:Croix de Guerre avec Palme
388:
171:Croix de Guerre avec Palme
18:
1282:. Pen & Sword Books.
1126:"Pegasus Memorial Bridge"
866:Ambrose 1985, pp. 96–113.
347:Regimental sergeant major
37:
1259:Edwards, Dennis (1999).
729:Ambrose 1985, pp. 21–22.
494:, strongly supported by
324:commission as an officer
318:and was assigned to the
1308:. Trafford Publishing.
1203:Von Luck, Hans (1989).
592:7th Parachute Battalion
568:Ministry of Agriculture
523:Operation Market Garden
469:7th Parachute Battalion
377:in May 1942 and became
1228:Booth, Philip (1971).
563:
544:advance across Germany
439:
353:in the 2nd Battalion,
343:Company sergeant major
1335:Barber, Neil (2009).
1322:Tillett, JMA (1993).
1114:Von Luck 1989, p. 331
1105:Ambrose 1985, p. 208.
1096:Ambrose 1985, p. 207.
1050:Ambrose 1985, p. 105.
1041:Ambrose 1985, p. 192.
1014:Ambrose 1985, p. 191.
1005:Ambrose 1985, p. 190.
987:Ambrose 1985, p. 186.
958:Ambrose 1985, p. 182.
949:Ambrose 1985, p. 172.
790:Ambrose 1985, p. 193.
561:
433:
416:6th Airborne Division
109:Years of service
1304:Parr, Barry (2007).
840:Ambrose 1985, p. 52.
828:Ambrose 1985, p. 40.
819:Ambrose 1985, p. 27.
778:Ambrose 1985, p. 25.
762:Ambrose 1985, p. 24.
753:Ambrose 1985, p. 23.
741:Ambrose 1985, p. 22.
492:21st Panzer Division
404:landings at Normandy
195:Reginald John Howard
66:5 May 1999 (aged 86)
1207:. Dell Publishing.
699:"Major John Howard
536:Battle of the Bulge
1339:, Pen & Sword
1124:MĂ©morial Pegasus.
974:The London Gazette
908:The Jerusalem Post
806:The London Gazette
564:
516:Bernard Montgomery
440:
248:Oxford City Police
53:West End of London
1315:978-1-4251-1073-4
1289:978-1-84415-446-3
1270:978-0-85052-667-7
940:Ryan 1959, p. 292
902:Gal Perl Finkel,
893:Ryan 1959, p. 110
674:"Further reading"
540:Operation Varsity
473:British Commandos
379:company commander
256:second lieutenant
227:and the adjacent
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1182:Ryan, Cornelius
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1132:on 27 July 2011
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969:"No. 36679"
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225:Caen Canal
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1138:2009
1084:2009
714:2019
672:See
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119:Rank
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