362:, Thomas Watkinson, for £10. His poverty caused him to be exempted from contributing to the book fund of the Prestwich Botanical Society from the mid-1820s, and he was later exempted from paying into the liquor funds of both that society and the wider-based group. These concessions demonstrate the extent to which his knowledge was appreciated and occurred despite the teetotal Hobson having to pay into a liquor fund of which by definition he took no advantage. Horsefield received £13 10s. from a subscription that was started in 1853 in another attempt to alleviate his penurious state. After his death on 6 March 1854, Esther, with whom he had six sons and five daughters, received £37 from this fund, and he left 37 bulbs of one of the earliest hybrid daffodils to be cultivated,
417:
259:
were brought together for identification and where those who could not read were taught the science of botany by those who could. He was president of the society for 32 years, during which time at least 131 books were purchased by the society for communal use. Writing in
December 1829, Horsefield explained that the Prestwich Society met on the second Monday of each month and usually had between 12 and 20 members, who were charged a monthly 6
29:
322:, which acknowledged the conviviality obtained from meeting in pubs with the words "science circles with the glass". But he did not produce any written works directly relating to botany, and in 1847 turned down the opportunity to write on the flora of Manchester with Buxton, whom he met in 1826 while they were independently studying plant life on
157:
amateur botanists, and of a short-lived botanical society for working men in
Whitefield. Horsefield attended meetings of the former group in 1808, which was referred to as the "Manchester Society of Botanists" or the "Botanist Society". Anne Secord, a historian of 19th century popular science, quotes
177:
as it applied to plants, and from it
Horsefield copied details onto a piece of paper he pinned to his loom to commit them to memory while he was working. He earned the respect of other botanists for his abilities in the sphere of collection and identification of species and was the first to find the
326:
and whom he introduced to the
Prestwich Botanical Society. Buxton was of the opinion that Horsefield was "not a mere country herbalist, but an excellent scientific botanist", and the 1826 meeting presented Buxton with opportunities to meet a like-minded circle of men where previously his had been a
505:
in 1882: "... the only place where working men can assemble inexpensively; and though this may seem to some persons detrimental to good order and sobriety, no religious service was ever more decorously conducted." He noted that, "Twice only, during upwards of seventy years, have the meetings
308:
taking a specimen off the table ... gave it to the man on his left hand, telling him at the same time its generic and specific name; he passed it on to another, and so on round the room; and all the other specimens followed in a similar manner. But, from the noise and confusion caused by each
303:
He noted how the procedure for imparting the knowledge had to be changed such that, certainly by the 1850s and possibly as early as 1830, the president's role was to select specimens from those brought to the meeting and identify them to the attendees, who sat in silence. Horsefield describes this
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and, according to Harvey Taylor, a historian, "typified the
Lancashire autodidactic seeker after self-culture." Having obtained his own garden in 1819, he promoted his interests by founding the Prestwich Botanical Society on 11 September 1820, presiding over meetings in a pub where plant specimens
245:
With politics I had little to do practically; but in 1816, after the war was over – an event which I had been taught to look to for the restoration of good trade – finding ourselves disappointed, that year of dear provisions and no work turned all my neighbours, as well as myself, into a
349:
Cash notes that when constructing his orrery, Horsefield asked a local man to manufacture a golden ball to represent the sun and the man replied that "Aw'll mak' thee one an' charge thee now't for't; but, let me tell thee, fancy folk like thee 're a'lus poor". Indeed, he was: all of his interests
120:
weaver. His education continued with twice-weekly evening tuition in writing and arithmetic until he was around 15 years old. James Cash, a journalist, amateur botanist and the first chairman of the
Manchester Cryptogamic Society, says Horsefield received some education for a short time when he
263:(2½p) subscription. The subscription, which was common to such societies, was intended to pay for books and create a fund for the purchase of drink; the pub landlord provided the meeting and storage space at no charge as long as sufficient drink was consumed, a practice known as "wet rent".
80:. He made several botanical discoveries and cultivated two new plants. A number of his writings about the working class and also some poetry were published, but nothing concerning botany other than in connection with the subject of the working class. He lived most of his life near
463:
Bamford commemorated him in a poem written in 1855, and
Grindon wrote in 1882 that Horsefield was "one of the most celebrated of the old Lancashire operative botanists". Esther died on 17 June 1872. Their son, James, and his wife, Alice, are also commemorated on the headstone.
350:
were indulged despite a background of dire poverty, and he remarked of his celebrity in botanical circles that "fame is not bread". He remained a gingham weaver and during his lifetime the sole financial benefit from his interests came when he raised a new hybrid
96:
Born on 18 July 1792, John
Horsefield was the eldest son of Charles Horsefield, a barely literate man from whom he received encouragement in his early botanical interests. He reminisced in later life that both his father and his grandfather had been interested in
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per calendar quarter to instruct his young employees in reading. This instruction took the form of the employees reading out lessons to him while they worked at their handlooms. An avid reader, his interest in botany was piqued when he obtained a copy of
581:'s first postman. Research of the Prestwich Parish records by the Prestwich & Whitefield Heritage Society has provided some detail about these eleven children, at least three of whom died in infancy and a further two on different days in May 1849
313:
He championed these working people in print, praising their self-taught skills, demanding they be accorded the respect of others working in the botanical field and using them as an example to counter generalised accusations such as those made by
514:
movements at the time which objected to such venues and meetings held on
Sundays, and he sought to deflect criticism from those quarters. Another reason for the use of pubs was that they served as storage areas for the botanical libraries and
506:
being interfered with by the authorities, and in neither case has it been from disapproval of them, or because of misconduct on the part of the members." Grindon's use of the phrase "religious service" is significant: there were influential
134:, of which he said, "The wonderful properties that are there ascribed to plants excited in me a strong desire to get acquainted with the plants themselves." Thereafter he attended working-men's botanical societies and meetings in
266:
In 1830 he succeeded Hobson as president of an organisation with a wider geographical base and which held Sunday meetings in pubs for the purpose of educating the amateur artisan botanists. The
Manchester botanist
246:
kind of politicians. "Parliamentary Reform" was the cry. I attended several reform meetings in 1816, and for a few years after. I attended one at Bury and one at Middleton, at each of which Samuel Bamford presided.
217:
and whose knowledge he held in high regard. It was part of a broader working class movement involving the study of nature and natural history that developed in the late 18th century and continued into the next.
162:, who describes it as being "without any regular place of meeting, without funds, without books and without rules; a sort of members, but no body, having only one object in common – their love of plants".
299:
e instruct one another by continually meeting together; so that the knowledge of one becomes the knowledge of all, and we make up for the deficiency of education by constant application to the subject.
65:'Horsfieldii' is named. Horsefield had little formal schooling, and acquired most of his botanical knowledge through self-study and involvement in local botanical groups, which provided a venue for
309:
person telling his neighbour the name of the specimen, some being unable to pronounce it, some garbling it, and all talking at once, we have been constrained of late years to adopt another method.
1261:"Notice of the Prestwich Botanical Society, and the Bury Botanical and Entomological Society, preceded by some critical remarks on a passage in the account of the conductor's tour in France"
1924:
250:
The Peterloo Massacre was the last political meeting Horsefield attended, although he retained a general interest in the subject of radical politics. He attended the
1624:
1364:
Prestwich & Whitefield Heritage Society. "Information received from researchers of the Prestwich & Whitefield Heritage Society, based on parish records".
1694:
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describes a doctor being called to attend a 62-year-old John Horsfield in Whitefield on 6 March 1854, only to find that his patient had died before his arrival.
185:
Horsfield met his future wife Esther Eccorsley (1793/94 – 1872) at a botanical meeting in 1812. The couple were married on 20 December 1812 at
1909:
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275:, who led an impoverished life like Horsefield, referred to it as the "General Botanical Meetings" whose gatherings took place at venues between
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Country rambles, and Manchester walks and wild flowers: being rural wanderings in Cheshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, & Yorkshire
165:
The Whitefield society arranged for funds to be pooled to buy books for communal use, enabling the 16-year-old Horsefield to read
1411:
1064:
113:, which became his home. His mother claimed he was born "dead" and had to be revived; his childhood was dogged by poor health.
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578:
81:
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in some sources. Jo Whittingham describes the daffodil as having "elegantly flared yellow trumpets and milk-white perianth".
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214:
116:
Horsefield learned to read during a single year's attendance at school when he was six, after which he went to work for a
1639:
1153:
Where There's a Will, There's a Way!: Or, Science in the Cottage; An Account of the Labours of Naturalists in Humble Life
1705:
159:
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A botanical guide to the flowering plants, ferns, mosses, and algæ, found indigenous within sixteen miles of Manchester
338:. Charles Horsefield had also encouraged his son in the last pursuit, taking him to meet Robert Ward, an astronomer in
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226:
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Among Horsefield's sons was William, who became secretary of the Prestwich Botanical Society in due course, and was
1904:
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549:"I'll make you one and charge you nothing for it; but, let me tell you, fanciful folk like you are always poor."
1929:
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who had a telescope. John Horsefield developed an interest in the subject to the extent that he constructed an
210:
88:, in dire poverty. At the time of his death he had been married for 42 years and had fathered eleven children.
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Botanical Society, and was later president of a larger botanical society covering a wide area around north
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Secord, Anne (1994). "Science in the pub: artisan botanists in early nineteenth-century Lancashire".
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but the plant was named in honour of the nurseryman who produced the first botanical drawing of it.
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There is some evidence to suggest that in the period of social unrest that followed the end of the
28:
390:, Prestwich, although at some point in his life it seems that he had upset the authorities of the
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that the textile workers of Lancashire were ignorant and degraded. He composed verses, including
271:(1818–1904) described this body as "the united societies of the whole district", while another,
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The meetings he attended in his early life were a part of a movement in the study of botany by
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Horsefield, John (31 December 1851). "Societies of Lancashire botanists in humble life".
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The Victorian amateur astronomer: independent astronomical research in Britain, 1820–1920
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229:, gatherings of botanists may have been used as cover for the activities of politically
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of people with interests not only in the science of botany but also in floriculture,
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Horsefield did not confine his scientific interests to botany, as he also studied
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Horsefield and his father were members of an early 19th-century loose grouping of
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1476:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–393.
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John Horsefield died on 6 March 1854, aged 62, probably as a consequence of a
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154:
85:
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1821:
Horsefield, John (21 December 1850). "John Horsefield, the botanist (pt 3)".
1572:
The Manchester Guardian (9 April 1883). "Manchester Botanists' Association".
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became one of the most popular and extensively grown varieties of daffodil.
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Horsefield, John (24 April 1850). "John Horsefield, the botanist (pt 2)".
1781:
Horsefield, John (2 March 1850). "John Horsefield, the botanist (pt 1)".
1109:"Lines, on the Death of the Late John Horsefield, Botanist, of Prestwich"
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339:
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55:
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1335:"Scientists in humble life; the artisan naturalists of South Lancashire"
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as the venue for such meetings in the Manchester area was explained by
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people to share knowledge, in part by pooling money to purchase books.
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1625:"Development of the Narcissus during the 19th Century – A Review"
1554:
A claim on the countryside: a history of the British outdoor movement
1187:. Chichester: Wiley published in association with Praxis Publishing.
383:
343:
190:
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1065:"Horsfield Table Tomb in Churchyard of Church of St Mary (1406283)"
658:
Secord, "Horsefield, John (1792 – 1854), botanist and weaver".
415:
295:. Horsefield explained the didactic purpose of these societies as
27:
1344:. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from
351:
36:
1606:
The Manchester Guardian (21 November 1904). "Mr. Leo Grindon".
597:'Horsfieldii'. More generally, Horsefield's name is spelled as
213:, the last of whom Horsefield met in 1809 at a meeting held at
1466:
Secord, Anne (1996) . "Artisan Botany". In Jardine, Nicholas;
1768:(250). London: W. & R. Chambers: 255–256. 16 October 1858
1704:. Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain). Archived from
1314:
Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants
558:
Horsefield produced the hybrid by fertilising the seeds of a
304:
change as being necessary because previously the president
1557:(Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Keele University Press.
1638:. The Royal Horticultural Society: 38–43. Archived from
121:
started work: the weaver for whom he served charged two
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to learn – to teach – to be what he has been,
1726:"Strangulated Hernia, masked by a Tumour in the Groin"
438:
God – unlike man – the humblest spirit lifts
1415:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
444:
New links disclosed – new species yet discerned
1392:"Horsefield, John (1792–1854), botanist and weaver"
1014:
1012:
852:
850:
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358: – in his garden and sold it to a Manchester
50:(18 July 1792 – 6 March 1854) was an English
1271:. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green:
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450:There HORSEFIELD's foot from dawn to eve was seen
209:, James Crowther, John Dewhurst, John Mellor and
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702:
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458:Our God accept – our Saviour Lord receive.
241:of 1819, had such sympathies and recounted that
1589:The Manchester Guardian (26 May 1849). "Died".
423:
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1890:. Prestwich & Whitefield Heritage Society.
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440:Nor asks his wealth before He sends His gifts!
434:Here read a name whose fame shall long endure.
428:And find in flowers mute anthems to His praise
346:, much to the bewilderment of his neighbours.
1506:(97). Science History Publications: 269–315.
1288:Manchester Museum Herbarium (22 April 2010).
727:
725:
723:
8:
456:Oh, may that spirit for whose loss we grieve
448:God op'ed the book that taught Botanic skill
436:One of poor birth, but Gifted although poor:
988:Prestwich & Whitefield Heritage Society
1925:People from Whitefield, Greater Manchester
1736:(1). New York: Purple & Smith: 147–148
454:An honour to the soil that gave him birth:
426:Ye who behold God's works in Nature's ways
1292:. Manchester: Manchester Museum Herbarium
1156:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
446:Where'er by wood or lane or heath or hill
442:Where'er Botanic science could be learn'd
72:Horsefield founded one such society, the
386:. He was buried on 10 March 1854 at the
225:, and which saw the introduction of the
1412:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1407:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1113:Homely rhymes, poems, and reminiscences
979:Secord (1994), pp. 280–281, 307 fn. 81.
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432:In seeds of earth as in the stars above
409:The epitaph on his tomb was written by
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366:, that raised another £2 11s (£2.55).
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1115:. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co
430:Who read the volume of eternal love
1310:"Trigridia Conchiflora Watkinsoni"
1070:National Heritage List for England
1006:Manchester Guardian (1849), p. 11.
824:Manchester Guardian (1904), p. 12.
676:Manchester Museum Herbarium (2010)
14:
997:Manchester Guardian (1883), p. 6.
1730:The New York Journal of Medicine
1342:Manchester Region History Review
1290:"Manchester Cryptogamic Society"
1259:Horsefield, John (August 1830).
1018:Whittingham (2011), pp. 161–162.
612:The New York Journal of Medicine
237:. Horsefield, who witnessed the
915:Horsefield (1830), pp. 392–395.
252:Manchester Mechanics' Institute
1910:19th-century British botanists
1693:Whittingham, Jo (March 2011).
105:. His birthplace was probably
1:
1658:Weiss, F. E (31 March 1930).
1623:Walker, Violet Niles (1936).
1218:. Manchester: Palmer and Howe
205:. This had been initiated by
173:. It provided information on
1724:Windsor, J. (January 1855).
1459:UK public library membership
1399:UK public library membership
1090:Bamford (1864), pp. 130–132.
1036:Windsor (1855), pp. 147–148.
749:Secord (1994), pp. 275, 277.
532:moss has also been known as
420:John Horsefield's gravestone
158:an attendee of the society,
16:British botanist (1792–1854)
1473:Cultures of Natural History
1946:
1610:. Manchester. p. 12.
1520:10.1177/007327539403200302
1390:Secord, Anne (2004–2012).
879:Horsefield (1830), p. 393.
382:that had been masked by a
18:
1867:(Fourth ed.). London
1864:An Introduction to Botany
1845:. Manchester. p. 3.
1825:. Manchester. p. 5.
1805:. Manchester. p. 6.
1785:. Manchester. p. 9.
1758:"Botanists of Manchester"
1660:"Leopold Hartley Grindon"
1576:. Manchester. p. 6.
1470:; Spary, Emma C. (eds.).
970:Paxton (1848), pp. 51–52.
394:for reasons unknown. His
171:An Introduction to Botany
1667:North Western Naturalist
1210:Grindon, Leopold Hartley
1137:. London: Longman and Co
949:Buxton (1849), pp. v–xi.
897:Weiss (1930), pp. 16–22.
254:, supported the idea of
19:Not to be confused with
1856:(subscription required)
1843:The Manchester Guardian
1836:(subscription required)
1823:The Manchester Guardian
1816:(subscription required)
1803:The Manchester Guardian
1796:(subscription required)
1783:The Manchester Guardian
1673:: 16–22. Archived from
1608:The Manchester Guardian
1591:The Manchester Guardian
1574:The Manchester Guardian
1551:Taylor, Harvey (1997).
1246:. Edinburgh: James Hogg
958:Chapman (1998), p. 182.
856:Grindon (1882), p. 192.
842:Grindon (1882), p. 199.
758:Cash (2011), pp. 69–70.
694:Grindon (1882), p. 200.
685:Cash (2011), pp. 67–68.
413:(1807–1874). It reads:
109:in Whitefield close to
1421:10.1093/ref:odnb/52520
1377:Cite journal requires
888:Secord (1994), p. 279.
870:Secord (1996), p. 381.
797:Secord (1996), p. 378.
788:Secord (1994), p. 277.
779:Secord (1994), p. 282.
770:Secord (1996), p. 382.
717:Secord (1996), p. 383.
708:Secord (1994), p. 278.
530:Entosthodon templetoni
474:John Duncan (botanist)
461:
421:
364:Narcissus horsefieldii
311:
301:
248:
227:Seditious Meetings Act
180:Entosthodon templetoni
44:
1446:|chapter-format=
1150:Cash, James (2011) .
1027:Walker (1936), p. 40.
906:Buxton (1849), p. vi.
833:Taylor (1997), p. 94.
591:Narcissus Horsfieldii
562:with the pollen of a
419:
35:var. 'Watkinsoni', a
31:
1861:Lee, James (1788) .
1645:on 15 September 2012
1333:Percy, John (1991).
940:Hogg (1849), p. 223.
356:Tigridia conchiflora
316:John Claudius Loudon
33:Tigridia conchiflora
1512:1994HisSc..32..269S
1265:Gardener's Magazine
1045:Percy (1991), p. 7.
931:Cash (2011), p. 75.
815:Cash (2011), p. 20.
806:Cash (2011), p. 19.
740:Cash (2011), p. 73.
731:Cash (2011), p. 42.
667:Cash (2011), p. 67.
380:strangulated hernia
320:The Botanists' Song
132:The Complete Herbal
54:weaver and amateur
1888:"Official website"
1762:Chambers's Journal
1500:History of Science
538:Weissia templetoni
534:Funaria templetoni
422:
392:established church
334:, mensuration and
327:solitary pursuit.
233:reformers such as
107:Besses o' th' Barn
45:
43:by John Horsefield
1905:English botanists
1695:"Croft Originals"
1680:on 8 January 2015
1632:Daffodil Yearbook
1564:978-1-85331-166-6
1483:978-0-521-55894-5
1457:(Subscription or
1443:External link in
1436:cite encyclopedia
1397:(subscription or
1240:Hogg's Instructor
1194:978-0-471-96257-1
1163:978-1-108-03790-7
388:St. Mary's Church
239:Peterloo Massacre
182:moss in England.
175:Linnaean taxonomy
138:, thus meeting a
128:Nicholas Culpeper
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404:English Heritage
398:was listed as a
215:Radcliffe Bridge
187:St Mary's Church
21:Thomas Horsfield
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1751:Further reading
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1351:on 1 March 2012
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1320:. Joseph Paxton
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368:N. horsefieldii
223:Napoleonic Wars
199:
123:shillings (10p)
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58:after whom the
48:John Horsefield
24:
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1881:External links
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273:Richard Buxton
256:self-education
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130:'s 1653 book,
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67:working class
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22:
1869:. Retrieved
1863:
1842:
1822:
1802:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1761:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1729:
1713:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1701:
1682:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1670:
1666:
1647:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1631:
1607:
1590:
1573:
1553:
1503:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1424:. Retrieved
1410:
1406:
1370:cite journal
1353:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1341:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:
1294:. Retrieved
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1264:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1239:
1220:. Retrieved
1214:
1198:. Retrieved
1183:
1167:. Retrieved
1152:
1139:. Retrieved
1133:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1097:Bibliography
1096:
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1068:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
954:
945:
936:
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893:
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838:
829:
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784:
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745:
736:
713:
690:
681:
672:
663:
621:
620:
611:
610:A report in
606:
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586:
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563:
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554:
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493:
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462:
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408:
402:monument by
377:
367:
363:
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348:
329:
319:
312:
307:
302:
298:
289:Newton Heath
265:
249:
244:
220:
207:George Caley
200:
184:
179:
170:
164:
152:
148:horticulture
140:broad church
131:
115:
103:floriculture
95:
71:
62:
47:
46:
32:
25:
1920:1854 deaths
1915:1792 births
1232:Hogg, James
560:conchiflora
512:Sabbatarian
503:Leo Grindon
324:Kersal Moor
269:Leo Grindon
169:1760 work,
167:James Lee's
1899:Categories
1702:The Garden
1461:required.)
579:Whitefield
517:herbariums
508:temperance
480:References
396:table tomb
360:nurseryman
197:Leadership
92:Early life
86:Lancashire
82:Whitefield
78:Manchester
41:hybridised
1851:473759659
1831:473735561
1811:473715966
1791:473718824
1616:474370580
1599:473696121
1582:479109789
1528:0073-2753
1401:required)
622:Citations
599:Horsfield
595:Narcissus
406:in 2012.
336:astronomy
293:Radcliffe
285:Middleton
155:Mancunian
144:herbalism
111:Prestwich
74:Prestwich
63:Narcissus
1847:ProQuest
1827:ProQuest
1807:ProQuest
1787:ProQuest
1612:ProQuest
1595:ProQuest
1578:ProQuest
1544:30116535
1536:11639322
1308:(1848).
1234:(1849).
1212:(1882).
1181:(1998).
1131:(1849).
1107:(1864).
468:See also
400:Grade II
354: –
340:Blackley
203:artisans
60:daffodil
56:botanist
52:handloom
1871:22 June
1772:22 June
1740:22 June
1715:18 June
1684:18 June
1649:18 June
1508:Bibcode
1489:18 June
1426:18 June
1355:18 June
1324:18 June
1296:18 June
1279:18 June
1250:18 June
1222:18 June
1200:18 June
1169:18 June
1141:18 June
1119:18 June
1076:18 June
565:pavonia
536:and as
332:algebra
277:Clayton
231:radical
118:gingham
101:and in
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1809:
1789:
1614:
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1580:
1561:
1542:
1534:
1526:
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1455:
1191:
1160:
384:tumour
344:orrery
281:Eccles
191:Oldham
99:botany
39:first
1709:(PDF)
1698:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1349:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
485:Notes
374:Death
1873:2012
1774:2012
1742:2012
1717:2012
1686:2012
1651:2012
1559:ISBN
1532:PMID
1524:ISSN
1491:2012
1478:ISBN
1451:help
1428:2012
1383:help
1357:2012
1326:2012
1298:2012
1281:2012
1275:–395
1252:2012
1224:2012
1202:2012
1189:ISBN
1171:2012
1158:ISBN
1143:2012
1121:2012
1078:2012
528:The
510:and
499:pubs
352:lily
291:and
146:and
37:lily
1516:doi
1417:doi
1273:392
1244:III
84:in
1901::
1766:IX
1764:.
1760:.
1734:14
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1438:}}
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1063:.
1050:^
1011:^
963:^
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629:^
287:,
279:,
261:d.
193:.
189:,
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1671:V
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1173:.
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1080:.
540:.
519:.
23:.
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