368:, the purple boots, the robes embroidered with eagles, and the prostrations of the powerful chiefs of the aristocracy, were dear to the pride of the citizens of Trebizond, and attached them to the person of the emperors." After pledges of sincerity from Michael were made, John agreed to the marriage. However, when he reached Constantinople, his hosts induced him, before he entered the city, to lay aside his purple boots and imperial robes out of respect for Michael Palaiologos—despite the fact his future father-in-law was absent campaigning against the Turks. In exchange for this concession, Michael awarded John with the title of
36:
348:
Once
Akropolites left Trebizond, John was faced with a rebellion led by one Papadopoulos, which according to Finlay gained control of the citadel and made John their prisoner. Finlay states that while it is not "possible to establish the complicity of the Byzantine agents in this business", he
344:
Michael had repeatedly petitioned John's predecessors to discontinue using the traditional imperial title. When
Acropolites and Xiphilinos presented the invitation of his daughter's hand in return for ceding his ancestral title, John refused this offer. John replied that he was following the
273:, which is often terse and even cryptic, is relatively full for John's reign, and external sources add further details to Panaretos' account. Emperor John II faced many challenges to his rule, which partly explains his marriage to the daughter of the Byzantine emperor
486:
colony was established in
Trebizond, perhaps as early as 1290, for the English embassy records meeting a merchant of Genoa, Nicolo d'Oria, in Trebizond; he may have been the Genoese consul. Also in the first years of this decade there is evidence that the
349:
considers that they likely had a hand in the matter. As Finlay points out, regardless of
Michael's possible machinations, "there cannot be a doubt that it was the cause of producing a great change in the views of the emperor of Trebizond and his court".
403:, daughter of Manuel I by his Georgian wife, Rusudan, who apparently deposed him in 1284 to rule for a short time before making a "sudden flight" (in Michael Panaretos' words) from Trebizond; Michel Kuršanskis suggests he may have taken refuge in
457:, prior to its reconstruction in 1863. These portraits were notable that his robes were adorned with the single-headed eagle "the special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond", while her robes bore the double-headed eagle of Byzantium.
362:, and a high ecclesiastic, who offered the bargain once again. This time John agreed to the marriage, but explained it was impossible for him to lay aside the imperial title, which had been borne by his ancestors. "The title of
465:
It was in the later half of John's reign that his Empire attracted attention from the West. For most of the 13th century, Trebizond had not been on the minds of
Western leaders: for example, they had played no part in the
340:
candidate for the imperial throne. Michael considered high-ranking members of the
Byzantine aristocracy who refused to embrace the union as threats to his reign, and they were imprisoned, flogged, blinded, or murdered.
332:, and based on this achievement Michael believed that only he had the right to this title. This was not the only reason the Byzantine emperor regarded John as a threat: some opponents of Michael's acceptance of
315:
and a prominent churchman by the name of
Xiphilinos; the goal of this mission was to convince John to discontinue using the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". Michael had gained the throne of the
410:
Panaretos offers us few details about the remainder of his reign. His account of John's reign—which amounts to three paragraphs—concludes with the statement that it was "during his reign the Turks seized
269:
John is the first ruler of
Trebizond for whom we know more than a few incidents and hints; there is enough information to compose a connected narrative of the first part of his reign. The chronicle of
449:, and "the thirteen towns or forts of Limnia" remained to the Empire; John may have been leading his forces against the enemy when he died. His body was transported to his capital and interred in the
952:
583:
474:
wrote two letters in 1291 inviting John II to convert to
Catholicism, join in a new crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land and be Christianity's envoy to the
242:
on the mountain of
Taurezion. It was during his reign that the style of the rulers of Trebizond changed; until then, they claimed the traditional title of the
1124:
391:. Though King David failed to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces. John left for Trebizond on 25 April 1282 with his new wife,
303:
John's reign was marked from the beginning with instability. He came to the throne in June 1280, following the betrayal and death of his brother
482:
notes John did little for them except lend them "his palace chef to show how the local delicacies of the Empire were cooked." About this time a
454:
741:
280:
This insecurity may explain the sole instance where two emperors of Trebizond appear on the coins of this polity: John and his oldest son,
945:
644:, pp. 28f. Although both Finlay and William Miller both recount the exchange of embassies, Finlay's account provides more details.
395:. Not long after John arrived home, he was confronted by two new threats to his reign. The first was from his full older brother
1129:
1039:
1134:
938:
700:
345:
precedent set by his predecessors and that the nobility of Trebizond would not allow him to renounce the traditional title.
961:
450:
116:
46:
1004:
878:
396:
304:
235:
75:
1024:
307:(r. 1266–1280) by his own officials. His first recorded act as Emperor was in 1281, when he received an embassy from
284:. By associating himself with his son Alexios on these coins, John may be advertising his choice for his successor.
999:
540:
352:
Following the suppression of Papadopoulos' revolt, a second embassy from Michael arrived at Trebizond, composed of
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603:
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263:
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830:
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922:
511:
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337:
333:
281:
157:
85:
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succeeded him, the western part of his realm was under heavy pressure from "the godless Agarenes" and only
399:, who returned to Trebizond and made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the throne. Next was his half-sister
1088:
1080:
1029:
972:
467:
1049:
1014:
994:
905:
895:
400:
353:
293:
227:
183:
63:
258:", but from John II on they changed it to "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, the Iberians, and the
1119:
1114:
1074:
1054:
912:
885:
517:
504:
392:
369:
161:
145:
989:
223:
50:
1093:
1034:
312:
601:, ch. 4; translated in A. Bryer, "The Fate of George Komnenos, Ruler of Trebizond (1266–1280),"
737:
483:
430:
404:
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270:
243:
152:
1044:
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587:(in German). Vol. 5. Vienna: Verlag der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
426:
297:
231:
193:
491:
established a convent in Trebizond, which not only served as their base for evangelizing
977:
376:
325:
205:
575:
Trapp, Erich; Walther, Rainer; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja (1981). "12106.
453:("Golden-headed" Virgin). Portraits of John and his wife Eudokia could be seen in the
1108:
633:
479:
475:
35:
329:
759:
The Hagiographic Dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154
478:. The following year an English embassy to the Mongols passed through Trebizond;
234:, a Trapezuntine noblewoman. John succeeded to the throne after his full-brother
488:
251:
415:
and launched a great invasion, so that all those places became uninhabited."
125:
848:
727:, ch. 5; translated by Bryer, "The fate of George Komnenos," p. 333f
492:
442:
412:
364:
259:
255:
247:
226:
from June 1280 to his death in 1297. He was the youngest son of Emperor
930:
446:
419:
384:
219:
168:
120:
239:
133:
104:
28:
Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, of the Iberians and of Perateia
16:
Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, of the Iberians and of Perateia
560:, 1911 (Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1974), pp. 129–131
624:, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 75, 78
545:
Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461
422:
fortress on the western border of the country was built by him.
934:
495:, but provided friars to minister to the Genoese in that city.
638:
The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204–1461)
576:
209:
736:
Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 (
640:(Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 400; Miller,
407:. John was restored to the throne no later than 1285.
189:
179:
167:
151:
141:
111:
95:
91:
81:
71:
56:
45:
21:
757:, ll. 256–265; translated by Jan Olof Rosenqvist,
262:", although Iberia had been lost in the reign of
324:some 20 years before, then gained possession of
831:Vougiouklaki Penelope, "John II Grand Komnenos"
835:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor
719:
717:
584:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
372:. Michael died before the wedding took place.
946:
8:
652:
650:
536:
534:
532:
953:
939:
931:
839:
622:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
34:
18:
761:(Uppsala: University Press, 1996), p. 219
701:"L'usurpation de Théodora Grande Comnène"
320:through a coup against the youthful heir
547:, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 29
528:
375:While John was away at Constantinople,
818:Bryer, "Trebizond and Rome", pp. 293–7
783:Anthony Bryer, "Trebizond and Rome",
570:
568:
566:
503:John II is known to have two sons by
292:John was born ca. 1262/3, the son of
40:Coin depicting John II Megas Komnenos
7:
470:in 1274. That changed in the 1290s.
809:Bryer, "Trebizond and Rome", p. 297
800:Bryer, "Trebizond and Rome", p. 295
1125:13th-century emperors of Trebizond
558:Muenzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt
296:(reigned 1238–1263) and his wife,
14:
218:) (c. 1262 – 16 August 1297) was
455:church of St. Gregory of Nyssa
1:
451:Panagia Chrysokephalos Church
334:union with the Western Church
311:(r. 1259–1282) consisting of
117:Panagia Chrysokephalos Church
705:Revue des Ă©tudes byzantines
60:June 1280 – 16 August 1297
1151:
577:
514:, who succeeded as emperor
437:, notes that when his son
210:
968:
919:
910:
902:
892:
883:
875:
870:
842:
604:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
158:Alexios II Megas Komnenos
33:
26:
359:logothetes ton oikeiakon
309:Michael VIII Palaiologos
275:Michael VIII Palaiologos
673:, p. 402; Miller,
184:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
64:Theodora Megale Komnene
1130:Grand Komnenos dynasty
578:Κομνηνὸς ̓Ιωάννης ΙΙ.
418:During the 1290s, the
216:Iōannēs Megas Komnēnos
211:Ἰωάννης ÎśÎγας Κομνηνός
202:John II Megas Komnenos
162:Michael Megas Komnenos
22:John II Megas Komnenos
1135:Despots (court title)
962:Emperors of Trebizond
844:John II of Trebizond
499:Family and succession
354:Demetrios Iatropoulos
336:saw John as a viable
260:Transmarine Provinces
913:Emperor of Trebizond
886:Emperor of Trebizond
505:Eudokia Palaiologina
445:, part of Chalybia,
393:Eudokia Palaiologina
389:besieged the capital
238:was betrayed by his
230:and his third wife,
146:Eudokia Palaiologina
62:(Briefly deposed by
753:John Lazaropoulos,
711:(1975), p. 203
556:Otto Retowski, Die
313:George Acropolites
264:Andronikos I Gidos
244:Byzantine emperors
1102:
1101:
929:
928:
920:Succeeded by
893:Succeeded by
742:978-605-4567-52-2
671:History of Greece
658:History of Greece
620:Donald M. Nicol,
431:John Lazaropoulos
271:Michael Panaretos
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67:
1142:
1085:
955:
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917:1285–1297
903:Preceded by
890:1280–1284
876:Preceded by
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472:Pope Nicholas IV
468:Council of Lyons
328:itself from the
322:John IV Laskaris
318:Empire of Nicaea
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19:
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871:Regnal titles
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865:16 August 1297
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480:Anthony Bryer
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425:John died at
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330:Latin Empire
302:
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279:
268:
215:
201:
200:
124:(modern-day
103:(modern-day
27:
1120:1297 deaths
1115:1262 births
1060:Alexios III
723:Panaretos,
597:Panaretos,
489:Franciscans
72:Predecessor
1109:Categories
1070:Alexios IV
1065:Manuel III
1020:Alexios II
923:Alexios II
524:References
512:Alexios II
86:Alexios II
66:1284–1285)
1089:Alexios V
1081:Alexander
1030:Manuel II
973:Alexios I
774:, pp. 32f
772:Trebizond
725:Chronicle
688:Trebizond
675:Trebizond
642:Trebizond
599:Chronicle
433:, in his
429:in 1297.
224:Trebizond
126:Ortahisar
121:Trebizond
82:Successor
51:Trebizond
1050:John III
1015:Theodora
995:Manuel I
906:Theodora
896:Theodora
849:Komnenid
770:Miller,
686:Miller,
669:Finlay,
660:, p. 401
656:Finlay,
493:Anatolia
443:Kerasous
413:Chalybia
405:Tripolis
401:Theodora
383:King of
381:Georgian
365:Basileus
338:Orthodox
294:Manuel I
252:Autocrat
228:Manuel I
174:Komnenos
1075:John IV
1055:Michael
1010:John II
858:c. 1262
851:dynasty
690:, p. 30
677:, p. 29
518:Michael
484:Genoese
476:Mongols
447:Oinaion
439:Alexios
385:Imereti
282:Alexios
254:of the
248:Emperor
240:archons
220:Emperor
169:Dynasty
130:Trabzon
47:Emperor
1005:George
990:John I
879:George
861:
740:
427:Limnia
397:George
379:, the
370:Despot
305:George
256:Romans
236:George
190:Mother
180:Father
142:Spouse
134:Turkey
112:Burial
105:Turkey
101:Limnia
76:George
1094:David
1040:Irene
1035:Basil
978:David
863:Died:
856:Born:
755:Logos
435:Logos
206:Greek
153:Issue
57:Reign
1078:(w.
1045:Anna
975:(w.
738:ISBN
420:Ăśnye
288:Life
250:and
96:Died
581:".
246:, "
222:of
49:of
1111::
833:,
789:26
787:,
716:^
709:33
707:,
703:,
649:^
636:,
609:66
607:,
565:^
543:,
531:^
507::
387:,
356:,
300:.
277:.
266:.
214:,
208::
132:,
128:,
119:,
1084:)
981:)
954:e
947:t
940:v
204:(
136:)
107:)
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