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purifying insulin. While he was trying various means to purify insulin, he had the idea to measure sulfur content of his extracts and found that the higher the sulfur content, the greater the activity. The discovery not only significantly precipitated progress on extracting active fractions but also offered the very first concrete information on the structure of insulin—sulfur is an integral part of insulin molecules. Continuing with his research on extracting insulin, in
November 1925, Abel finally was able to witness one of the most beautiful sights of his life, "glistening crystals of insulin forming on the sides of a test tube". While at the California Institute of Technology, Abel completed an article in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences entitled "Crystalline Insulin" in 1926. Although Abel's work received great compliments from the media and the science community, some doubted the purity of his crystals as preliminary tests revealed that they were in fact proteins. The test result was contrary to the dominant view at the time on proteins—proteins were considered as unlikely to have such highly specific physiological activity shown by a hormone such as insulin. In 1927, he was published in the journal Science for this work with a paper entitled "Chemistry in Relation to Biology and Medicine with Especial Reference to Insulin and Other Hormones". At the time, Abel's laboratory was no doubt the center of insulin research in the United States. A lot of young scientists came to his lab and worked under Abel to study the newly crystallized hormone. Abel himself gradually withdrew from the actual experimental work on insulin after the first four years, but he continued to guide the scientists in his lab to unravel more and more about the structure of insulin molecule.
352:. However, he was only able to isolate a monobenzoyl derivative of epinephrine. While he was improving his processes on decomposing the benzoyl derivative to obtain salts of epinephrine using saponification, a Japanese chemist J. Takamine, who had visited his lab, was able to successfully isolate the neutral base of epinephrine by adding ammonium to highly concentrated extract, a method Abel himself tried but failed due to the use of low concentration of extract. After Takamine's success, Abel himself remarked, with great candor, "The efforts of years on my part in this once mysterious field of suprarenal, medullary biochemistry, marred by blunders as they were, eventuated, then, in the isolation of the hormone not in the form of the free base but in that of its monobenzoyl derivative."
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and B.B. Turner, Abel devised what they called a "vividiffusion" apparatus, consisting of a series of tubes surrounded by fluid. They first demonstrated the apparatus at the
Physiological Congress in Groningen in 1914. By allowing arterial blood to enter at one end of the connection, and later return
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After his doctorate, Abel worked mostly in clinical studies and took clinical courses, focusing on biochemistry and pharmacology. He traveled around Europe, mostly in
Germany and central Europe, conducting research in biochemistry. During this time, Abel had a number of mentors that inspired his work
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At Johns
Hopkins, Abel was the chair of pharmacology and biological chemistry, until the departments split in 1908, when Abel became the chair solely of the Department of Pharmacology. At Johns Hopkins, Abel performed his most groundbreaking research and held the position of chair of the department
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in 1893, and then became
America's first full-time professor of pharmacology. During his time at Hopkins, he made several important medical advancements, especially in the field of hormone extraction. In addition to his laboratory work, he founded several significant scientific journals such as the
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where he studied under Henry Sewall in 1883. But, during this time he took several years off to serve as a principal of the high school in La Porte, Indiana. There he taught many subjects ranging from chemistry and physics to Latin. He then went to Johns
Hopkins University, where he studied under
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Despite his great dedication to experimentation work, Abel's historical significance is certainly not restricted to his research work. He was also the founder of a number of influential scientific journals. As more and more research was conducted in the field of biochemistry, Abel realized the
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for research on insulin, and he thought that Abel would be the right person to lead that research. After some preliminary experiments on the subject, Abel decided to take on the research, and replied to his friend, "Will attack insulin. Writing. J. J. Abel." Abel invested the next few years on
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in blood. By isolating these amino acids from blood circulation, Abel conducted various subsequent researches on the structure of proteins in the blood. Not only did Abel use the apparatus for his research work, he also realized the great clinical potential such dialysis machine would have on
278:, a cardiac physiologist and professor of biology. He then left for Europe, starting in Leipzig studying medical sciences, then traveling to Strasbourg where he was about to receive his Ph.D., but instead decided to receive an M.D. in 1888 from the
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Ever since his early years in Europe, Abel showed great interest in isolating pure form of internal gland hormones. The first work that led to his international reputation as a pharmacologist and biochemist was the isolation of
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as the chair of
Materia Medica and Therapeutics. There, he played an important role in developing the first pharmacology department in North America. He only was at the University of Michigan until 1893, when William Osler of
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Abel, J. J.; Rowntree, L. G.; Turner, B. B. (1990-01-01). "On the removal of diffusable substances from the circulating blood by means of dialysis. Transactions of the
Association of American Physicians, 1913".
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importance of having a platform that allowed scientists all around the world to publish their work and report on their findings. He therefore asked his friend Dr. C. A. Herter, Professor of
Pharmacology at
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Abel, J. J.; Rowntree, L. G.; Turner, B. B. (1990-01-01). "Plasma removal with return of corpuscles (plasmaphaeresis). The
Journal of Pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Vol. V. No. 6, July, 1914".
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Jane H. Murnaghan, Paul Talalay. John Jacob Abel and the Crystallization of Insulin, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 10, Number 3, pp. 340, 343, 345, 346, 368, 369. Johns Hopkins University
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and exposed him to a number of disciplines that eventually prompted him to work in biochemistry and pharmacology. Starting in 1884, Abel worked with doctors Ludwig von Frey in physiology and histology,
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426:. The first issue of the journal appeared in 1905. Motivated by the very same goal of trying to create an outlet for a wide dissemination of new scientific findings, he later founded the
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Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB. On the removal of diffusable substances from the circulating blood by means of dialysis. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1913.
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in organic and inorganic chemistry. All of this work was done in Leipzig until 1886, until Abel moved on to Strasbourg, where he again worked in various fields: internal medicine with
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Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB. Plasma removal with return of corpuscles (plasmaphaeresis). The Journal of Pharmacology and experimental therapeutics Vol. V. No. 6, July, 1914.
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Abel JJ. Experimental and Chemical Studies of the Blood with an Appeal for more Extended Chemical Training for the Biological and Medical Investigator. II. Science. 1915.
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374:. He summarized his work in a paper published in 1913, "On the Removal of Diffusable Substances from the Circulating Blood by Means of Dialysis" by Transfusion Science.
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Abel JJ. Experimental and Chemical Studies of the Blood with an Appeal for more Extended Chemical Training for the Biological and Medical Investigator. Science. 1915.
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among others. Schmeidberg, however, sparked his interest in pharmacological research. Lastly, he worked in a biochemical laboratory in Berne, where he met one
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639:. They had three children, one of whom was a daughter who died as an infant in 1888 in Strasbourg. The other two, George H. Abel and Robert Abel of
1297:"Experimental and Chemical Studies of the Blood with an Appeal for More Extended Chemical Training for the Biological and Medical Investigator. Ii"
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1234:"Experimental and Chemical Studies of the Blood with an Appeal for More Extended Chemical Training for the Biological and Medical Investigator"
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Abel, John Jacob (14 October 1927). "Chemistry in Relation to Biology and Medicine with Especial Reference to Insulin and Other Hormones".
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Abel JJ. Chemistry in Relation to Biology and Medicine with Especial Reference to Insulin and Other Hormones. Science, 1927.
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managing the damaging effects of renal failure. The vividiffusion apparatus Abel devised is the precursor to the modern day
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to circulation through the venous connection after dialysis, they were able to demonstrate the existence of free
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in infectious disease and pathology. Eventually, Abel moved back to Strasbourg where he worked more with
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888:. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: Biographical Memoirs. pp. 231–238.
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immigrants George M. and Mary (Becker) Abel. He earned his Ph.B. (Bachelor of Philosophy) from the
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
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asked Abel to come to the school and accept a Professorship of Pharmacology.
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in 1883. They met while he was a principal and she was a school teacher in
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Abel, J. J. (1926-05-21). "Arthur Robertson Cushny and Pharmacology".
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National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir of John Jacob Abel
961:""Abel, John Jacob." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography."
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Abel JJ. Arthur Robertson Cushny And Pharmacology. Science, 1926.
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Sc.D. (Doctor of Science) from University of Michigan, 1912
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Willard Gibbs Gold Medal by the Chicago Section of the
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M.A. (Master of Arts) from University of Michigan, 1903
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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ournal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Who Was Who Among North American Authors, 1921-1939
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803:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
674:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
232:. He established the pharmacology department at
951:. The National Academies Press. pp. 11, 16, 17.
394:started with an invitation from his old friend
915:"About Us | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"
314:, who eventually worked with him at Michigan.
1489:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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224:(19 May 1857 – 26 May 1938) was an American
773:. Detroit: Gale Research Co. 1976. p.
710:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
402:. Noyes had just received a grant from the
335:until he retired at the age of 75 in 1932.
234:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
595:Conné Medal, New York Chemists' Club, 1932
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1479:Journal of Biological Chemistry editors
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356:Devising early form of dialysis machine
886:Biographical Memoir of John Jacob Abel
671:(1939). "John Jacob Abel. 1857-1938".
257:John Jacob Abel was born in 1857 near
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304:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
160:Foreign Member of the Royal Society
400:California Institute of Technology
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738:"The John Jacob Abel Collection"
579:Research Corporation Prize, 1925
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809:(7): 577–585. January 1, 1939.
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558:M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) from
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530:Sc.D. (Doctor of Science) from
510:M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) from
423:Journal of Biological Chemistry
240:Journal of Biological Chemistry
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799:"John Jacob Abel, 1857 - 1938"
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1439:University of Michigan alumni
836:Voegtlin, Carl (1939-12-01).
1040:Abel, John J. (2017-05-02).
613:National Academy of Sciences
411:Founding scientific journals
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1258:10.1126/science.42.1074.135
1203:10.1126/science.63.1638.507
1124:10.1126/science.66.1711.337
884:MacNider, WM. deB. (1946).
838:"John Jacob Abel 1857-1938"
565:LL.D. (Doctor of Law) from
537:LL.D. (Doctor of Law) from
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1295:Abel, J. J. (1915-08-06).
1232:Abel, J. J. (1915-07-30).
560:University of Lviv, Poland
378:Crystallization of insulin
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587:American Chemical Society
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1444:American pharmacologists
532:University of Pittsburgh
512:University of Strassburg
339:Isolation of epinephrine
280:University of Strasbourg
253:Early life and education
110:University of Strasbourg
1266:2027/hvd.32044106206626
539:University of Cambridge
493:Degrees, awards, honors
312:Arthur Robertson Cushny
899:Fye, Bruce W. (1993).
815:10.1098/rsbm.1939.0019
687:10.1098/rsbm.1939.0019
618:Elected Member of the
567:University of Aberdeen
505:University of Michigan
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324:University of Michigan
271:University of Michigan
99:University of Michigan
1059:10.1073/pnas.12.2.132
1042:"Crystalline Insulin"
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1410:at Wikimedia Commons
1379:search.amphilsoc.org
1375:"APS Member History"
404:Carnegie Corporation
1313:1915Sci....42..165A
1250:1915Sci....42..135A
1195:1926Sci....63..507A
1148:Transfusion Science
1116:1927Sci....66..337A
983:Transfusion Science
903:. pp. 631–632.
649:coronary thrombosis
451:Transfusion Science
444:Transfusion Science
418:Columbia University
308:Oswald Schmiedeberg
296:Johannes Wislicenus
276:Henry Newell Martin
164:Willard Gibbs Award
919:medicine.umich.edu
767:"Abel, John Jacob"
706:"Abel, John Jacob"
546:Harvard University
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294:in pathology, and
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1355:www.nasonline.org
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