717:," expressed hope that the "parties" of the republic would be completely "penetrated" by that spirit, and stated that the founders' achievements in the realm of religious freedom were "original" in history and that the constitution's "negation of all power to legislate" on "rights of conscience" made American law on that topic superior to that of other countries which had secured these rights "by some positive statute." In the same address, Hughes also expressed sentiments of religious toleration, stating that "we are indebted" to the "liberality of Protestantism," in light of the fact that the framers of the Constitution "were almost, if not altogether, exclusively Protestants." He averred that the strong leadership of
807:. He encouraged his people to hard work, personal discipline, and upward social mobility." "Crucially, he combined his staunch American patriotism with staunch devotion to a nineteenth-century papacy deeply suspicious of all liberalism, especially American." Hughes "succeeded in fostering a strong Irish American identity, one centered on the Catholic faith rather than on the secular radicalism of the Irish nationalists who competed with him for community leadership." This achievement, however, came "at the cost of losing to the Irish-American community the Irish Protestant immigrants."
729:, fought, and fallen by the side of Protestants, in maintaining the rights and honor of their common country." Hughes also said that "It is... out of place, and altogether untrue, to assert or assume that this is a Protestant country or a Catholic country. It is neither. It is a land of religious freedom and equality; and I hope that, in this respect, it shall remain just what it now is to the latest posterity" and also that "Catholics, as such, are by no means strangers and foreigners in this land.... The Catholics have been here from the earliest dawn of the morning."
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508:. Several debates ensued between the two concerning whether Catholicism was compatible with American republicanism and liberty. Though it was predicted that the Irish immigrant would be outclassed by his better educated Protestant adversary, Hughes acquitted himself very well against his opponent's attacks on his religion. The debates resulted in the pugnacious Hughes' emergence as a vigorous defender of Catholicism in America. His name was mentioned for the vacant see of
758:, Hughes, nonetheless, took a stand on the issue. Mitchel was uncompromising in defense of slavery by denying it was a crime "or even a peccadillo to hold slaves, to buy slaves, to keep slaves to their work by flogging or other needful correction." He himself might wish for "a good plantation well-stocked with healthy negroes in Alabama." At Mitchel saw it, Hughes copied the abolition press "to cast an Alabama plantation" in his "teeth."
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606:. It gave the city an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund. It provided that no money should go to the schools that taught religion, so Hughes lost his battle. He turned inward: he founded an independent Catholic school system in the city. His new system included the first Catholic college in the Northeast, St. John's College, now
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497:. In January 1827, he was recalled to Philadelphia and named pastor of St. Joseph's Church. He labored afterwards at St. Mary's Church, whose trustees were in open revolt against the bishop, and were subdued by Hughes only when he built St. John the Evangelist Church in 1832, then considered one of the finest in the country. Previous to this, in 1829, he founded St. John's Orphan Asylum.
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program of building." Howe continues, "Although no theologian, John Hughes ranks high for political judgment and in the significance of his accomplishments among nineteenth century
American statesmen, civil as well as ecclesiastical. He successfully coped with fierce party competition in New York, bitter battles over the public school system, revolutions in Europe, the rise of
281:. He emigrated to the United States in 1817, and became a priest in 1826 and a bishop in 1838. A figure of national prominence, he exercised great moral and social influence, and presided over a period of explosive growth for Catholicism in New York. He was regarded as "the best known, if not exactly the best loved, Catholic bishop in the country." He became known as "
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Hughes also stated that "the great men who framed the
Constitution saw, with keen and delicate perception, that the right to tolerate implied the equal right to refuse toleration, and on behalf of the United States, as a civil government, they denied all right to legislate in the premises, one way or
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on its Rose Hill campus. There is also a dining space on the Rose Hill campus named "Dagger John's" in honor of Hughes. A street near
Fordham University is named in his honor (Hughes Avenue). In addition, each year, Fordham recognizes a graduating senior who has demonstrated achievement in the study
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to express his ideas. In 1850 he delivered an address entitled "The
Decline of Protestantism and Its Causes," in which he announced as the ambition of Catholicism "to convert all Pagan nations, and all Protestant nations. ... Our mission to convert the world –including the inhabitants of the United
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agitators threatened to spread to New York from
Philadelphia, where two churches had been burned and twelve people had died. Hughes put armed guards at Catholic churches and, after learning a Nativist rally was scheduled to take place in New York, famously told the Nativist sympathizing mayor that
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between 50th and 51st Street, laying its cornerstone on August 15, 1858. It was not completed until after his death. At the time, due to its remote location in a still-rural part of
Manhattan, the new cathedral was initially dubbed "Hughes' Folly" by the press for many years. Ultimately, Hughes's
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writes that Hughes "labored to bring a largely working-class Irish community into a meaningful relationship with
Catholic Christianity" while at the same time working "to conciliate middle-class Catholics and Protestant well-wishers whose financial support he needed for his amazingly ambitious
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Monsignor Thomas
Shelley in his study on Hughes described him as a very "complex character," with one side that was "impetuous and authoritarian, a poor administrator and worse financial manager, indifferent to the non-Irish members of his flock, and prone to invent reality when it suited the
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of the
Catholic Church by Pope Pius. Hughes served as President Lincoln's semiofficial envoy to the Vatican and to France in later 1861 and early 1862. Lincoln also sought Hughes' advice on the appointment of hospital chaplains. On 3 September 1855, Archbishop Hughes traveled to
391:, who was favorably impressed by Hughes and persuaded Dubois to reconsider his admission. Hughes was subsequently admitted as a regular student of Mount St. Mary's in September 1820. In addition to his studies, he continued to supervise the garden, and served as a tutor in
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movement veered towards ideological excess. In 1842 Hughes had cautioned his flock against signing O'Connell's abolitionist petition ("An
Address of the People of Ireland to their Countrymen and Countrywomen in America") which he regarded as unnecessarily provocative.
577:, and the bishop challenged both the practicality and the legitimacy of it. Hughes drew upon his experience with this situation in Philadelphia and was able to get a referendum passed by the Catholics of the city in 1841 supporting the authority of the bishop.
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of the diocese the following year, due to Dubois' failing health. As coadjutor, he automatically succeeded Dubois upon the bishop's death on December 20, 1842. He took over a diocese which covered the entire State of New York and northern
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In 1840-1842 Hughes led a political battle to secure funding for the Catholic schools. He rallied support from both the Tammany Hall Democrats, and from the opposition Whig Party, whose leaders, especially Governor
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the other." He affirmed the role of Catholic soldiers in American wars and declared, "I think I shall be safe in saying that there has not been one important campaign or engagement in which Catholics have not
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Hughes held a "strong commitment to the cause of Irish freedom" but also felt that immigrants, particularly his fellow Irish immigrants, "should demonstrate their unswerving loyalty to their adopted land."
590:, supported Hughes. He argued Catholics paid double for schools—they paid taxes to subsidize private schools they could not use and also paid for the parochial schools they did use. Catholics could not use
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While Hughes did not endorse slavery, he suggested that the conditions of the "starving laborers" in the Northern states were often worse than that of those held in bondage in the South. He believed the
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One challenge Hughes took on upon arriving in New York was the dispute between the trustees of various parishes in the city, who held the control of these institutions. This practice was known as
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in the north of Ireland. He was the third of seven children of Patrick and Margaret (née McKenna) Hughes who were from Errigal Truagh, County Monaghan . In reference to the anti-Catholic
348:, was forced to withdraw John from school and sent him to work one of his farms. However, being disinclined to farm life, he was placed as an apprentice to Roger Toland, the gardener at
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565:. Power had been overlooked for the position in 1826 when Dubois won the appointment as bishop. The clergy demonstrated their disappointment by not attending the consecration.
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purposes of his rhetoric." But Shelley finds this did not detract from the effectiveness of Hughes, who established 61 new parishes along with many other institutions.
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of his diocese, met Hughes at his parents' home in Chambersburg and invited him to accompany him on the remainder of his visitation. On October 15, 1826, Hughes was
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285:," both for his following the Catholic practice wherein a bishop precedes his signature with a cross, as well as for his aggressive personality. His sister
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865:"Hughes Hall," the first purpose-built home of Fordham Prep, was named for the archbishop in 1935. The building currently houses Fordham University's
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and the variety of opposing Protestant views were likely more influential to the framers' stance on religious freedom than was Protestantism itself.
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Kelly, Mary C. (2010). "A 'sentinel(s) of our liberties': Archbishop John Hughes and Irish-American intellectual negotiation in the Civil War era."
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Feighery, Kate (2015). " 'Everything Depends on the First Year': Archbishop John Hughes and his Fundraising Plan for St. Patrick's Cathedral."
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814:, named archbishop of New York in 1919, Archbishop Hughes was severe of manner, and kindly of heart, but was not aggressive until assailed.
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States – the people of the cities, and the people of the country, ... the Legislatures, the Senate, the Cabinet, the President, and all!"
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About this time Hughes became engaged in a public controversy over Catholic beliefs with the Rev. John A. Breckinridge, a distinguished
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Complete Works of the Most Rev. John Hughes, Archbishop of New York: Comprising His Sermons, Letters, Lectures, Speeches, Etc., Vol. II
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Casey, Marion R. (2015). "Cornerstone of Memory: John Hughes & St. Patrick's Cathedral: Sixteenth Ernie O'Malley Lecture, 2014."
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foresight proved providential, as the rapid urban growth uptown would soon place the new cathedral in the emerging urban center of
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321:, he had lived the first five days of his life on terms of "social and civil equality with the most favored subjects of the
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410:.) Hughes would on numerous occasions consult with his former teacher for advice long after he had left Emmitsburg.
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of New York in September 1854. After this he traveled to Rome, where he was present at the proclamation of the
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639:. City leaders took him at his word, and the anti-Catholic faction was not allowed to conduct its rally.
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Public Money and Parochial Education: Bishop Hughes, Governor Seward and the New York School Controversy
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Meenagh, Martin L. (2004). "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43".
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Sons of Saint Patrick : a history of the archbishops of New York from Dagger John to Timmytown
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Lannie, Vincent Peter (1965). "Profile of an Immigrant Bishop: The Early Career of John Hughes."
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364:. Hughes joined them there the following year. He made several unsuccessful applications to
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from 1842 until his death. In 1841, he founded St. John's College, which would later become
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McCadden, Joseph (1966). "New York's School Crisis of 1840–1842: Its Irish Antecedents."
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In an address in March 1852, Hughes lionized what he referred to as the "spirit of the
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Coogan, M. Jane (1982). "A Study of the John Hughes—Terence Donaghoe Friendship."
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schools because they forced students to listen to readings from the Protestant
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Dagger John: The Life and Unquiet Times of Archbishop John Hughes of New York
1399:"Unholy row – An Irishman's Diary on John Mitchel and Archbishop John Hughes"
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Hughes served as archbishop until his death. He was originally buried in the
610:. By 1870 19 percent of the city's children were attending Catholic schools.
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for the Catholic bishops serving all the dioceses established in the entire
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was a nun and oversaw the opening of 15 schools and convents in New York.
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A native of Ireland, Hughes was born and raised in Augher in the south of
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Lives of the Deceased Bishops of the Catholic Church in the United States
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Life of the Most Reverend John Hughes, D.D., First Archbishop of New York
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to staff and administrate schools in New York, among them members of the
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List of Catholic charities in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
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Against what he saw as the Protestant republican agenda promoted by the
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across the United States, and soaring rates of immigration after the
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The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools
834:(to whom he entrusted the care of St. John's), who also established
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Dagger John: Archbishop John Hughes and the Making of Irish America
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Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia
356:. His family emigrated to the United States in 1816 and settled in
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List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia
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At that time, the president of Mount St. Mary's was the brilliant
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on July 19, 1850, when the diocese was elevated to the status of
1136:(rev. ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. p. 5.
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was a member, who founded the Academy of Mount St. Vincent (now
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when he was about 15. He was sent with his elder brothers to a
1094:. New York & Boston: Hall & Locke company. p. 84.
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which they believed undermined their Catholic faith. With the
1360:"Southern Citizen: John Mitchel, the Confederacy and slavery"
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19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
333:
in the nearby village of Augher, and afterwards attended a
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St. Joachim and St. John the Evangelist's Church (Beacon)
904:
History of education in New York City#The Catholic issue
862:). All of these institutions remain active to this day.
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in 1842, the New York State legislature established the
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Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church
850:; and he established as an autonomous congregation the
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The episcopal coat of arms of Archbishop John J. Hughes
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former Attorney General in the Jefferson Administration
387:, as a gardener. During this time he befriended Mother
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Our Lady of the Nativity of Our Blessed Lady's Church
1493:. Harrison, NY: Harbor Hill Books. pp. 134–135.
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of the Diocese of New York on August 7, 1837. He was
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Church of Sts. Cyril & Methodius and St. Raphael
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In New York, Hughes founded St. John's College (now
262:(June 24, 1797 – January 3, 1864) was an Irish-born
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Church of St. Mary, Mother of the Church (Fishkill)
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Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
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Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race
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317:of Ireland, he later observed that, prior to his
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4841:Burials at St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)
3376:St. Vito-Most Holy Trinity Parish (Mamaroneck)
3124:Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Church (LaGrangeville)
2658:Church of Our Lady of the Scapular–St. Stephen
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826:) and, under his administration, invited many
493:, where he secured the conversions of several
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3134:Church of St. Martin de Porres (Poughkeepsie)
2748:Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic
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481:, preaching sermons, and other duties in the
8:
3179:St. Charles Borromeo's Church (Dover Plains)
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485:. Later that year he was sent to serve as a
4134:Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul
2798:Our Lady of Guadalupe at St. Bernard Church
1268:. Princeton University Press. p. 114.
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4831:Founders of Catholic religious communities
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4239:National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa
3863:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia
3853:
3839:
3831:
3412:
3398:
3390:
3350:Immaculate Conception St. Mary's (Yonkers)
3204:St. John the Evangelist's Church (Pawling)
2342:
2328:
2320:
1794:
1780:
1772:
1754:
1740:
1732:
1645:
1333:"The Irish Abolitionist: Daniel O'Connell"
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
955:"Dagger John and the Triumph of the Irish"
630:In 1844 anti-Catholic riots instigated by
553:on January 7, 1838, with the title of the
249:
55:
31:
4478:St. Hubert Catholic High School for Girls
2723:Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic
1802:Ordinaries of the Archdiocese of New York
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
3420:Education in the Archdiocese of New York
3320:Church of the Holy Family (New Rochelle)
3189:St. Columba's Church (Hopewell Junction)
2768:Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church
1246:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
983:"How Dagger John Saved New York's Irish"
874:with an award named in honor of Hughes.
523:
266:prelate who served as Bishop (and later
3360:Our Lady of Mercy Church (Port Chester)
3345:Immaculate Conception Church (Tuckahoe)
3315:Blessed Sacrament Church (New Rochelle)
3154:Church of the Good Shepherd (Rhinebeck)
3108:St. Teresa of the Infant Jesus's Church
2993:St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church
2913:St. Jean Baptiste Roman Catholic Church
2693:Church of the Ascension, Roman Catholic
2380:Basilica of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
2352:Churches in the Archdiocese of New York
1620:, also a standard scholarly biography;
1466:"Dagger John's - Fordham Campus Dining"
1426:, Oxford University Press, pp. 199–200.
1199:"Archbishop John J. Hughes (1797–1863)"
976:
974:
915:
685:. He convened the first meeting of the
461:in Philadelphia, where he assisted its
372:, where he was eventually hired by its
344:Patrick Hughes, a poor but respectable
4836:Burials at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
4821:Roman Catholic archbishops of New York
4378:Country Day School of the Sacred Heart
3164:Immaculate Conception Church (Bangall)
2608:St. Theresa of the Infant Jesus Church
1764:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
948:
946:
944:
770:Archbishop Hughes, prepared for burial
4473:Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti
3355:Most Holy Trinity Church (Mamaroneck)
3159:Immaculate Conception Church (Amenia)
3028:Church of Our Lady Help of Christians
1515:"FCRH Graduation and Encaenia Honors"
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1179:Thought: Fordham University Quarterly
7:
4806:Irish emigrants to the United States
3767:John A. Coleman Catholic High School
3716:John F. Kennedy Catholic High School
3194:St. Denis Church (Hopewell Junction)
3149:St. Mary's Church (Wappingers Falls)
2928:St. Joseph of the Holy Family Church
2808:Our Lady of the Holy Rosary's Church
1640:John Hughes (archbishop of New York)
1397:Collopy, David (February 24, 2020).
1387:. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, p. 274.
1022:. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
877:To the dismay of many in New York's
422:, Hughes resolved to serve his home
4244:National Shrine of St. John Neumann
3365:St. Gabriel's Church (New Rochelle)
3330:Church of St. Augustine (Larchmont)
3184:St. Christopher's Church (Red Hook)
2743:Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
2528:St. Gabriel's Roman Catholic Church
1440:"Hughes Hall: 120 Years of Service"
1320:. Lawrence Kehoe. pp. 102–122.
1107:American Nineteenth Century History
1077:. Vol. II. New York: P.O'shea.
677:. As archbishop, Hughes became the
4811:Mount St. Mary's University alumni
3685:John S. Burke Catholic High School
3174:St. Anthony's Church (Pine Plains)
3129:Church of Regina Coeli (Hyde Park)
3043:Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea
2648:Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
2370:St. Patrick's Cathedral, Manhattan
1600:, a standard scholarly biography;
1358:Quinn, James (February 28, 2013).
1331:Kinealy, Christine (August 2011).
810:According to his later successor,
782:which he had undertaken to build.
453:Hughes' first assignment was as a
25:
4739:The Catholic Standard & Times
3649:St. Joseph by the Sea High School
3471:University of Mount Saint Vincent
3335:Church of St. Joseph (Bronxville)
3229:St. Peter's Church (Poughkeepsie)
3058:Our Lady of Good Counsel's Church
3038:Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace
2948:St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church
2728:Church of the Most Precious Blood
2443:Our Lady of Mount Carmel's Church
1561:American Journal of Irish Studies
1541:American Journal of Irish Studies
1383:Trench, Charles Chevenix (1984).
1249:. New York: Bantam Books, p. 132.
981:Stern, William J. (Spring 1997).
844:Brothers of the Christian Schools
430:. The bishop, while performing a
4763:
4114:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3554:St. Raymond High School for Boys
3479:
3325:Church of the Resurrection (Rye)
3219:St. Patrick's Chapel (Millerton)
3209:St. Joseph's Chapel (Rhinecliff)
3144:St. Mary's Church (Poughkeepsie)
2823:Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Church
2668:Church of St. Catherine of Genoa
2588:St. Nicholas of Tolentine Church
2578:St. Margaret of Cortona's Church
2388:
2300:
1880:Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman
1838:
1633:
1088:Smith, Rev. John Talbot (1905).
953:Bryk, William (March 25, 2003).
706:for the consecration of the new
604:New York City Board of Education
4846:University and college founders
4403:John W. Hallahan Catholic Girls
3741:Archbishop Stepinac High School
3673:Our Lady of Lourdes High School
3574:Cristo Rey New York High School
3214:St. Joseph's Church (Millbrook)
3048:Church of the Blessed Sacrament
2888:St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church
2793:Our Lady of Good Counsel Church
2698:Church of the Blessed Sacrament
2513:St. Frances de Chantal's Church
1091:The Catholic church in New York
931:"Archbishop John Joseph Hughes"
94:
86:
27:American archbishop (1797–1864)
4509:St. James High School for Boys
4504:Cardinal Dougherty High School
3619:St. Vincent Ferrer High School
3370:St. Vito's Church (Mamaroneck)
3224:St. Paul's Chapel (Staatsburg)
2953:St. Mark the Evangelist Church
2923:St. John the Evangelist Church
2873:St. Cecilia Church and Convent
2152:Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan
1900:Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan
1589:Lannie, Vincent Peter (1968).
1290:"Consecration of the Basilica"
1230:. Catholic Heritage Curricula.
1073:Clarke, Richard Henry (1888).
860:College of Mount Saint Vincent
852:Sisters of Charity of New York
1:
4273:St. Charles Borromeo Seminary
4219:St. Thomas the Apostle Church
3634:Monsignor Farrell High School
3614:St. Jean Baptiste High School
3524:Monsignor Scanlan High School
3514:Cardinal Spellman High School
3018:Slovenian Church of St. Cyril
2998:St. Stephen of Hungary Church
2868:St. Catherine of Siena Church
2673:Church of St. Ignatius Loyola
2653:Church of Our Lady of Sorrows
1890:John Joseph Cardinal O'Connor
1875:Patrick Joseph Cardinal Hayes
1134:Fordham: A History and Memoir
563:Rev John Power, Vicar-General
408:Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana
66:
4637:Ignatius Frederick Horstmann
4428:Mercy Career & Technical
4333:Acad. of Notre Dame de Namur
3659:St. Peter's Boys High School
3594:Marymount School of New York
3234:St. Sylvia's Church (Tivoli)
2908:St. Gregory the Great Church
2898:St. Francis of Assisi Church
2863:St. Benedict the Moor Church
2843:St. Aloysius Catholic Church
2788:Our Lady of Esperanza Church
2783:Immaculate Conception Church
2688:Church of St. Vincent Ferrer
2553:St. John Chrysostom's Church
2518:St. Frances of Rome's Church
2503:St. Clare of Assisi's Church
2428:Immaculate Conception Church
1895:Edward Michael Cardinal Egan
1885:Terence James Cardinal Cooke
1716:Coadjutor Bishop of New York
1422:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007).
1132:Schroth, Raymond A. (2008).
3808:New York (state) portal
3697:Albertus Magnus High School
3569:Convent of the Sacred Heart
3529:Mount Saint Michael Academy
3499:Academy of Mount St. Ursula
2978:St. Paul the Apostle Church
2968:St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
2918:St. John the Baptist Church
2878:St. Charles Borromeo Church
2858:St. Anthony of Padua Church
2708:Church of the Good Shepherd
2613:SS. Peter and Paul's Church
2583:St. Martin of Tours' Church
2523:St. Francis Xavier's Church
2478:St. Anthony of Padua Church
2453:Our Lady of Solace's Church
2252:Bernard John Joseph McQuaid
2212:St. John Nepomucene Neumann
2203:priests in the archdiocese,
2173:priests in the archdiocese,
1870:John Murphy Cardinal Farley
1225:""Dagger John" (1797–1864)"
1119:10.1080/1466465042000222204
776:old St. Patrick's Cathedral
551:St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
395:and mathematics as well as
142:(1838–1842); Priest of the
4862:
4826:Fordham University faculty
4458:Roman Catholic HS for Boys
3957:Auxiliary bishops, current
3916:Edmond Francis Prendergast
3639:Moore Catholic High School
3630:Staten Island high schools
3519:Fordham Preparatory School
3509:Cardinal Hayes High School
3033:Church of Our Lady of Pity
2818:Our Lady of Victory Church
2813:Our Lady of Pompeii Church
2803:Our Lady of Lourdes Church
2738:Chapel of the Resurrection
2638:Chapel of the Resurrection
2633:Church of the Annunciation
2573:St. Margaret Mary's Church
2458:St. Angela Merici's Church
2438:Our Lady of Mercy's Church
2413:Church of the Sacred Heart
1865:Michael Augustine Corrigan
1606:Marlin, George J. (2017).
867:Gabelli School of Business
836:Fordham Preparatory School
683:Northeastern United States
426:, then governed by Bishop
4801:People from County Tyrone
4758:
4318:Saint Joseph's University
4214:St. Nicholas of Tolentine
4112:
4036:Martin Nicholas Lohmuller
3982:Auxiliary bishops, former
3784:
3477:
3452:Universities and colleges
3389:
3053:Church of the Holy Family
2903:St. Francis Xavier Church
2718:Church of the Holy Family
2603:Church of St. Simon Stock
2386:
2319:
2295:
2242:Francis Patrick McFarland
1836:
1771:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1691:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1648:
504:clergyman and son of the
399:over the other students.
240:Mount St. Mary's Seminary
54:
47:
4443:Mount Saint Joseph Acad.
4288:Gwynedd Mercy University
4169:St. Agatha and St. James
4051:Joseph Carroll McCormick
3991:Michael Francis Burbidge
3820:New York City portal
3736:School of the Holy Child
3726:Sacred Heart High School
3721:Maria Regina High School
3539:St. Barnabas High School
2713:Church of the Holy Agony
2543:St. Joan of Arc's Church
2418:Christ the King's Church
2408:Blessed Sacrament Church
2237:Charles Edward McDonnell
2217:Patrick Aloysius O'Boyle
2117:William Jerome McCormack
2082:William Jerome McCormack
2072:Joseph Francis Flannelly
1992:former, currently living
1938:Joseph Armando Espaillat
1923:Gerardo Joseph Colacicco
1702:Elevated to Archdiocese
1223:Sr. Elizabeth Ann, SJW.
733:Slavery and John Mitchel
708:Roman Catholic Cathedral
366:Mount St. Mary's College
4662:Thomas Joseph McDonough
4622:Francis Xavier Gartland
4612:John Edmund Fitzmaurice
4607:Edmond John Fitzmaurice
4592:Hubert James Cartwright
4587:George Aloysius Carrell
4338:Archbishop John Carroll
4061:Gerald Vincent McDevitt
3921:Dennis Joseph Dougherty
3772:College of New Rochelle
3711:Iona Preparatory School
3654:St. Joseph Hill Academy
3504:All Hallows High School
3436:Saint Joseph's Seminary
2988:St. Rose of Lima Church
2833:San Lorenzo Ruiz Chapel
2483:St. Athanasius's Church
2127:Anthony Francis Mestice
2014:Edwin Frederick O'Brien
1966:Dominick John Lagonegro
1860:John Cardinal McCloskey
1848:Archbishops of New York
1596:Loughery, John (2018).
1487:McNamara, John (1991).
1468:. Fordham Campus Dining
1203:mrlincolnandnewyork.org
1164:Ravitch, Diane (1975).
883:St. Patrick's Cathedral
828:religious congregations
805:Great Famine of Ireland
780:St. Patrick's Cathedral
687:Ecclesiastical Province
620:Apostolic Administrator
469:Father Michael Hurley,
444:Old St. Joseph's Church
424:Diocese of Philadelphia
297:Hughes was born in the
268:Archbishop) of New York
144:Diocese of Philadelphia
4770:Catholicism portal
4728:Frances Xavier Cabrini
4723:Archdiocesan Boy Choir
4652:Thomas Francis Kennedy
4572:Joseph Anthony Galante
4343:Archbishop Prendergast
4293:Holy Family University
4096:Edward Michael Deliman
4046:Joseph Francis Martino
3986:Cletus Joseph Benjamin
3796:Catholicism portal
3560:Manhattan high schools
3008:St. Thomas More Church
2733:Church of the Nativity
2703:Church of the Epiphany
2488:St. Augustine's Church
2307:Catholicism portal
2162:Robert Anthony Brucato
2157:Austin Bernard Vaughan
2142:Joseph Maria Pernicone
2122:James Francis McIntyre
2092:George Henry Guilfoyle
2057:Joseph Patrick Donahue
2019:Dennis Joseph Sullivan
1971:James Francis McCarthy
1663:Archbishop of New York
1650:Catholic Church titles
1616:Shaw, Richard (1977).
1424:What Hath God Wrought?
1262:Nelson, Bruce (2012).
935:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
879:Protestant upper class
854:, in which his sister
812:Patrick Cardinal Hayes
771:
529:
459:St. Augustine's Church
49:Archbishop of New York
4647:Francis Edward Hyland
4542:Michael J. Bransfield
4393:Gwynedd Mercy Academy
4298:Immaculata University
4283:Chestnut Hill College
4149:Immaculate Conception
4101:Michael J. Fitzgerald
3564:Cathedral High School
3544:St. Catharine Academy
3068:St. Adalbert's Church
2763:Holy Innocents Church
2753:Corpus Christi Church
2683:Church of St. Michael
2282:Joseph Francis Rummel
2277:Francis Frederick Reh
2232:Philip Joseph Furlong
2201:Bishops who served as
2171:Bishops who served as
2137:Joseph Thomas O'Keefe
2112:James Patrick Mahoney
2052:Edward Vincent Dargin
2037:Patrick Vincent Ahern
1314:Hughes, John (1866).
1052:Catholic Encyclopedia
769:
691:Immaculate Conception
618:Hughes was appointed
592:Public School Society
537:Hughes was chosen by
527:
442:by Bishop Conwell at
228:Roman Catholic Church
4750:Sexual abuse scandal
4707:Francis X. DiLorenzo
4692:Jeremiah F. Shanahan
4682:John Joseph O'Connor
4672:Eugene J. McGuinness
4323:Villanova University
4199:St. Francis de Sales
4086:Daniel Edward Thomas
4001:Michael Joseph Crane
3971:Christopher R. Cooke
3906:James Frederick Wood
3881:Michael Francis Egan
3746:The Montfort Academy
3731:Salesian High School
3466:Manhattan University
3088:St. Patrick's Church
3073:St. Charles's Church
2883:St. Elizabeth Church
2678:Church of St. Joseph
2643:Church of Notre Dame
2598:St. Raymond's Church
2508:St. Dominic's Church
2498:St. Brendan's Church
2493:St. Barnabas' Church
2473:St. Anthony's Church
2267:Joseph Thomas Dimino
2182:Charles Daniel Balvo
2102:Walter P. Kellenberg
2009:Timothy A. McDonnell
1657:Archdiocese Erected
1642:at Wikimedia Commons
1581:Pennsylvania History
1571:Irish Studies Review
1517:. Fordham University
1446:. September 12, 2011
1292:. September 7, 2018.
754:and his journal the
432:canonical visitation
370:Emmitsburg, Maryland
301:of Annaloghan, near
4627:Daniel James Gercke
4602:Joseph Thomas Daley
4532:Edward Joseph Adams
4488:Villa Maria Academy
4468:Saint Joseph's Prep
4463:Saint Basil Academy
4408:La Salle College HS
4303:La Salle University
4230:Chapels and shrines
4184:St. Basil the Great
4091:Thomas Jerome Welsh
4016:Francis James Furey
4006:Edward Peter Cullen
3926:John Francis O'Hara
3751:The Ursuline School
3549:St. Raymond Academy
3534:Preston High School
3063:Sacred Heart Church
3013:St. Veronica Church
2778:Holy Trinity Church
2593:St. Pius V's Church
2558:St. Joseph's Church
2538:St. Jerome's Church
2533:St. Helena's Church
2463:St. Anselm's Church
2107:John Joseph Maguire
2077:Francisco Garmendia
2067:John Michael Fearns
1981:Gerald Thomas Walsh
1933:John Samuel Bonnici
1928:Edmund James Whalen
1808:Bishops of New York
1241:McPherson, James M.
642:Hughes founded the
389:Elizabeth Ann Seton
174:by John Dubois
132:Diocese of New York
4657:Philip R. McDevitt
4617:John Patrick Foley
4597:Joseph M. Corrigan
4483:Villa Joseph Marie
4433:Merion Mercy Acad.
4308:Neumann University
4234:Church of the GesĂş
4081:Francis B. Schulte
4071:Joseph Mark McShea
4066:Joseph P. McFadden
4056:John Joseph McCort
4041:Robert P. Maginnis
4021:John Joseph Graham
3966:Keith J. Chylinski
3936:Anthony Bevilacqua
3704:Westchester County
3644:Notre Dame Academy
3624:Xavier High School
3609:St. George Academy
3495:Bronx high schools
3456:Fordham University
3308:Westchester County
3093:St. Peter's Church
3078:St. Clare's Church
2983:St. Peter's Church
2828:Our Saviour Church
2773:Holy Rosary Church
2187:Charles John Brown
2132:Emerson John Moore
2097:Edward Dennis Head
2028:Auxiliary bishops,
2004:Theodore McCarrick
1990:Auxiliary bishops,
1976:John Joseph O'Hara
1947:Auxiliary bishops,
1909:Auxiliary bishops,
1855:John Joseph Hughes
1830:John Joseph Hughes
1694:Bishop of New York
1490:History in Asphalt
840:Xavier High School
824:Fordham University
796:Daniel Walker Howe
772:
614:Bishop of New York
608:Fordham University
530:
516:for Philadelphia.
350:Favour Royal Manor
311:Province of Ulster
272:Fordham University
260:John Joseph Hughes
18:John Joseph Hughes
4778:
4777:
4702:David B. Thompson
4517:
4516:
4453:Pope John Paul II
4413:Lansdale Catholic
4106:Timothy C. Senior
4011:Louis A. DeSimone
3996:Joseph R. Cistone
3946:Charles J. Chaput
3911:Patrick John Ryan
3828:
3827:
3780:
3779:
3604:Regis High School
3599:Notre Dame School
3579:Dominican Academy
3385:
3384:
3103:St. Roch's Church
3098:St. Rita's Church
3083:St. Mary's Church
3003:St. Teresa Church
2963:St. Monica Church
2933:St. Joseph Chapel
2893:St. Emeric Church
2848:St. Andrew Church
2758:Holy Cross Church
2628:All Saints Church
2568:St. Luke's Church
2563:St. Lucy's Church
2548:St. John's Church
2423:Holy Cross Church
2315:
2314:
2262:John Joseph Mitty
2257:Rrok Kola Mirdita
2222:Charles H. Colton
1961:John Joseph Jenik
1730:
1729:
1723:Succeeded by
1670:Succeeded by
1638:Media related to
1143:978-0-8232-2977-2
892:midtown Manhattan
848:Manhattan College
665:Hughes became an
588:William H. Seward
473:, by celebrating
257:
256:
91:December 20, 1842
37:The Most Reverend
16:(Redirected from
4853:
4768:
4767:
4745:Katharine Drexel
4697:John W. Shanahan
4677:William Matthews
4547:Joseph L. Coffey
4494:
4438:Monsignor Bonner
4313:Rosemont College
4279:Higher education
4118:
3976:Efren V. Esmilla
3961:John J. McIntyre
3864:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3832:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3584:La Salle Academy
3483:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
2838:St. Agnes Church
2468:St. Ann's Church
2392:
2376:Former cathedral
2353:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2305:
2304:
2247:Francis McNeirny
2062:John Joseph Dunn
2030:former, deceased
1999:Henry J. Mansell
1918:Peter John Byrne
1842:
1815:R. Luke Concanen
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1708:Preceded by
1680:Preceded by
1646:
1637:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1337:irishamerica.com
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1182:
1181:41 (4): 561–588.
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1024:
1023:
1010:
993:
992:
978:
969:
968:
967:on June 6, 2011.
963:. Archived from
950:
939:
938:
927:
832:Society of Jesus
649:New York Freeman
596:King James Bible
543:coadjutor bishop
539:Pope Gregory XVI
533:Coadjutor bishop
253:
213:
193:
191:
179:Personal details
159:October 15, 1826
128:Coadjutor Bishop
71:
68:
59:
32:
21:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4762:
4754:
4733:Catholic League
4711:
4667:Thomas McGovern
4577:Francis Brennan
4562:Nelson J. PĂ©rez
4513:
4492:
4398:Holy Ghost Prep
4368:Cardinal O'Hara
4363:Bishop Shanahan
4358:Bishop McDevitt
4353:Archbishop Wood
4348:Archbishop Ryan
4258:
4140:Parish churches
4119:
4110:
3951:Nelson J. PĂ©rez
3891:Francis Kenrick
3866:
3862:
3859:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3755:
3699:
3692:Rockland County
3687:
3675:
3668:Dutchess County
3663:
3484:
3475:
3461:Iona University
3421:
3418:
3381:
3303:
3290:
3282:Sullivan County
3277:
3269:Rockland County
3264:
3251:
3238:
3117:Dutchess County
3112:
2973:St. Paul Church
2958:St. Mary Church
2943:St. Lucy Church
2938:St. Jude Church
2393:
2384:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2311:
2299:
2291:
2272:William Quarter
2204:
2202:
2196:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2147:Fulton J. Sheen
2087:James Griffiths
2042:Edwin Broderick
2029:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1948:
1942:
1910:
1904:
1843:
1834:
1803:
1800:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1697:
1689:
1675:
1666:
1630:
1583:32.4: 366–379.
1573:18.2: 155–172.
1553:93.1/4: 41–75.
1536:
1534:Further reading
1531:
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1403:The Irish Times
1396:
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1364:History Ireland
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1339:. Irish America
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748:Young Irelander
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416:
295:
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210:January 3, 1864
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160:
99:January 3, 1864
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2227:John J. Conroy
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1673:John McCloskey
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1628:External links
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3318:
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3313:
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3306:
3300:
3299:
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3295:Ulster County
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
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3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
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3258:
3256:Putnam County
3254:
3248:
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3243:Orange County
3241:
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3026:
3024:Staten Island
3023:
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3019:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
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2999:
2996:
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2398:New York City
2396:
2391:
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2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
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2326:
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2308:
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2258:
2255:
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2250:
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2245:
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2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
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2228:
2225:
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2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Thomas Cusack
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
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1913:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1868:
1866:
1863:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:John Connolly
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
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1757:
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1745:
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1738:
1737:
1734:
1718:
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1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
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1546:
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1510:
1507:
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1500:0-941980-15-4
1496:
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1483:
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1467:
1461:
1458:
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1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:The Great Dan
1380:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1310:
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1300:
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1271:
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1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
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1237:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1208:September 23,
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1153:
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1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:"John Hughes"
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:Hassard, John
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
989:
984:
977:
975:
971:
966:
962:
961:
956:
949:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
909:
905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
893:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
792:
785:
783:
781:
777:
768:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
741:
732:
730:
728:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
638:
633:
628:
626:
621:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
580:
578:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
559:Basilinopolis
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
526:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:Henry Conwell
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:tenant farmer
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:County Tyrone
304:
300:
292:
290:
288:
287:Angela Hughes
284:
280:
279:County Tyrone
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
252:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
217:New York City
209:
205:
200:
199:County Tyrone
194:June 24, 1797
186:
182:
177:
171:
167:
164:
163:Henry Conwell
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:Basilinopolis
137:
133:
129:
126:
124:Other post(s)
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
90:
83:
80:
76:
64:
58:
53:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4737:
4423:Malvern Prep
4388:Father Judge
4373:Conwell-Egan
4329:High schools
4254:Holy Trinity
4164:St. Adalbert
4159:Old St. Mary
4031:Hugh L. Lamb
3896:John Neumann
3374:
2192:William Muhm
1956:Josu Iriondo
1720:1838 – 1842
1714:
1701:
1698:1842 – 1850
1692:
1667:1850 – 1864
1661:
1656:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1519:. Retrieved
1509:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:Fordham News
1443:
1423:
1418:
1408:December 21,
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1369:December 21,
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1264:
1244:
1236:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1133:
1127:
1113:(1): 34–65.
1110:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1050:
1018:
988:City Journal
986:
965:the original
958:
934:
887:Fifth Avenue
876:
864:
846:who founded
821:
809:
793:
789:
773:
755:
752:John Mitchel
745:
740:Abolitionist
736:
723:
715:constitution
712:
704:Newfoundland
679:metropolitan
675:Pope Pius IX
664:
655:
647:
644:Ultramontane
641:
629:
617:
584:
572:
536:
502:Presbyterian
499:
452:
448:Philadelphia
417:
401:
362:Pennsylvania
358:Chambersburg
354:horticulture
343:
296:
282:
276:
259:
258:
224:Denomination
212:(1864-01-03)
197:Annaloghan,
169:Consecration
63:Mathew Brady
29:
4796:1864 deaths
4791:1797 births
4642:John Hughes
4582:Edwin Byrne
4552:James Green
4224:St. William
4209:St. Michael
4204:St. Joachim
4189:St. Cyprian
3902:Archbishops
3426:Archdiocese
2360:Archdiocese
1825:John Dubois
1683:John Dubois
1563:12: 57–76.
1543:12: 10–56.
1168:, pp. 3–76.
671:archdiocese
555:titular see
547:consecrated
495:Protestants
479:confessions
404:Simon Bruté
381:John Dubois
352:, to study
283:Dagger John
146:(1826–1838)
108:John Dubois
104:Predecessor
70: 1860
42:John Hughes
4785:Categories
4716:Miscellany
4383:Devon Prep
4194:St. Donato
3871:Ordinaries
3432:Seminaries
1343:August 24,
910:References
872:philosophy
794:Historian
727:bivouacked
719:Washington
700:St. John's
667:archbishop
661:Archbishop
625:New Jersey
600:Maclay Act
575:trusteeism
569:Trusteeism
549:bishop at
520:Episcopacy
510:Cincinnati
487:missionary
477:, hearing
440:priesthood
420:seminarian
414:Priesthood
339:Aughnacloy
331:day school
315:penal laws
293:Early life
235:Alma mater
190:1797-06-24
156:Ordination
96:Term ended
4263:Education
4130:Cathedral
3931:John Krol
3442:Charities
2624:Manhattan
2366:Cathedral
1152:727645703
786:Character
581:Education
514:coadjutor
512:and as a
327:Orangemen
246:Signature
201:, Ireland
114:Successor
88:Installed
61:Photo by
4568:Deceased
4269:Seminary
4174:St. Anne
4124:Churches
2205:deceased
1949:emeritus
1243:(1989).
1016:(1866).
898:See also
801:nativism
632:Nativist
471:O.E.S.A.
467:the Rev.
436:ordained
264:Catholic
161:by
82:New York
4522:Priests
3877:Bishops
1911:current
1725:–
1710:–
1602:excerpt
756:Citizen
541:as the
491:Bedford
438:to the
397:prefect
319:baptism
130:of the
4528:Living
4497:Closed
4250:Former
3760:Closed
2175:living
1622:online
1612:online
1585:online
1575:online
1565:online
1555:online
1545:online
1521:May 6,
1497:
1472:May 6,
1450:May 6,
1272:
1150:
1140:
856:Angela
842:; the
818:Legacy
750:exile
483:parish
463:pastor
455:curate
376:, the
374:Rector
303:Augher
299:hamlet
151:Orders
2404:Bronx
1228:(PDF)
762:Death
695:dogma
693:as a
418:As a
393:Latin
305:, in
72:–1863
1687:S.S.
1523:2020
1495:ISBN
1474:2020
1452:2020
1410:2020
1371:2020
1345:2020
1270:ISBN
1210:2017
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
838:and
475:Mass
385:S.S.
378:Abbé
219:, US
207:Died
184:Born
134:and
1115:doi
885:on
870:of
673:by
557:of
489:in
457:at
446:in
368:in
337:in
138:of
78:See
4787::
1685:,
1610:.
1442:.
1431:^
1401:.
1362:.
1335:.
1298:^
1254:^
1201:.
1186:^
1146:.
1109:.
1061:^
1049:.
1028:^
997:^
985:.
973:^
957:.
943:^
933:.
918:^
894:.
710:.
702:,
465:,
450:.
383:,
360:,
341:.
274:.
67:c.
65:,
3854:e
3847:t
3840:v
3413:e
3406:t
3399:v
2343:e
2336:t
2329:v
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
1755:e
1748:t
1741:v
1593:.
1525:.
1503:.
1476:.
1454:.
1412:.
1373:.
1347:.
1278:.
1212:.
1154:.
1121:.
1117::
1111:5
1055:.
991:.
937:.
192:)
188:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
