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the "missionaries" started. The presence of the
Marines served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself." Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a Provisional Government.
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be promptly afforded to promote the reign of law and respect for orderly government in Hawaii." In July 1889, there was a small scale rebellion, and
Minister Merrill landed Marines to protect Americans; the State Department explicitly approved his action. Merrill's replacement, minister John L. Stevens, read those official instructions, and followed them in his controversial actions of 1893.
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359:, his old newspaper partner, asking how far he might deviate from standard State Department rules if a native revolutionary movement emerged. "The golden hour is near at hand," Stevens later wrote his old partner and friend Blaine. "So long as the islands retain their own independent government there remains the possibility that
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views concerning close allies of the United States. Presumably his views reflected those of his former partner, friend, sponsor and now boss at the State
Department. In 1881, James G. Blaine had written of the necessity of "drawing the ties of intimate relationship between us and the Hawaiian Islands
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But
President Cleveland, immediately following his inauguration, sent a message to the Senate, canceling all further talk of annexation. He then sent a commissioner to the Islands to assess the situation, who reported that the newly established protectorate be withdrawn as unnecessary. Envoy Stevens
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came ashore well-armed but under orders of neutrality. They were positioned around Royal residences and
Hawaiian government installations, not around United States citizens' quarters. Having observed the troops' march up the street, the Queen was heard to remark that the Marines were finishing what
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called
Stevens's work on the Swedish King "a very full and capable presentation of the genius and work" of the monarch. Although the former newspaper editor's writing style was "stiff, ungraceful and a little obscure", the biography benefitted from "the richness and authenticity of the materials he
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Minister
Stevens recognized the new government, giving his blessing on behalf of the United States Department of State, and commissioners were immediately dispatched to Washington to request that Hawaii be annexed by the United States. On February 9, 1893, Stevens acted preemptively, establishing a
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sent written instructions to the
American minister George W. Merrill that in the event of another revolution in Hawaii, it was a priority to protect American commerce, lives and property. Bayard specified, "the assistance of the officers of our Government vessels, if found necessary, will therefore
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In 1898 the United States government officially annexed Hawaii. A seven-piece silver service made of melted silver dollars and given to
Stevens after his Hawaiian tenure by pro-Annexation forces in Hawaii is still owned by Stevens's descendants. The tea service, and the career of its controversial
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Constitutional reforms in Hawaii in 1887 had widened the gulf between foreign businessmen and native
Hawaiian nationalists. In January 1891 the Hawaiian King, who had been sympathetic to the interests of the foreign businessmen, died while on a visit to the United States. He was succeeded by his
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Following his forced retirement in 1893 because of the overthrow of Hawaii, Stevens spent his time lecturing and writing and working in Republican Party circles. He died two years later. During his retirement, Stevens worked to rehabilitate his image following his humiliating firing by the new
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The Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu. Minister Stevens, advised about these supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property by the Committee of Safety, obliged their request and summoned a company of uniformed U.S.
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in Augusta, where the pair collaborated for 14 years on editing their publication and pushing the development of Maine's Republican Party. Stevens also played a large role in the 1876 Presidential campaign when he served as Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Maine. He stumped in the
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on February 26, 1894, found Stevens and other U.S. agents not guilty, after which Cleveland abandoned the matter because of lack of Congressional support. Both the Blount and Morgan Reports are cited by partisans on both sides to support their claims about the legitimacy or lack thereof of the
593:. A one-act play entitled "Cry for the Gods" was written by Judge Paul Handy which presents a dramatized, fictional meeting between Stevens and the Queen on the night of January 16, 1893. It has been performed in Maryland and as part of the Capital Fringe Festival in Washington, DC.
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Kinzer, S. (2006) America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. p. 30. "certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore, especially since he knew that the 'general alarm and terror' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a
211:– the first Americans attempting to overthrow a foreign government under the auspices of a United States government officer. Apart from his work as a politician and diplomat, he was also a journalist, author, minister and newspaper publisher. He founded the
578:, on May 10, 1845. The couple had one son and three daughters, one of whom drowned on January 20, 1893 – three days after the Hawaiian overthrow Stevens helped engineer – and an event said to have sent the diplomat into crippling depression.
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apologizing for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii a century before. Based on the Blount Report and other historical analyses, the Resolution subsequently became a touchstone in the cultural and political identification of many native Hawaiians.
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Soon after his installation in Hawaii, Stevens began writing about the islands, in a steady stream of pamphlets and speeches, including his December 19, 1891, speech delivered at Founder's Day celebrations of the Kamehameha School, entitled
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church, which he served as pastor for a decade, becoming a leader in the anti-slavery movement. (Stevens later became a firm opponent of capital punishment, and as a Maine State Senator urged the legislature to abolish the death penalty).
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The immediate event which precipitated the meeting was Queen Lili'uokalani's attempt to promulgate a new constitution which would have restored many of the powers of the monarchy that existed prior to the forced promulgation of the
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to give up the pulpit and become a newspaper publisher and politician. Stevens took his friend Morrill's advice, left the ministry and became a newspaper editor and publisher before becoming a Maine delegate to the
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Picturesque Hawaii: A Charming Description of Her Unique History, Strange People, Exquisite Climate, Wondrous Volcanoes, Luxurious Productions, Beautiful Cities, Corrupt Monarchy, Recent Revolution and Provisional
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Picturesque Hawaii: A Charming Description of Her Unique History, Strange People, Exquisite Climate, Wondrous Volcanoes, Luxurious Productions, Beautiful Cities, Corrupt Monarchy, Recent Revolution and Provisional
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for 25 years when he was appointed United States Minister to Hawaii in 1850. An ardent Annexationist, Severance was later a columnist for the newspaper under Stevens's and Blaine's ownership.
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Fine screen halftone reproduction of a photograph of the ship's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893
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to Stevens, who, Griffis wrote, "believing that the lives and property of American citizens abroad ought to be as well protected as if they were at home, acting according to his faith."
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Stevens's wife Mary Lowell (Smith) Leavitt was the daughter of Capt. Daniel Smith and Dorcas (Lowell) Smith of Hallowell, Maine, a descendant of Percival Lowell, progenitor of Boston's
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states of Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania for the Republican Presidential ticket that year, which won him an appointment as a minister representing the United States government.
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338:. The new Queen was known to dislike the restrictive constitution of 1887, and envoy Stevens suspected the Queen's nationalist sympathies. He asked that a United States warship, the
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On January 14, 1893, envoy Stevens met with two other men concerned about American territorial interests in the Pacific. That night, Stevens and American-Hawaiian businessmen
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was submitted on July 17, 1893, and found Stevens guilty of inappropriate conduct in support of the conspiracy to overthrow Hawaii's Queen. Answering the charges from his
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and two companies of U.S. sailors to land on the Kingdom and take up positions in strategic locations in Honolulu on the afternoon of January 16, 1893. 162 sailors and
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advocates like Stevens, the telegraphing of English intentions – even by diplomatic innuendo – signaled the need for a preemptive American response.
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as showing "extensive research and much patient reading." The prolific Stevens also authored assorted letters, speeches and tracts, many of them advocating his
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pending negotiations for annexation. On February 16, President Harrison sent a message to the Senate, formally requesting annexation of the Hawaiian kingdom.
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or the Canadian Dominion might secure one of the Hawaiian harbors for a coaling station." Added Stevens: "Annexation excludes all dangers of this kind."
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Riches and marvels of Hawaii : a charming description of her unique history, strange... people, exquisite climate, wondrous volcanoes, lux
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919:; His Ex. John L. Stevens at Bishop Hall, Founder's Day December 19, 1891, By John Leavitt Stevens, Published by Kamehameha School Press, 1892
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497:, home, Stevens supplied his rationale: the Queen was immoral, and so needed to be dethroned. The later Morgan investigation conducted by the
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528:, a strange volume of part memoir, part travelogue and part political tract meant to provide a rationale for his actions in the Islands.
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immediately resigned and returned to Maine, where he spent his time in public denunciation of the new administration's Hawaiian policy.
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and Lorrin Thurston met to hatch "an audacious plot to overthrow Hawaii's Queen and bring her country into the United States," writes
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Report of Hon. John H. Blount, Special Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands, Letter to President Grover Cleveland, alohaquest.com
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Memoir of an Eventful Expedition in Central America, John L. Stevens, Esq., and Other Travelers, J. W. Bell, New York, 1850
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capitalists were said to welcome the addition of the Hawaiian Islands as an English protectorate. For aggressive
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so as to make them practically a part of the American system without derogation of their absolute independence."
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After a decade as an activist Universalist minister, Stevens was persuaded by his lifelong friend Maine Governor
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Queen Lili'uokalani and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy, Hawaiian Encyclopedia, hawaiianencyclopedia.com
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in the same county, except for his time away at school and his later diplomatic service. Stevens attended
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Hon. John L. Stevens died at his home in Augusta, Maine, at 4 a.m. on February 8, 1895, of heart disease.
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During his life, Stevens authored several other books, including a two-volume biography of Swedish King
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1305:, By John Leavitt Stevens, W. B. Oleson, Nellie M. Stevens, Published by Hubbard Publishing Co., 1894
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United States Public Law 103-150, 103rd Congress, Joint Resolution, Apology to the Kingdom of Hawaii
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Diplomacy as Applied to United States Interests: The Career of John Leavitt Stevens, 1870–1884
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Letter to John L. Stevens on Blaine nomination, 1888, Maine Historical Society, Maine Memory Network
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The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.
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Letter from S. B. Elkins to John L. Stevens, 1888, Maine Historical Society, Maine Memory Network
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Stevens joined the United States Department of State and was appointed successively minister to
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United States Minister Resident and Envoy Extraordinary & Minister Plenipotentiary, Hawaii
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Writ of Mandamus, Charging John L. Stevens and Others with High Treason, hawaii-nation.org
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A Condensed Timeline of Historic Honolulu, Hawaiian Encyclopedia, hawaiianencyclopedia.com
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239:, to Capt. John Stevens and Charlotte (Lyford) Stevens. He was a lifelong resident of
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931:, By Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, John Leavitt Stevens, William McKendree Springer, 1893
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Dole wrote later that "we knew the United States Minister was in sympathy with us."
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Baker, George W. "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation."
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Action of the Senate on the Nominations, The New York Times, November 13, 1877
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1398:"Semi-centennial Edition of the Register of Officers of Instruction and ..."
901:, a friend and political mentor to Stevens who had been the editor of the
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1373:"A Bibliography of the State of Maine from the Earliest Period to 1891"
747:"A Bibliography of the State of Maine from the Earliest Period to 1891"
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President. In 1894, the former preacher and newspaper editor published
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1553:, Thesis, 1967, G. Alexander Gray, Fogler Library, University of Maine
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1473:"The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899"
306:, an appointment pushed by his old partner Blaine, who had risen to
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in: Russ, William: The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) (Introduction)
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Potter, Norris Whitfield; Kasdon, Lawrence M.; Rayson, Ann (2003).
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in 1886. Seeking to capitalize on the new transcontinental link in
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The question had taken on significance after the completion of the
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Ex-Minister Stevens's Reply, The New York Times, November 30, 1893
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History of Gustavus Adolphus, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1884
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The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Political History
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John L. Stevens was married to the former Mary Lowell Smith of
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Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
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Anatomy of Paradise - Hawaii and the Islands of the South Seas
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John L. Stevens is Dead, The New York Times, February 9, 1895
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tract, written with Eugene Chamberlain and William Springer.
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People associated with the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
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The Transformation of American Foreign Relations: 1865–1900
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John L. Stevens Is Dead, The New York Times, Feb. 9, 1895
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views on American foreign policy. Stevens was awarded an
661:"Genealogical and Family History of the State of Maine"
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Stevens, John; Oleson, W B; Stevens, Nellie M (1900).
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One of Stevens's predecessors in his Hawaii post was
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In 1993, Congress passed and the President signed an
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John Leavitt Stevens was born in 1820 in the town of
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267:Six years prior, in 1854, Stevens and his partner
188:(August 1, 1820 – February 8, 1895) was the
1281:. Associated University Presses. p. xiii.
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325:Envoy Stevens had gone on-the-record about his
1197:. Associated University Presses. p. 350.
981:The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
190:United States Minister to the Hawaiian Kingdom
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2912:Clergy of the Universalist Church of America
2887:Ambassadors of the United States to Paraguay
2892:Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
1231:"Life of Walter Quintin Gresham, 1832-1895"
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2882:Ambassadors of the United States to Hawaii
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423:was president, and his secretary of state
247:to prepare for a minister's career in the
59:September 23, 1889 – May 18, 1893
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1793:United States Minister Resident, Paraguay
1578:John L. Stevens, Photo, Libweb.hawaii.edu
563:in 1882. American author and orientalist
1774:United States Minister Resident, Uruguay
1689:John L. Stevens correspondence 1888-1894
1665:. New York, London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
687:"Essex Institute Historical Collections"
2862:19th-century American newspaper editors
769:
767:
643:Capt. John Stevens was originally from
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1628:. Philadelphia, PA: Edgewood Pub. Co.
808:Maaka, Roger; Andersen, Chris (2006).
535:Queen Regnant Lili'uokalani of Hawaii.
334:sister, the Princess, who was crowned
2932:Republican Party Maine state senators
2902:American anti–death penalty activists
352:In March 1892 envoy Stevens wrote to
7:
2872:19th-century Christian universalists
2261:United States Ambassadors to Uruguay
441:reporter Stephen Kinzer in his book
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1861:United States Ambassadors to Sweden
853:Calhoun, Charles W. (6 June 2005).
610:Kinzer, Stephen (6 February 2007).
262:1860 Republican National Convention
978:Meleisea, Malama (25 March 2004).
411:Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
14:
2867:19th-century American legislators
2654:United States Ministers to Hawaii
1735:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
1526:Works by or about John L. Stevens
1195:The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94)
1012:Flood, Reneé S. (22 March 1998).
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2264:
2254:
1883:
1422:Griffis, William Elliot (1899).
1081:Kinzer, Stephen (4 April 2006).
950:. University of Missouri Press.
518:Forced retirement and later life
397:Overthrow and Stevens's response
354:United States Secretary of State
308:United States Secretary of State
2952:Politicians from Augusta, Maine
2947:People from Mount Vernon, Maine
2857:19th-century American diplomats
1162:History of the Hawaiian Kingdom
147:
1816:23 September 1889–18 May 1893
984:. Cambridge University Press.
780:. University of Hawaii Press.
711:Burlin, Paul T. (March 2008).
659:Little, George Thomas (1909).
1:
2668:Agent for Commerce and Seamen
1634:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t82j6km8c
774:Kuykendall, Ralph S. (1967).
589:documentary in 1998 entitled
585:owner, were the subject of a
345:be stationed indefinitely in
192:in 1893 when he conspired to
2957:19th-century American clergy
2802:and Minister Plenipotentiary
2002:and Minister Plenipotentiary
1662:History of Gustavus Adolphus
1498:"Kents Hill School Notables"
1471:Lowell, Delmar Rial (1899).
1125:Furnas, J. C. (March 2007).
947:The Diplomacy of Involvement
814:. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
271:had purchased the newspaper
2917:Editors of Maine newspapers
1797:26 August 1870–19 May 1873
1371:Williamson, Joseph (1896).
1193:Russ, William Adam (1992).
944:Pletcher, David M. (2001).
745:Williamson, Joseph (1896).
587:Public Broadcasting Service
543:and his involvement in the
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714:Imperial Maine and Hawai'i
557:Honorary Doctorate of Laws
489:commissioned by President
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2907:American male journalists
2877:19th-century male writers
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1615:Pacific Historical Review
1356:John L. Stevens Is Dead,
1229:Gresham, Matilda (1919).
1015:Lost Bird of Wounded Knee
917:Advice to Young Hawaiians
811:The Indigenous Experience
685:Institute, Essex (1901).
316:Advice to Young Hawaiians
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2897:Abolitionists from Maine
2441:Ambassador Extraordinary
2360:Minister Plenipotentiary
2088:Ambassador Extraordinary
1868:Minister Plenipotentiary
1778:6 July 1870–19 May 1873
1693:Maine Historical Society
1266:. Yale University Press.
645:Brentwood, New Hampshire
396:
379:Canadian Pacific Railway
199:in association with the
175:Charlotte Lyford Stevens
2358:Envoy Extraordinary and
245:Maine Wesleyan Seminary
2922:Journalists from Maine
1659:Stevens, John (1884).
1617:33.3 (1964): 295-309.
1277:King, Pauline (1992).
1046:U.S. Navy History site
929:The Hawaiian Situation
565:William Elliot Griffis
536:
406:
375:
320:The Hawaiian Situation
237:Kennebec County, Maine
111:Kennebec County, Maine
1056:Charles S. Campbell,
534:
404:
2443:and Plenipotentiary
777:The Hawaiian Kingdom
451:Bayonet Constitution
417:Bayonet Constitution
372:John Leavitt Stevens
274:The Kennebec Journal
186:John Leavitt Stevens
101:John Leavitt Stevens
2800:Envoy Extraordinary
2582:(Chargé d'Affaires
2532:(Chargé d'Affaires
2090:and Plenipotentiary
2000:Envoy Extraordinary
1425:America in the East
717:. Lexington Books.
569:America in the East
567:dedicated his book
501:, which led to the
415:At the time of the
336:Queen Lili'uokalani
221:Maine State Senator
201:Committee of Safety
16:American politician
1730:Lorrin A. Thurston
1360:, February 9, 1895
1358:The New York Times
1060:(1976), pp 178-79,
549:The New York Times
537:
511:Apology Resolution
457:Marines from the
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302:, and finally to
205:Lorrin A. Thurston
197:Queen Liliuokalani
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2752:Minister Resident
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2311:Chargé d'Affaires
2275:Minister Resident
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1944:Minister Resident
1893:Chargé d'Affaires
1828:
1827:
1819:Succeeded by
1805:George W. Merrill
1781:Succeeded by
1766:Martin T. McMahon
1753:Diplomatic posts
1315:Harper's Magazine
1018:. Da Capo Press.
856:Benjamin Harrison
591:The Nation Within
541:Gustavus Adolphus
282:Diplomatic career
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140:Mary Lowell Smith
70:George W. Merrill
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1802:Preceded by
1784:John C. Caldwell
1758:Preceded by
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1691:. Portland, ME:
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1530:Internet Archive
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1331:"The Book Buyer"
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553:Manifest Destiny
545:Thirty Years War
491:Grover Cleveland
425:Thomas F. Bayard
421:Grover Cleveland
391:Manifest Destiny
373:
327:Manifest Destiny
318:, and his later
257:Anson P. Morrill
213:Republican Party
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121:February 8, 1895
92:Personal details
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2584:ad interim
2534:ad interim
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2197:Brzezinski
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1910:Somerville
1768:(Paraguay)
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1303:Government
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597:References
526:Government
227:Early life
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2117:Bonbright
1951:Schroeder
1935:Schroeder
1930:Ellsworth
1763:(Uruguay)
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1709:See also
1258:(1965).
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2014:Thomas
1986:Thomas
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2530:Smith
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2328:Bacon
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2107:Cabot
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2009:Magee
1991:Magee
1956:Angel
217:Maine
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2202:Raji
2187:Wood
1697:OCLC
1677:OCLC
1667:ISBN
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1638:ISBN
1509:2015
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