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Unlikely Heroes: The
Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges of the Fifth Circuit who Translated the Supreme Court's Brown Decision Into a Revolution for Equality
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being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate government purpose."
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410:(MDL) from its creation in 1968 and was the Panel’s chairman from 1975 until 1978. He served on the Special Court created under the
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736:"Judge Wisdom and the 1952 Republican National Convention: Ensuring Victory for Eisenhower and a Two-Party System for Louisiana"
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during the 1950s and 1960s, when that court became known for a series of crucial decisions that advanced the goals of the
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From 1947 to 1972 John Minor Wisdom lived at
Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, in New Orleans Garden District.
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As the
Republican National Committeeman from Louisiana, Wisdom was instrumental in securing the nomination of
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483:, was written by Professor Joel William Friedman of Tulane Law School, and was published in January 2009 by
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Upon his death, Wisdom left all of his writings, papers, and a variety of other personal effects, to
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642:. In that sense the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent
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638:, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on
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John Minor Wisdom
Collection, 1710–1960, Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University
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Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
Special Railroad Court to Close Doors (November 1996)
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on
January 15, 1977. His service terminated on May 15, 1999, due to his death in New Orleans.
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in 1993. On May 25, 1994, the Fifth
Circuit's headquarters in New Orleans was renamed the
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on June 26, 1957, and received his commission the next day. He was a member of the
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In what was seen as a reward for his services, Wisdom was nominated by
President
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This article is about the U.S. court of appeals judge. For the philosopher, see
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Desegregating the South: John Minor Wisdom's Role in
Enforcing Brown's Mandate
816:
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3206:
2676:
2661:
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300:
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187:
166:
794:"Tulane University - Alumni Affairs - taa alumni awards distinguished 1989"
378:. Wisdom was also credited for helping Eisenhower to win Louisiana in the
2566:
471:
by Jack Bass, about the
Southern Federal judges who helped implement the
375:
320:
347:
in New Orleans from 1929 to 1957. He was an adjunct professor of law at
3689:
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
3155:
994:
943:"Library Guides: MSS 197 - Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection: Summary"
371:
280:
272:
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418:
retired, until 1996 when the Special Court was dissolved. He assumed
634:
is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the
1169:
Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection at the University of New Orleans
1117:
712:
3684:
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1958:
1152:
1076:"372 F2d 836 United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education"
942:
539:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
518:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
268:
549:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
414:
starting in 1975, becoming Presiding Judge from 1986, when Judge
1231:
263:. At that time, the Fifth Circuit included not only Louisiana,
1144:
382:, the first time Louisiana had voted Republican in 80 years.
1074:
Circuit, United States Court of Appeals Fifth (1966-12-29).
665:
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service
343:
lieutenant colonel from 1942 to 1946. He was in private
3408:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3186:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1012:(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009),
507:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
3432:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1785:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1650:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
529:
United States District Court for the District of Maine
1209:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
396:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
257:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
84:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
65:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
3545:
3480:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3447:
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271:(its jurisdiction since October 1, 1981), but also
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1055:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
1010:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
481:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
2016:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1134:John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building
755:"Louisiana Presidential Election Voting History"
567:University of California, Berkeley School of Law
442:John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building
2006:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1939:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1830:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3485:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
857:The Ultimate Guide to Plantations of Louisiana
3393:List of lynching victims in the United States
1731:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1243:
8:
351:from 1938 to 1957. As a young man, he was a
1860:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
875:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
652:U.S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education
605:Washington and Lee University School of Law
239:(May 17, 1905 – May 15, 1999), one of the "
1909:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1276:
1250:
1236:
1228:
1188:
467:Wisdom is one of the subjects of the book
408:Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
47:
36:
3465:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
583:Ricki Tigert Helfer, former chair of the
96:June 27, 1957 – January 15, 1977
3699:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
3500:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1540:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1123:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
718:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
708:
706:
704:
77:January 15, 1977 – May 15, 1999
3414:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3151:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3146:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1184:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
676:
3328:African-American women in the movement
1780:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1611:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1096:
1085:
969:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981),
868:
853:"Brevard-Rice House – New Orleans, LA"
836:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
829:
650:- Wisdom, writing for the majority in
610:Professor Glynn S. Lunney, Jr. of the
1769:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
585:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7:
3734:Tulane University Law School faculty
3709:Washington and Lee University alumni
3537:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2001:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1949:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1895:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1372:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1297:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
888:
886:
490:Wisdom's former law clerks include
394:on March 14, 1957, to a seat on the
295:Wisdom was born on May 17, 1905, in
3714:Tulane University Law School alumni
1944:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1880:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1550:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1064:vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 366-370 (2009).
368:1952 Republican National Convention
3388:African-American churches attacked
1954:Montgomery Improvement Association
1929:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1914:Council of Federated Organizations
1885:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1643:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1601:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1407:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1311:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
25:
3460:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3333:Jews in the civil rights movement
619:University of Iowa College of Law
617:and Gail B. Agrawal, dean of the
331:, graduating first in his class.
3654:Civil rights movement portal
3647:
3495:Freedom Riders National Monument
3237:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1749:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1708:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1595:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1180:Interview with John Minor Wisdom
1171:in the Louisiana Digital Library
565:Professor Philip Frickey of the
485:Louisiana State University Press
412:Regional Rail Reorganization Act
3522:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3510:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1986:National Council of Negro Women
1924:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1402:Mansfield school desegregation
545:United States Magistrate Judge
535:United States Bankruptcy Judge
1:
3739:20th-century American lawyers
3532:National Voting Rights Museum
3475:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3274:Lynching in the United States
3161:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1616:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1589:University of Chicago sit-ins
1356:Davis v. Prince Edward County
741:Washington and Lee Law Review
438:Presidential Medal of Freedom
313:Washington and Lee University
210:Washington and Lee University
3719:Isidore Newman School alumni
3694:20th-century American judges
3527:National Civil Rights Museum
3383:March on Washington Movement
3368:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1837:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1061:Law and Politics Book Review
547:Viktor V. Pohorelsky of the
454:Tulane University Law School
329:Tulane University Law School
3744:United States Army officers
3171:"This Little Light of Mine"
1919:Dallas County Voters League
1865:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1628:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1335:Brown v. Board of Education
560:California Courts of Appeal
479:. A full-length biography,
253:United States circuit judge
3760:
3505:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3373:Holt Street Baptist Church
3343:16th Street Baptist Church
2327:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1971:Nashville Student Movement
1901:An Appeal for Human Rights
592:Louisiana State University
590:Jack Weiss, Chancellor of
514:Martin Leach-Cross Feldman
402:. He was confirmed by the
34:American judge (1905–1999)
26:
3643:
3002:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2972:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2036:Women's Political Council
2031:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2026:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2011:Southern Regional Council
1981:Northern Student Movement
1890:Committee for Freedom Now
1797:Memphis sanitation strike
1763:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1506:Savannah Protest Movement
1287:Journey of Reconciliation
1216:
1204:
1196:
1191:
894:"Wisdom > Later Years"
685:"Wisdom > Early Years"
595:Paul M. Hebert Law Center
462:University of New Orleans
323:. In 1929, he received a
307:. In 1925, he received a
303:, and graduated from the
230:
136:
89:
70:
55:
46:
3704:Lawyers from New Orleans
1870:Atlanta Student Movement
1819:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1744:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1725:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1623:1963 Birmingham campaign
1516:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1440:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1031:Champion of Civil Rights
744:, vol. 53, no. 1 (1996).
612:Texas A&M University
386:Federal judicial service
291:Early life and education
3422:Voter Education Project
3176:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2837:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2272:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1698:Chester school protests
1693:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1655:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1397:Tallahassee bus boycott
1318:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1128:Federal Judicial Center
1126:, a publication of the
1008:Joel William Friedman,
995:Amazon.com listing for
734:Joel William Friedman,
723:Federal Judicial Center
721:, a publication of the
636:equal protection clause
3635:Movement photographers
2877:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2597:Martin Luther King Sr.
2592:Martin Luther King Jr.
2162:William Holmes Borders
1934:Highlander Folk School
1824:Poor People's Campaign
1677:St. Augustine movement
1527:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1450:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1421:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1383:Montgomery bus boycott
1095:Cite journal requires
941:Amsberryaugier, Lora.
922:library.law.tulane.edu
918:"Wisdom > Homepage"
898:library.law.tulane.edu
851:Tes1ess (2016-05-16).
689:library.law.tulane.edu
654:, 372 F.2d 836 (1966).
494:United States Senator
434:President Bill Clinton
3729:Louisiana Republicans
3470:Civil Rights Memorial
3358:Bethel Baptist Church
3007:Charles Kenzie Steele
2452:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2357:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2337:Patricia Stephens Due
2307:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2242:Colia Lafayette Clark
1996:Operation Breadbasket
1991:National Urban League
1738:Katzenbach v. McClung
1606:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1259:Civil rights movement
1042:at LSU Press website.
603:, former dean of the
556:Nora Margaret Manella
380:1956 general election
360:Huey Pierce Long, Jr.
305:Isidore Newman School
261:Civil Rights Movement
3515:other King memorials
3490:Freedom Rides Museum
3427:1960s counterculture
3378:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3057:Walter Francis White
2962:Alexander D. Shimkin
1476:New Year's Day March
1445:Ministers' Manifesto
1292:Executive Order 9981
1220:Alvin Benjamin Rubin
778:"Reward for Wisdom,"
503:William H. Pryor Jr.
404:United States Senate
392:Dwight D. Eisenhower
364:Dwight D. Eisenhower
131:Alvin Benjamin Rubin
107:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3724:Louisiana Democrats
3253:Mary McLeod Bethune
3214:Sermon on the Mount
3181:"We Shall Overcome"
2762:William Lewis Moore
2542:Frank Minis Johnson
2517:Richie Jean Jackson
2472:Donald L. Hollowell
2277:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2082:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2077:William G. Anderson
2057:Victoria Gray Adams
2021:The Freedom Singers
1875:Black Panther Party
1660:March on Washington
1573:Garner v. Louisiana
1534:Boynton v. Virginia
537:Jerry Brown of the
460:memorabilia to the
436:awarded Wisdom the
3570:Michael Eric Dyson
3455:In popular culture
3338:Fifth Circuit Four
3322:Loving v. Virginia
3315:Hernandez v. Texas
3294:Buchanan v. Warley
3286:Separate but equal
3280:Plessy v. Ferguson
3243:Frederick Douglass
3077:Robert F. Williams
2987:Kelly Miller Smith
2967:Fred Shuttlesworth
2892:Frederick D. Reese
2872:George Raymond Jr.
2862:A. Philip Randolph
2842:Fay Bellamy Powell
2757:Queen Mother Moore
2642:Z. Alexander Looby
2587:Coretta Scott King
2532:Barbara Rose Johns
2512:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2437:William E. Harbour
2217:Stokely Carmichael
2132:Randolph Blackwell
1802:King assassination
1791:Loving v. Virginia
1775:March Against Fear
1755:How Long, Not Long
1633:Children's Crusade
1584:Cambridge movement
1521:Ax Handle Saturday
1486:Greensboro sit-ins
1413:Give Us the Ballot
1150:Joel W. Friedman,
1139:2004-10-15 at the
1038:2008-04-23 at the
578:Harvard Law School
341:United States Army
241:Fifth Circuit Four
3661:
3660:
3438:Eyes on the Prize
3353:A.G. Gaston Motel
3348:Kelly Ingram Park
3308:Sweatt v. Painter
2992:Mary Louise Smith
2952:Cleveland Sellers
2937:Michael Schwerner
2902:Gloria Richardson
2682:Thurgood Marshall
2602:Bernard Lafayette
2332:John Wesley Dobbs
1846:
1845:
1565:Birmingham attack
1545:Rock Hill sit-ins
1496:Sibley Commission
1491:Nashville sit-ins
1363:Gebhart v. Belton
1349:Briggs v. Elliott
1342:Bolling v. Sharpe
1303:Sweatt v. Painter
1226:
1225:
1217:Succeeded by
1182:,” 1985-10-31,
1176:Eyes on the Prize
1118:John Minor Wisdom
1018:978-0-8071-3384-2
983:978-0-671-25064-5
947:libguides.uno.edu
713:John Minor Wisdom
398:vacated by Judge
349:Tulane University
285:Panama Canal Zone
237:John Minor Wisdom
234:
233:
220:Tulane University
150:John Minor Wisdom
41:John Minor Wisdom
16:(Redirected from
3751:
3652:
3651:
3615:Charles M. Payne
3600:Steven F. Lawson
3590:David Halberstam
3560:Clayborne Carson
3301:Hocutt v. Wilson
3248:W. E. B. Du Bois
3097:Sammy Younge Jr.
3082:Q. V. Williamson
3047:Wyatt Tee Walker
2912:Bernice Robinson
2857:Lincoln Ragsdale
2847:Rodney N. Powell
2742:Douglas E. Moore
2617:Sanford R. Leigh
2552:J. Charles Jones
2427:Fannie Lou Hamer
2342:Joseph Ellwanger
2302:Jonathan Daniels
2292:Claudette Colvin
2282:Annie Lee Cooper
2267:Kathleen Cleaver
2262:Eldridge Cleaver
2237:Shirley Chisholm
2127:Gloria Blackwell
1718:workers' murders
1665:"I Have a Dream"
1560:Anniston bombing
1511:Greenville Eight
1426:Little Rock Nine
1389:Browder v. Gayle
1277:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1211:
1197:Preceded by
1189:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1071:
1065:
1051:Brett W. Curry,
1049:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1006:
1000:
992:
986:
963:
957:
956:
954:
953:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
890:
881:
880:
874:
866:
864:
863:
848:
842:
841:
835:
827:
825:
824:
815:. Archived from
808:
802:
801:
790:
784:
783:, March 25, 1957
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
759:www.270towin.com
751:
745:
732:
726:
710:
699:
698:
696:
695:
681:
325:Bachelor of Laws
309:Bachelor of Arts
212:
180:
159:
157:
141:Personal details
127:
115:
103:
94:
75:
51:
37:
21:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3646:
3639:
3620:Thomas E. Ricks
3610:Diane McWhorter
3595:Vincent Harding
3580:Adam Fairclough
3547:
3541:
3443:
3398:Freedom Schools
3257:
3190:
3138:
3132:
3123:Omaha, Nebraska
3111:
3027:Hartman Turnbow
3017:Dorothy Tillman
2977:Glenn E. Smiley
2957:Charles Sherrod
2917:Jo Ann Robinson
2792:Charles Neblett
2782:Elijah Muhammad
2747:Harriette Moore
2707:Floyd McKissick
2692:Franklin McCain
2627:Stanley Levison
2492:T. R. M. Howard
2442:Vincent Harding
2372:Walter Fauntroy
2257:Xernona Clayton
2207:John H. Calhoun
2192:Aurelia Browder
2182:Stanley Branche
2177:Raylawni Branch
2157:Joseph E. Boone
2142:Ezell Blair Jr.
2137:Unita Blackwell
2112:Harry Belafonte
2052:Ralph Abernathy
2040:
1976:Nation of Islam
1852:
1842:
1681:
1638:Birmingham riot
1579:Albany Movement
1501:Atlanta sit-ins
1481:Sit-in movement
1464:
1460:Biloxi wade-ins
1432:Cooper v. Aaron
1322:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1141:Wayback Machine
1114:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1050:
1046:
1040:Wayback Machine
1028:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:Unlikely Heroes
993:
989:
964:
960:
951:
949:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
892:
891:
884:
867:
861:
859:
850:
849:
845:
828:
822:
820:
813:"Archived copy"
811:
809:
805:
792:
791:
787:
776:
772:
763:
761:
753:
752:
748:
733:
729:
711:
702:
693:
691:
683:
682:
678:
673:
661:
628:
525:D. Brock Hornby
496:Lamar Alexander
469:Unlikely Heroes
450:
431:
388:
345:practice of law
337:
293:
218:
208:
195:Political party
182:
178:
161:
155:
153:
152:
151:
125:
113:
101:
95:
90:
76:
71:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3630:Akinyele Umoja
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3219:Mahatma Gandhi
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3128:South Carolina
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Hosea Williams
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Hollis Watkins
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:A. Maceo Smith
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Bernie Sanders
2929:
2924:
2922:Angela Russell
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:David Richmond
2904:
2899:
2897:Walter Reuther
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Cordell Reagon
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:George Raymond
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Charles Person
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Huey P. Newton
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Harry T. Moore
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Cecil B. Moore
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:James Meredith
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Clarence Jones
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Zilphia Horton
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Lola Hendricks
2454:
2449:
2447:Dorothy Height
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Lawrence Guyot
2414:
2409:
2407:Jack Greenberg
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Andrew Goodman
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Joseph DeLaine
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Dorothy Cotton
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:J. L. Chestnut
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Amelia Boynton
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Arnold Aronson
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:Freedom Summer
1710:
1705:
1703:Bloody Tuesday
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1200:Wayne G. Borah
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:Legal offices
1187:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1148:
1131:
1113:
1112:External links
1110:
1107:
1106:
1097:|journal=
1066:
1044:
1022:
1001:
987:
958:
933:
909:
882:
843:
803:
785:
770:
746:
727:
700:
675:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
660:
657:
656:
655:
644:discrimination
627:
624:
623:
622:
615:
614:School of Law;
608:
601:Barry Sullivan
598:
588:
581:
570:
563:
552:
542:
532:
521:
510:
499:
449:
446:
430:
427:
416:Henry Friendly
400:Wayne G. Borah
387:
384:
336:
333:
292:
289:
232:
231:
228:
227:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
181:(aged 93)
175:
171:
170:
149:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
119:Wayne G. Borah
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
87:
86:
79:
78:
68:
67:
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
33:
24:
18:John M. Wisdom
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Timothy Tyson
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Taylor Branch
3553:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Freedom songs
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Jim Crow laws
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:"Oh, Freedom"
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Whitney Young
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Kale Williams
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Albert Turner
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:A. P. Tureaud
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Bayard Rustin
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:William Moyer
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Joseph McNeil
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Charles McDew
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Benjamin Mays
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Vivian Malone
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Joseph Lowery
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Clyde Kennard
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Vernon Jordan
2560:
2558:
2557:Matthew Jones
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:T. J. Jemison
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Jesse Jackson
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Robert Graetz
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Golden Frinks
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Charles Evers
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
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2298:
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339:Wisdom was a
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93:
88:
85:
82:Judge of the
80:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
38:
30:
19:
3645:
3585:David Garrow
3565:John Dittmer
3436:
3363:Brown Chapel
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3278:
3235:
3087:Andrew Young
3042:A. T. Walden
3037:C. T. Vivian
2997:Maxine Smith
2832:Homer Plessy
2812:James Orange
2767:Irene Morgan
2722:William Ming
2702:Ralph McGill
2637:Viola Liuzzo
2622:Jim Letherer
2607:James Lawson
2537:Vernon Johns
2527:Esau Jenkins
2482:Myles Horton
2432:Fred Hampton
2422:Prathia Hall
2412:Dick Gregory
2382:Marie Foster
2377:James Forman
2367:James Farmer
2352:Medgar Evers
2312:Angela Davis
2247:Ramsey Clark
2227:James Chaney
2222:Johnnie Carr
2202:Ralph Bunche
2197:H. Rap Brown
2187:Ruby Bridges
2147:Joanne Bland
2122:Claude Black
2102:Marion Barry
2072:Muhammad Ali
1899:
1835:
1828:
1789:
1767:
1736:
1729:
1571:
1532:
1525:
1455:Kissing Case
1430:
1387:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1309:
1301:
1205:
1158:Tul. L. Rev.
1151:
1121:
1088:cite journal
1079:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1033:announcement
1030:
1025:
1009:
1004:
996:
990:
966:
961:
950:. Retrieved
946:
936:
925:. Retrieved
921:
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901:. Retrieved
897:
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
806:
797:
788:
773:
762:. Retrieved
758:
749:
739:
730:
716:
692:. Retrieved
688:
679:
651:
632:Constitution
629:
574:Martha Field
489:
480:
468:
466:
451:
432:
424:
389:
338:
335:Early career
311:degree from
294:
236:
235:
179:(1999-05-15)
177:May 15, 1999
160:May 17, 1905
126:Succeeded by
102:Appointed by
91:
72:
61:Senior Judge
3679:1999 deaths
3674:1905 births
3605:Doug McAdam
3575:Chuck Fager
3202:Nonviolence
3107:James Zwerg
3102:Bob Zellner
3062:Roy Wilkins
3012:Hank Thomas
2947:Pete Seeger
2942:Bobby Seale
2807:Jack O'Dell
2802:Edgar Nixon
2732:Amzie Moore
2727:Jack Minnis
2667:Mae Mallory
2652:Clara Luper
2612:Bernard Lee
2502:Cecil Ivory
2497:Ruby Hurley
2467:Oliver Hill
2462:Aaron Henry
2362:Chuck Fager
2322:Dave Dennis
2212:Guy Carawan
2152:Julian Bond
2117:James Bevel
2107:Daisy Bates
1378:Emmett Till
1261:(1954–1968)
1082:(372): 836.
965:Jack Bass,
297:New Orleans
265:Mississippi
184:New Orleans
163:New Orleans
114:Preceded by
29:John Wisdom
3668:Categories
3548:historians
3229:Satyagraha
3195:Influences
2887:James Reeb
2822:James Peck
2817:Rosa Parks
2787:Diane Nash
2657:Danny Lyon
2632:John Lewis
2577:A. D. King
2477:James Hood
2092:Ella Baker
2062:Zev Aelony
1214:1957–1977
1053:Review of
952:2019-02-19
927:2019-02-19
903:2019-02-19
862:2019-02-19
823:2010-01-08
798:tulane.edu
764:2019-02-19
694:2019-02-19
671:References
572:Professor
458:Mardi Gras
283:, and the
245:Republican
199:Republican
156:1905-05-17
3207:Padayatra
3156:"Kumbaya"
3116:By region
2772:Bob Moses
2677:Bob Mants
2662:Malcolm X
2582:C.B. King
2402:Fred Gray
2045:Activists
1686:1964–1968
1469:1960–1963
1327:1954–1959
1160:6 (2004).
477:the South
317:Lexington
301:Louisiana
249:Louisiana
243:", and a
205:Education
188:Louisiana
167:Louisiana
92:In office
73:In office
3137:Movement
2567:Tom Kahn
1851:Activist
1271:timeline
1137:Archived
1036:Archived
871:cite web
832:cite web
659:See also
554:Justice
376:Illinois
357:Governor
353:Democrat
321:Virginia
251:, was a
3262:Related
2852:Al Raby
1807:funeral
1670:Big Six
1120:at the
715:at the
558:of the
527:of the
516:of the
505:of the
372:Chicago
366:at the
281:Florida
277:Georgia
273:Alabama
255:of the
63:of the
3448:Legacy
3224:Ahimsa
1853:groups
1314:(1950)
1306:(1950)
1267:Events
1016:
981:
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523:Judge
512:Judge
501:Judge
448:Legacy
429:Honors
267:, and
190:, U.S.
169:, U.S.
3546:Noted
3139:songs
1959:NAACP
1812:riots
1156:, 78
630:"The
626:Quote
327:from
269:Texas
247:from
1101:help
1014:ISBN
979:ISBN
971:ISBN
877:link
838:link
640:race
174:Died
146:Born
1145:PDF
1080:F2d
576:of
475:of
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315:in
224:LLB
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