502:. Having accepted Newton's corpuscular theory of light, which posited that light consists of minuscule particles, he reasoned that such particles, when emanated by a star, would be slowed down by its gravitational pull, and that it might therefore be possible to determine the star's mass based on the reduction in speed. This insight led in turn to the recognition that a star's gravitational pull might be so strong that the escape velocity would exceed the speed of light. Michell calculated that this would be the case with a star more than 500 times the size of the Sun. Since light would not be able to escape such a star, it would be invisible. In his own words:
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naturally luminous; of the existence of bodies under either of these circumstances, we could have no information from sight; yet, if any other luminous bodies should happen to revolve about them we might still perhaps from the motions of these revolving bodies infer the existence of the central ones with some degree of probability, as this might afford a clue to some of the apparent irregularities of the revolving bodies, which would not be easily explicable on any other hypothesis; but as the consequences of such a supposition are very obvious, and the consideration of them somewhat beside my present purpose, I shall not prosecute them any further.
451:. Placing two 1-kg lead balls at the ends of a six-foot rod, he suspended the rod horizontally by a fibre attached to its centre. Then he placed a massive lead ball beside each of the small ones, causing a gravitational attraction that led the rod to turn clockwise. By measuring the rod's movement, Cavendish was able to calculate the force exerted by each of the large balls on the 1-kg balls. From these calculations, he was able to provide an accurate estimate of the gravitational constant and of the mass and average density of the Earth. Cavendish gave Michell full credit for his accomplishment.
346:'s death, "the only natural philosopher of distinction who lived and taught at Cambridge was Michell", although his "researches seem to have attracted little or no attention among his collegiate contemporaries and successors, who silently acquiesced when his discoveries were attributed to others, and allowed his name to perish entirely from Cambridge tradition". Michell proceeded to take up clerical positions in Compton and then Havant, both in Hampshire. During this period he unsuccessfully sought positions at Cambridge, and as
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1327:"On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S."
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important part of
Michell's Earthquake paper", in the view of one commentator, "is the account which it contains of what is now known as 'the crust of the Earth.'" Exhibiting a remarkable knowledge of the geological strata in various parts of England and abroad, he drew on his own observations to advance the understanding of sedimentary stratigraphy and was the first to define the Mesozoic stratigraphy in the U.K.
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294:(APS) described Michell as being "so far ahead of his scientific contemporaries that his ideas languished in obscurity, until they were re-invented more than a century later". The Society stated that while "he was one of the most brilliant and original scientists of his time, Michell remains virtually unknown today, in part because he did little to develop and promote his own path-breaking ideas".
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It has been written that
Michell was so far ahead of his time in regard to black holes that the idea "made little impression" on his contemporaries. "He died in quiet obscurity", states the American Physical Society, "and his notion of a 'dark star' was forgotten until his writings re-surfaced in the
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More recently, Michell has become known for his letter to
Cavendish, published in 1784, on the effect of gravity on light. This paper was rediscovered in the 1970s and is now recognised as anticipating several astronomical ideas that had been considered to be 20th century innovations. Michell is now
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Michell also wrote a paper on surveying that his biographer has described as "elegant" in theory. Michell was elected a member of the Royal
Society. He was first invited to meetings of the Royal Society in 1751 as a guest of Sir George Savile, who would become his patron. He later attended meetings
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In 1750, Michell published at
Cambridge a work of some eighty pages entitled "A Treatise of Artificial Magnets", in which he presented an easy and expeditious method of producing magnets that are superior to the best natural magnets. Besides the description of the method of magnetization which still
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in
Arithmetic in 1751; Censor in Theology in 1752; Praelector in Geometry in 1753; Praelector in Greek in 1755 and 1759; Senior Bursar in 1756; Praelector in Hebrew in 1759 and 1762; Censor in Philosophy and Examiner in 1760. "He was nominated Rector of St Botolph's, Cambridge, on 28 March 1760, and
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He was thus described by a contemporary commentator: "John
Michell, BD is a little short Man, of a black Complexion, and fat; but having no Acquaintance with him, can say little of him. I think he had the care of St. Botolph's Church Cambridge, while he continued Fellow of Queen's College, where he
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Michell suggested that there might be many such objects in the universe, and today astronomers believe that black holes do indeed exist at the centers of most galaxies. Similarly, Michell proposed that astronomers could detect them by looking for star systems which behaved gravitationally like two
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Michell, John (27 November 1783), "On the Means of
Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from
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Michell's essay not only provided insights on earthquakes but also, more broadly, represented an advance in the understanding of the geology of the Earth's crust. He recognized that the Earth is composed "of regular and uniform strata", some of which have been interrupted by upheavals. "The most
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There is no surviving portrait of
Michell; he is said to have been "a little short Man, of a black Complexion, and fat but having no Acquaintance with him, can say little of him. I think he had the care of St. Botolph's Church Cambridge, while he continued Fellow of Queens’ College, where he was
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cluster, and calculated that the likelihood of finding such a close grouping of stars was about one in half a million. He concluded that the stars in these double or multiple star systems might be drawn to one another by gravitational pull, thus providing the first evidence for the existence of
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Michell's first wife was Sarah
Williamson (1727–1765), daughter of Luke Williamson and Sutton Holmes, "a young lady of considerable fortune", whom he married in 1764 and who unfortunately died only a year later, in 1765. On 13 February 1773, in Newark, Nottinghamshire, he married Ann Brecknock
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If there should really exist in nature any bodies, whose density is not less than that of the sun, and whose diameters are more than 500 times the diameter of the sun, since their light could not arrive at us; or if there should exist any other bodies of a somewhat smaller size, which are not
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after Michell's death. The two men had many interests in common, and exchanged letters at least twice, but only one record suggests that they ever met. Herschel recorded having visited and seen Michell's telescope while in the area in 1792; Michell was already frail, and his telescope was in
666:"one to four times a year", while at Cambridge. His paper on the cause of earthquakes was read before the Society beginning on 28 February 1760, leading to a recommendation by Savile and another member that Michell be invited to join the Society. He was elected a member on 12 June 1760.
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Michell was a man of "wide latitude in religious belief". He was described by a contemporary as "a little short man, of black complexion, and fat", and was "esteemed a very ingenious Man, and an excellent Philosopher." During his years at Thornhill, he welcomed visitors including
357:, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, a post he held for the rest of his life. He did most of his important scientific work in Thornhill, where he died on 21 April 1793, aged 68. He is buried there. After local pressure, a blue plaque went up on the church wall to commemorate him.
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stars, but where only one star could be seen. Michell argued that this would show the presence of a star from which light was not escaping. It was an extraordinarily accurate prediction. All of the dozen candidate stellar black holes in our galaxy (the Milky Way) are in
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Michell was the first person to apply the new mathematics of statistics to the study of the stars, and demonstrated in a 1767 paper that many more stars occur in pairs or groups than a perfectly random distribution could account for. He focused his investigation on the
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The most important advance in experiments on gravitation and other delicate measurements was the introduction of the torsion balance by Michell and its use by Cavendish. It has been the basis of all the most significant experiments on gravitation ever
681:, would not be directly visible, but could be identified by the motions of a companion star if it was part of a binary system. The classical minimum radius for escape assuming light behaved like particles of matter is numerically equal to the
421:, which was written for seamen and instrument makers and intended as a practical manual on how to make magnets, included a list of the "Properties of Magnetical Bodies" that represented a major contribution to the understanding of magnetism.
737:(1736-1805), daughter of Matthew and Ann Brecknock of Nottinghamshire. They had one child, Mary, who married Sir Thomas Turton of Leeds, son of William Turton Esq. of Kingston Lisle, Berkshire, and Jane Clarke of Hertford, Hertfordshire.
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Michell's ideas about gravity and light interested William Herschel, who tried to test them with his powerful telescopes. A few years after Michell came up with the concept of invisible, light-trapping stars, the French mathematician
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Michell's younger brother Gilbert was a merchant in London who later lived with Michell in Thornhill, where the two brothers were active in local real estate, purchasing many properties in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
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At one point, Michell attempted to measure the radiation pressure of light by focusing sunlight onto one side of a compass needle. The experiment was not a success: the needle melted.
391:. He was able to estimate both the epicentre and the focus of the Lisbon earthquake, and may also have been the first to suggest that a tsunami is caused by a submarine earthquake.
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was introduced to Benjamin Franklin and together they viewed the canal that Smeaton had just finished constructing nearby. Michell also helped Smeaton revise his book on the
387:, li. 1760). In this paper he introduced the idea that earthquakes spread out as waves through the Earth, and that they involve the offsets in geological strata now known as
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According to one science journalist, "a few specifics of Michell's work really do sound like they are ripped from the pages of a twentieth century astronomy textbook." The
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Priestley lived in nearby Birstall for a time. It was at Michell's rectory opposite the church that Priestley and Ingenhousz met for the first time. At the same meeting
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Michell followed his work in seismology with work in astronomy, and after publishing his findings in 1767 he served on an astronomical committee of the Royal Society.
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Michell devised a torsion balance for measuring the mass of the Earth, but died before he could use it. His instrument passed into the hands of his lifelong friend
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Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose. By the Rev. John Michell, B. D. F. R. S. In a Letter to Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and A. S.",
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Until the late 20th century Michell was considered important primarily because of his work on geology. His most important geological essay, written after the
255:. Considered "one of the greatest unsung scientists of all time", he is the first person known to have proposed the existence of stellar bodies comparable to
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bears his name, this work contains a variety of accurate observations about magnetism, and features a lucid exposition of the nature of magnetic induction.
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722:(the discoverer of hydrogen). Michell wrote to Franklin in 1767 describing his first visit to Thornhill, "the place I told you I was going to remove to".
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Eisenstaedt, Jean (1991). "De l'influence de la gravitation sur la propagation de la lumière en théorie newtonienne. L'archéologie des trous noirs".
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Memoir of John Michell, M.A., B.D., F.R.S., fellow of Queens' college, Cambridge, 1749, Woodwardian professor of geology in the university 1762
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esteemed a very ingenious Man, and an excellent Philosopher. He has published some things in that way, on the Magnet and Electricity."
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credited with being the first to study the case of a heavenly object massive enough to prevent light from escaping (the concept of
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Michell studied magnetism and discovered that the magnetic force exerted by each pole of a magnet decreases according to an
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was esteemed a very ingenious Man, and an excellent Philosopher. He has published some things in that way, on the
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indicated that Michell continued to be interested in geology several decades after his paper on earthquakes.
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498:, read on 27 November 1783, Michell was the first to propose the existence of celestial bodies similar to
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and clergyman who provided pioneering insights into a wide range of scientific fields including
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with a 10-foot focal length and a 30-inch aperture, was bought by the distinguished astronomer
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933:"This Month in Physics History: November 27, 1783: John Michell anticipates black holes"
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Cook, A.H. (1987), "Experiments in Gravitation", in Hawking, S.W.; Israel, W. (eds.),
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Proposal of a Method for measuring Degrees of Longitude upon Parallels of the Equator
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Conjectures Concerning the Cause and Observations upon the Phaenomena of Earthquakes
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McCormack, Russell (1968). "John Michell and Henry Cavendish: Weighing the stars".
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John Michell biography, from "Our Place in the Universe" by Norman K. Glendenning
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In 1760, as a result of this work, he was elected a member of the Royal Society.
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1715:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 370–371.
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Hardin, Clyde R (1966). "The scientific work of the Reverend John Michell".
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1754:"Mystery at the Rectory: some light on John Michell" by Richard Crossley
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593: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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An Inquiry into the Probable Parallax and Magnitude of the Fixed Stars
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disrepair. Herschel bought the telescope the following year, for £30.
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1367:"The forgotten genius who discovered black holes over 200 years ago"
892:"The forgotten genius who discovered black holes over 200 years ago"
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was well known at the time). Such an object, often referred to as a
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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held this living until June 1763." From 1762 to 1764, he held the
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were a product of mutual gravitation, he was the first to apply
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BBC: "The forgotten priest who predicted black holes – in 1783"
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Michell constructed telescopes for his own use. One of them, a
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degree in 1761. He was Tutor of the college from 1751 to 1763;
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In 1767, he was appointed rector of St. Michael's Church of
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Michell's torsion balance, used in the Cavendish experiment
1423:"To Benjamin Franklin from John Michell, 6 September 1767"
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Weighing the World: The Reverend John Michell of Thornhill
482:. His work on double stars may have influenced his friend
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
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Clerke, A.M. "Michell, John (1724/5–1793), astronomer".
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until he was obliged to relinquish it on his marriage.
1600:, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1996,
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Observations on the Comet of January 1760 at Cambridge
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suggested essentially the same idea in his 1796 book,
1394:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–18, 95–96.
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English natural philosopher and clergyman (1724–1793)
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A Recommendation of Hadley's Quadrant for Surveying
235:; 25 December 1724 – 21 April 1793) was an English
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1083:"John Michell (1724–93): Father of Magnetometry?"
1750:. Description of Michell's theory of black holes
1742:Journal of the Astronomical Society of Edinburgh
298:Early life, education and professional positions
1543:Avant Einstein Relativité, lumière, gravitation
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454:In 1987, gravity researcher A. H. Cook wrote:
1176:The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh Journal
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1740:Alan Ellis, Black Holes – Part 1 – History,
1450:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1614:British Journal for the History of Science
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275:. He invented an apparatus to measure the
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1069:." Cole MSS XXXIII, 156, British Library.
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653:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For other people named John Michell, see
1652:(1979). "John Michell and black holes".
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1447:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1200:Geoscientist, Vol 24, No.4, May 2011
591:adding citations to reliable sources
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799:On the Twinkling of the Fixed Stars
749:Michell is the subject of the book
1212:Three Hundred Years of Gravitation
689:. Michell also suggested using a
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1833:Woodwardian Professors of Geology
869:"On-line: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY"
302:John Michell was born in 1724 in
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1240:. Dordrecht: Reidel. p. 4.
1169:"Black Holes – Part 1 – History"
693:to measure what is now known as
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1774:Works by or about John Michell
1273:"John Michell and Black Holes"
1037:"John Michell and Black Holes"
1015:Geikie, Sir Archibald (1918).
753:(2012) by Russell McCormmach.
532:Exposition du Système du Monde
419:Treatise of Artificial Magnets
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559:Other professional activities
21:John Michell (disambiguation)
1818:Fellows of the Royal Society
1464:UK public library membership
961:McCormmach, Russell (2012).
816:, The Royal Society: 35–57,
520:X-ray compact binary systems
329:Woodwardian Chair of Geology
104:Predicting the existence of
1167:Ellis, Alan (Summer 1999).
993:A Cambridge Alumni Database
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1674:10.1177/002182867901000104
1388:Geikie, Archibald (2014).
1297:10.1177/002182867901000104
1023:Cambridge University Press
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768:Philosophical Transactions
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384:Philosophical Transactions
312:Queens' College, Cambridge
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1634:10.1017/s0007087400003459
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1234:Heintz, Wulff D. (1978).
989:"Michell, John (MCL742J)"
292:American Physical Society
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1271:Schaffer, Simon (1979).
318:degree in 1752, and his
1712:Encyclopædia Britannica
1425:. Founders.archives.gov
1391:Memoir of John Michell
1351:10.1098/rstl.1784.0008
1325:Michell, John (1784).
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373:Geology and seismology
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683:Schwarzschild Radius
587:improve this article
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528:Pierre-Simon Laplace
449:Cavendish Experiment
431:Cavendish experiment
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1541:Eisenstaedt, Jean,
1519:1991AHES...42..315E
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494:In a paper for the
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263:. Recognizing that
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1721:"Rev John Michell"
1592:Russell McCormmach
1588:Christa Jungnickel
1527:10.1007/bf00375157
1479:Weighing the World
964:Weighing the World
687:general relativity
512:John Michell, 1784
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415:inverse-square law
1569:Annals of Science
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1237:Double stars
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1179:
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585:Please help
580:verification
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207:John Michell
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69:(1793-04-21)
32:John Michell
25:
1798:1793 deaths
1793:1724 births
1067:Electricity
937:APS Physics
871:. Exnet.com
745:Biographies
500:black holes
490:Black holes
257:black holes
253:gravitation
106:black holes
1787:Categories
1466:required.)
855:References
643:April 2018
613:newspapers
542:Telescopes
324:Praelector
281:seismology
269:statistics
110:seismology
44:1724-12-25
1682:123958527
1660:: 42–43.
1642:144701609
1597:Cavendish
1575:: 27–47.
1535:121763556
1486:6 October
1429:6 October
1336:: 35–57.
1305:123958527
1283:: 42–43.
1116:"Michell"
898:. Gizmodo
875:6 October
840:0080-4614
679:dark star
409:Magnetism
355:Thornhill
241:astronomy
95:Cambridge
81:, England
79:Yorkshire
75:Thornhill
58:, England
1748:, (1999)
1186:25 March
1041:amnh.org
902:10 April
538:1970s."
510:—
471:Pleiades
1776:at the
1756:at the
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1622:Bibcode
1562:: 1101.
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1499:Sources
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627:scholar
425:Gravity
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283:and of
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114:magnets
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389:faults
308:Kenwyn
251:, and
249:optics
187:Fields
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1678:S2CID
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1554:(PDF)
1531:S2CID
1369:. io9
1301:S2CID
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1097:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
844:JSTOR
691:prism
634:JSTOR
620:books
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163:(
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969:ISBN
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877:2014
836:ISSN
606:news
478:and
320:B.D.
316:M.A.
169:1773
64:Died
38:Born
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1670:doi
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