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Unlikely Heroes: The
Dramatic Story of the Southern Judges of the Fifth Circuit who Translated the Supreme Court's Brown Decision Into a Revolution for Equality
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being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate government purpose."
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399:(MDL) from its creation in 1968 and was the Panel’s chairman from 1975 until 1978. He served on the Special Court created under the
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725:"Judge Wisdom and the 1952 Republican National Convention: Ensuring Victory for Eisenhower and a Two-Party System for Louisiana"
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during the 1950s and 1960s, when that court became known for a series of crucial decisions that advanced the goals of the
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445:, which now displays them in the law school building, Weinmann Hall. He also left a sizable collection of his personal
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From 1947 to 1972 John Minor Wisdom lived at
Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, in New Orleans Garden District.
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As the
Republican National Committeeman from Louisiana, Wisdom was instrumental in securing the nomination of
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472:, was written by Professor Joel William Friedman of Tulane Law School, and was published in January 2009 by
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Upon his death, Wisdom left all of his writings, papers, and a variety of other personal effects, to
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631:. In that sense the Constitution is color blind. But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent
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627:, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on
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John Minor Wisdom
Collection, 1710–1960, Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University
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Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
Special Railroad Court to Close Doors (November 1996)
411:
on
January 15, 1977. His service terminated on May 15, 1999, due to his death in New Orleans.
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in 1993. On May 25, 1994, the Fifth
Circuit's headquarters in New Orleans was renamed the
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on June 26, 1957, and received his commission the next day. He was a member of the
379:
In what was seen as a reward for his services, Wisdom was nominated by
President
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16:
This article is about the U.S. court of appeals judge. For the philosopher, see
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Desegregating the South: John Minor Wisdom's Role in
Enforcing Brown's Mandate
805:
37:
3195:
2665:
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743:
289:
237:
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155:
783:"Tulane University - Alumni Affairs - taa alumni awards distinguished 1989"
367:. Wisdom was also credited for helping Eisenhower to win Louisiana in the
2555:
460:
by Jack Bass, about the
Southern Federal judges who helped implement the
364:
309:
336:
in New Orleans from 1929 to 1957. He was an adjunct professor of law at
3678:
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
3144:
983:
932:"Library Guides: MSS 197 - Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection: Summary"
360:
269:
261:
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632:
407:
retired, until 1996 when the Special Court was dissolved. He assumed
623:
is both color blind and color conscious. To avoid conflict with the
1158:
Judge John Minor Wisdom Collection at the University of New Orleans
1106:
701:
3673:
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1947:
1141:
1065:"372 F2d 836 United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education"
931:
528:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
507:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
257:
538:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
403:
starting in 1975, becoming Presiding Judge from 1986, when Judge
1220:
252:. At that time, the Fifth Circuit included not only Louisiana,
1133:
371:, the first time Louisiana had voted Republican in 80 years.
1063:
Circuit, United States Court of Appeals Fifth (1966-12-29).
654:
List of United States federal judges by longevity of service
332:
lieutenant colonel from 1942 to 1946. He was in private
3397:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3175:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1001:(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009),
496:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
3421:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1774:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1639:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
518:
United States District Court for the District of Maine
1198:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
385:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
246:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
73:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
54:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
3534:
3469:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3436:
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260:(its jurisdiction since October 1, 1981), but also
193:
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1044:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
999:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
470:Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom
2005:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1123:John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building
744:"Louisiana Presidential Election Voting History"
556:University of California, Berkeley School of Law
431:John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building
1995:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1928:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1819:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3474:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
846:The Ultimate Guide to Plantations of Louisiana
3382:List of lynching victims in the United States
1720:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1232:
8:
340:from 1938 to 1957. As a young man, he was a
1849:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
864:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
641:U.S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education
594:Washington and Lee University School of Law
228:(May 17, 1905 – May 15, 1999), one of the "
1898:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1265:
1239:
1225:
1217:
1177:
456:Wisdom is one of the subjects of the book
397:Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
36:
25:
3454:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
572:Ricki Tigert Helfer, former chair of the
85:June 27, 1957 – January 15, 1977
3688:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
3489:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1529:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1112:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
707:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
697:
695:
693:
66:January 15, 1977 – May 15, 1999
3403:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3140:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3135:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1173:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
665:
3317:African-American women in the movement
1769:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1600:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1085:
1074:
958:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981),
857:
842:"Brevard-Rice House – New Orleans, LA"
825:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
818:
639:- Wisdom, writing for the majority in
599:Professor Glynn S. Lunney, Jr. of the
1758:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
574:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7:
3723:Tulane University Law School faculty
3698:Washington and Lee University alumni
3526:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1990:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1938:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1884:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1361:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1286:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
877:
875:
479:Wisdom's former law clerks include
383:on March 14, 1957, to a seat on the
284:Wisdom was born on May 17, 1905, in
3703:Tulane University Law School alumni
1933:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1869:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1539:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1053:vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 366-370 (2009).
357:1952 Republican National Convention
3377:African-American churches attacked
1943:Montgomery Improvement Association
1918:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1903:Council of Federated Organizations
1874:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1632:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1590:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1396:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1300:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
14:
3449:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3322:Jews in the civil rights movement
608:University of Iowa College of Law
606:and Gail B. Agrawal, dean of the
320:, graduating first in his class.
3643:Civil rights movement portal
3636:
3484:Freedom Riders National Monument
3226:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1738:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1697:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1584:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1169:Interview with John Minor Wisdom
1160:in the Louisiana Digital Library
554:Professor Philip Frickey of the
474:Louisiana State University Press
401:Regional Rail Reorganization Act
3511:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3499:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1975:National Council of Negro Women
1913:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1391:Mansfield school desegregation
534:United States Magistrate Judge
524:United States Bankruptcy Judge
1:
3728:20th-century American lawyers
3521:National Voting Rights Museum
3464:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3263:Lynching in the United States
3150:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1605:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1578:University of Chicago sit-ins
1345:Davis v. Prince Edward County
730:Washington and Lee Law Review
427:Presidential Medal of Freedom
302:Washington and Lee University
199:Washington and Lee University
3708:Isidore Newman School alumni
3683:20th-century American judges
3516:National Civil Rights Museum
3372:March on Washington Movement
3357:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1826:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1050:Law and Politics Book Review
536:Viktor V. Pohorelsky of the
443:Tulane University Law School
318:Tulane University Law School
3733:United States Army officers
3160:"This Little Light of Mine"
1908:Dallas County Voters League
1854:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1617:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1324:Brown v. Board of Education
549:California Courts of Appeal
468:. A full-length biography,
242:United States circuit judge
3749:
3494:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3362:Holt Street Baptist Church
3332:16th Street Baptist Church
2316:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1960:Nashville Student Movement
1890:An Appeal for Human Rights
581:Louisiana State University
579:Jack Weiss, Chancellor of
503:Martin Leach-Cross Feldman
391:. He was confirmed by the
23:American judge (1905–1999)
15:
3632:
2991:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2961:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2025:Women's Political Council
2020:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2015:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2000:Southern Regional Council
1970:Northern Student Movement
1879:Committee for Freedom Now
1786:Memphis sanitation strike
1752:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1495:Savannah Protest Movement
1276:Journey of Reconciliation
1205:
1193:
1185:
1180:
883:"Wisdom > Later Years"
674:"Wisdom > Early Years"
584:Paul M. Hebert Law Center
451:University of New Orleans
312:. In 1929, he received a
296:. In 1925, he received a
292:, and graduated from the
219:
125:
78:
59:
44:
35:
3693:Lawyers from New Orleans
1859:Atlanta Student Movement
1808:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1733:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1714:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1612:1963 Birmingham campaign
1505:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1429:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1020:Champion of Civil Rights
733:, vol. 53, no. 1 (1996).
601:Texas A&M University
375:Federal judicial service
280:Early life and education
3411:Voter Education Project
3165:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2826:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2261:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1687:Chester school protests
1682:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1644:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1386:Tallahassee bus boycott
1307:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1117:Federal Judicial Center
1115:, a publication of the
997:Joel William Friedman,
984:Amazon.com listing for
723:Joel William Friedman,
712:Federal Judicial Center
710:, a publication of the
625:equal protection clause
3624:Movement photographers
2866:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2586:Martin Luther King Sr.
2581:Martin Luther King Jr.
2151:William Holmes Borders
1923:Highlander Folk School
1813:Poor People's Campaign
1666:St. Augustine movement
1516:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1439:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1410:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1372:Montgomery bus boycott
1084:Cite journal requires
930:Amsberryaugier, Lora.
911:library.law.tulane.edu
907:"Wisdom > Homepage"
887:library.law.tulane.edu
840:Tes1ess (2016-05-16).
678:library.law.tulane.edu
643:, 372 F.2d 836 (1966).
483:United States Senator
423:President Bill Clinton
3718:Louisiana Republicans
3459:Civil Rights Memorial
3347:Bethel Baptist Church
2996:Charles Kenzie Steele
2441:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2346:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2326:Patricia Stephens Due
2296:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2231:Colia Lafayette Clark
1985:Operation Breadbasket
1980:National Urban League
1727:Katzenbach v. McClung
1595:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1248:Civil rights movement
1031:at LSU Press website.
592:, former dean of the
545:Nora Margaret Manella
369:1956 general election
349:Huey Pierce Long, Jr.
294:Isidore Newman School
250:Civil Rights Movement
3504:other King memorials
3479:Freedom Rides Museum
3416:1960s counterculture
3367:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3046:Walter Francis White
2951:Alexander D. Shimkin
1465:New Year's Day March
1434:Ministers' Manifesto
1281:Executive Order 9981
1209:Alvin Benjamin Rubin
767:"Reward for Wisdom,"
492:William H. Pryor Jr.
393:United States Senate
381:Dwight D. Eisenhower
353:Dwight D. Eisenhower
120:Alvin Benjamin Rubin
96:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3713:Louisiana Democrats
3242:Mary McLeod Bethune
3203:Sermon on the Mount
3170:"We Shall Overcome"
2751:William Lewis Moore
2531:Frank Minis Johnson
2506:Richie Jean Jackson
2461:Donald L. Hollowell
2266:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2071:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2066:William G. Anderson
2046:Victoria Gray Adams
2010:The Freedom Singers
1864:Black Panther Party
1649:March on Washington
1562:Garner v. Louisiana
1523:Boynton v. Virginia
526:Jerry Brown of the
449:memorabilia to the
425:awarded Wisdom the
3559:Michael Eric Dyson
3444:In popular culture
3327:Fifth Circuit Four
3311:Loving v. Virginia
3304:Hernandez v. Texas
3283:Buchanan v. Warley
3275:Separate but equal
3269:Plessy v. Ferguson
3232:Frederick Douglass
3066:Robert F. Williams
2976:Kelly Miller Smith
2956:Fred Shuttlesworth
2881:Frederick D. Reese
2861:George Raymond Jr.
2851:A. Philip Randolph
2831:Fay Bellamy Powell
2746:Queen Mother Moore
2631:Z. Alexander Looby
2576:Coretta Scott King
2521:Barbara Rose Johns
2501:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2426:William E. Harbour
2206:Stokely Carmichael
2121:Randolph Blackwell
1791:King assassination
1780:Loving v. Virginia
1764:March Against Fear
1744:How Long, Not Long
1622:Children's Crusade
1573:Cambridge movement
1510:Ax Handle Saturday
1475:Greensboro sit-ins
1402:Give Us the Ballot
1139:Joel W. Friedman,
1128:2004-10-15 at the
1027:2008-04-23 at the
567:Harvard Law School
330:United States Army
230:Fifth Circuit Four
3650:
3649:
3427:Eyes on the Prize
3342:A.G. Gaston Motel
3337:Kelly Ingram Park
3297:Sweatt v. Painter
2981:Mary Louise Smith
2941:Cleveland Sellers
2926:Michael Schwerner
2891:Gloria Richardson
2671:Thurgood Marshall
2591:Bernard Lafayette
2321:John Wesley Dobbs
1835:
1834:
1554:Birmingham attack
1534:Rock Hill sit-ins
1485:Sibley Commission
1480:Nashville sit-ins
1352:Gebhart v. Belton
1338:Briggs v. Elliott
1331:Bolling v. Sharpe
1292:Sweatt v. Painter
1215:
1214:
1206:Succeeded by
1171:,” 1985-10-31,
1165:Eyes on the Prize
1107:John Minor Wisdom
1007:978-0-8071-3384-2
972:978-0-671-25064-5
936:libguides.uno.edu
702:John Minor Wisdom
387:vacated by Judge
338:Tulane University
274:Panama Canal Zone
226:John Minor Wisdom
223:
222:
209:Tulane University
139:John Minor Wisdom
30:John Minor Wisdom
3740:
3641:
3640:
3604:Charles M. Payne
3589:Steven F. Lawson
3579:David Halberstam
3549:Clayborne Carson
3290:Hocutt v. Wilson
3237:W. E. B. Du Bois
3086:Sammy Younge Jr.
3071:Q. V. Williamson
3036:Wyatt Tee Walker
2901:Bernice Robinson
2846:Lincoln Ragsdale
2836:Rodney N. Powell
2731:Douglas E. Moore
2606:Sanford R. Leigh
2541:J. Charles Jones
2416:Fannie Lou Hamer
2331:Joseph Ellwanger
2291:Jonathan Daniels
2281:Claudette Colvin
2271:Annie Lee Cooper
2256:Kathleen Cleaver
2251:Eldridge Cleaver
2226:Shirley Chisholm
2116:Gloria Blackwell
1707:workers' murders
1654:"I Have a Dream"
1549:Anniston bombing
1500:Greenville Eight
1415:Little Rock Nine
1378:Browder v. Gayle
1266:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1200:
1186:Preceded by
1178:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1060:
1054:
1040:Brett W. Curry,
1038:
1032:
1016:
1010:
995:
989:
981:
975:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
879:
870:
869:
863:
855:
853:
852:
837:
831:
830:
824:
816:
814:
813:
804:. Archived from
797:
791:
790:
779:
773:
772:, March 25, 1957
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
748:www.270towin.com
740:
734:
721:
715:
699:
688:
687:
685:
684:
670:
314:Bachelor of Laws
298:Bachelor of Arts
201:
169:
148:
146:
130:Personal details
116:
104:
92:
83:
64:
40:
26:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3635:
3628:
3609:Thomas E. Ricks
3599:Diane McWhorter
3584:Vincent Harding
3569:Adam Fairclough
3536:
3530:
3432:
3387:Freedom Schools
3246:
3179:
3127:
3121:
3112:Omaha, Nebraska
3100:
3016:Hartman Turnbow
3006:Dorothy Tillman
2966:Glenn E. Smiley
2946:Charles Sherrod
2906:Jo Ann Robinson
2781:Charles Neblett
2771:Elijah Muhammad
2736:Harriette Moore
2696:Floyd McKissick
2681:Franklin McCain
2616:Stanley Levison
2481:T. R. M. Howard
2431:Vincent Harding
2361:Walter Fauntroy
2246:Xernona Clayton
2196:John H. Calhoun
2181:Aurelia Browder
2171:Stanley Branche
2166:Raylawni Branch
2146:Joseph E. Boone
2131:Ezell Blair Jr.
2126:Unita Blackwell
2101:Harry Belafonte
2041:Ralph Abernathy
2029:
1965:Nation of Islam
1841:
1831:
1670:
1627:Birmingham riot
1568:Albany Movement
1490:Atlanta sit-ins
1470:Sit-in movement
1453:
1449:Biloxi wade-ins
1421:Cooper v. Aaron
1311:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1211:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1130:Wayback Machine
1103:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1039:
1035:
1029:Wayback Machine
1017:
1013:
996:
992:
986:Unlikely Heroes
982:
978:
953:
949:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
905:
904:
900:
891:
889:
881:
880:
873:
856:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
817:
811:
809:
802:"Archived copy"
800:
798:
794:
781:
780:
776:
765:
761:
752:
750:
742:
741:
737:
722:
718:
700:
691:
682:
680:
672:
671:
667:
662:
650:
617:
514:D. Brock Hornby
485:Lamar Alexander
458:Unlikely Heroes
439:
420:
377:
334:practice of law
326:
282:
207:
197:
184:Political party
171:
167:
150:
144:
142:
141:
140:
114:
102:
90:
84:
79:
65:
60:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3744:
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3720:
3715:
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3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:Akinyele Umoja
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
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3471:
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3430:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
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3406:
3394:
3389:
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3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
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3334:
3329:
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3319:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
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3265:
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3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3208:Mahatma Gandhi
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:South Carolina
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Hosea Williams
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Hollis Watkins
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:A. Maceo Smith
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Bernie Sanders
2918:
2913:
2911:Angela Russell
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:David Richmond
2893:
2888:
2886:Walter Reuther
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Cordell Reagon
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:George Raymond
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Charles Person
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Huey P. Newton
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Harry T. Moore
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Cecil B. Moore
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:James Meredith
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Clarence Jones
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Zilphia Horton
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Lola Hendricks
2443:
2438:
2436:Dorothy Height
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Lawrence Guyot
2403:
2398:
2396:Jack Greenberg
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Andrew Goodman
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Joseph DeLaine
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Dorothy Cotton
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:J. L. Chestnut
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Amelia Boynton
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Arnold Aronson
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
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1900:
1895:
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1876:
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1761:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:Freedom Summer
1699:
1694:
1692:Bloody Tuesday
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
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1656:
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1507:
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1497:
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1424:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1388:
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1382:
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1369:
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1252:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1189:Wayne G. Borah
1187:
1183:
1182:
1181:Legal offices
1176:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1137:
1120:
1102:
1101:External links
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:|journal=
1055:
1033:
1011:
990:
976:
947:
922:
898:
871:
832:
792:
774:
759:
735:
716:
689:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
649:
646:
645:
644:
633:discrimination
616:
613:
612:
611:
604:
603:School of Law;
597:
590:Barry Sullivan
587:
577:
570:
559:
552:
541:
531:
521:
510:
499:
488:
438:
435:
419:
416:
405:Henry Friendly
389:Wayne G. Borah
376:
373:
325:
322:
281:
278:
221:
220:
217:
216:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
170:(aged 93)
164:
160:
159:
138:
136:
132:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
108:Wayne G. Borah
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
76:
75:
68:
67:
57:
56:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3745:
3734:
3731:
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3726:
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3686:
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3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Timothy Tyson
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Taylor Branch
3542:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
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3500:
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3465:
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3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Freedom songs
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
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3325:
3323:
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3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Jim Crow laws
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:"Oh, Freedom"
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Whitney Young
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Kale Williams
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Albert Turner
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:A. P. Tureaud
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Bayard Rustin
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:William Moyer
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Joseph McNeil
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Charles McDew
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Benjamin Mays
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Vivian Malone
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Joseph Lowery
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Clyde Kennard
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Vernon Jordan
2549:
2547:
2546:Matthew Jones
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:T. J. Jemison
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Jesse Jackson
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Robert Graetz
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Golden Frinks
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Charles Evers
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Vernon Dahmer
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
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71:Judge of the
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
19:
3634:
3574:David Garrow
3554:John Dittmer
3425:
3352:Brown Chapel
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3267:
3224:
3076:Andrew Young
3031:A. T. Walden
3026:C. T. Vivian
2986:Maxine Smith
2821:Homer Plessy
2801:James Orange
2756:Irene Morgan
2711:William Ming
2691:Ralph McGill
2626:Viola Liuzzo
2611:Jim Letherer
2596:James Lawson
2526:Vernon Johns
2516:Esau Jenkins
2471:Myles Horton
2421:Fred Hampton
2411:Prathia Hall
2401:Dick Gregory
2371:Marie Foster
2366:James Forman
2356:James Farmer
2341:Medgar Evers
2301:Angela Davis
2236:Ramsey Clark
2216:James Chaney
2211:Johnnie Carr
2191:Ralph Bunche
2186:H. Rap Brown
2176:Ruby Bridges
2136:Joanne Bland
2111:Claude Black
2091:Marion Barry
2061:Muhammad Ali
1888:
1824:
1817:
1778:
1756:
1725:
1718:
1560:
1521:
1514:
1444:Kissing Case
1419:
1376:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1298:
1290:
1194:
1147:Tul. L. Rev.
1140:
1110:
1077:cite journal
1068:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1022:announcement
1019:
1014:
998:
993:
985:
979:
955:
950:
939:. Retrieved
935:
925:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
890:. Retrieved
886:
849:. Retrieved
845:
835:
810:. Retrieved
806:the original
795:
786:
777:
762:
751:. Retrieved
747:
738:
728:
719:
705:
681:. Retrieved
677:
668:
640:
621:Constitution
618:
563:Martha Field
478:
469:
457:
455:
440:
421:
413:
378:
327:
324:Early career
300:degree from
283:
225:
224:
168:(1999-05-15)
166:May 15, 1999
149:May 17, 1905
115:Succeeded by
91:Appointed by
80:
61:
50:Senior Judge
3668:1999 deaths
3663:1905 births
3594:Doug McAdam
3564:Chuck Fager
3191:Nonviolence
3096:James Zwerg
3091:Bob Zellner
3051:Roy Wilkins
3001:Hank Thomas
2936:Pete Seeger
2931:Bobby Seale
2796:Jack O'Dell
2791:Edgar Nixon
2721:Amzie Moore
2716:Jack Minnis
2656:Mae Mallory
2641:Clara Luper
2601:Bernard Lee
2491:Cecil Ivory
2486:Ruby Hurley
2456:Oliver Hill
2451:Aaron Henry
2351:Chuck Fager
2311:Dave Dennis
2201:Guy Carawan
2141:Julian Bond
2106:James Bevel
2096:Daisy Bates
1367:Emmett Till
1250:(1954–1968)
1071:(372): 836.
954:Jack Bass,
286:New Orleans
254:Mississippi
173:New Orleans
152:New Orleans
103:Preceded by
18:John Wisdom
3657:Categories
3537:historians
3218:Satyagraha
3184:Influences
2876:James Reeb
2811:James Peck
2806:Rosa Parks
2776:Diane Nash
2646:Danny Lyon
2621:John Lewis
2566:A. D. King
2466:James Hood
2081:Ella Baker
2051:Zev Aelony
1203:1957–1977
1042:Review of
941:2019-02-19
916:2019-02-19
892:2019-02-19
851:2019-02-19
812:2010-01-08
787:tulane.edu
753:2019-02-19
683:2019-02-19
660:References
561:Professor
447:Mardi Gras
272:, and the
234:Republican
188:Republican
145:1905-05-17
3196:Padayatra
3145:"Kumbaya"
3105:By region
2761:Bob Moses
2666:Bob Mants
2651:Malcolm X
2571:C.B. King
2391:Fred Gray
2034:Activists
1675:1964–1968
1458:1960–1963
1316:1954–1959
1149:6 (2004).
466:the South
306:Lexington
290:Louisiana
238:Louisiana
232:", and a
194:Education
177:Louisiana
156:Louisiana
81:In office
62:In office
3126:Movement
2556:Tom Kahn
1840:Activist
1260:timeline
1126:Archived
1025:Archived
860:cite web
821:cite web
648:See also
543:Justice
365:Illinois
346:Governor
342:Democrat
310:Virginia
240:, was a
3251:Related
2841:Al Raby
1796:funeral
1659:Big Six
1109:at the
704:at the
547:of the
516:of the
505:of the
494:of the
361:Chicago
355:at the
270:Florida
266:Georgia
262:Alabama
244:of the
52:of the
3437:Legacy
3213:Ahimsa
1842:groups
1303:(1950)
1295:(1950)
1256:Events
1005:
970:
962:
512:Judge
501:Judge
490:Judge
437:Legacy
418:Honors
256:, and
179:, U.S.
158:, U.S.
3535:Noted
3128:songs
1948:NAACP
1801:riots
1145:, 78
619:"The
615:Quote
316:from
258:Texas
236:from
1090:help
1003:ISBN
968:ISBN
960:ISBN
866:link
827:link
629:race
163:Died
135:Born
1134:PDF
1069:F2d
565:of
464:of
359:in
304:in
213:LLB
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