299:
37:
526:
adopted by the Mohawk until after the age of 30, but was very close to his mentor Joseph Brant. Benn concludes that, "by the Mohawk standards of the period, John Norton was a Mohawk." The tribe had a tradition of incorporating persons of other ancestries into their culture, although such adoptions usually were of more malleable children and young women. Benn noted that some of Norton's "adversaries used his origins to defame him."
408:, a memorial stained-glass window portrays the 1806 distribution of the Gospel in Mohawk. The bottom panel of the window is inscribed with Norton's preface to his translation: "Let us strictly adhere to what the Lord has transmitted to us in the Holy Scriptures, that thereby the unbelievers may know that love we bear the commandments of God." (from a bookmark produced by the
384:, deputy superintendent of the Six Nations at Grand River, to carry out his policy. With the approval of the Mohawk but not the British, in 1798 Brant sold major blocks of unused land, with revenues to be invested in a British-Canadian bank to yield an annuity for the Mohawk people. Brant died in 1807.
444:
Norton stayed active with the Mohawk after Brant's death, although he had to deal with intervention from Claus. The latter had been promoted in 1800 to deputy superintendent of the Indian
Department of Upper Canada. Claus courted the Mohawk and other local tribes to gain their alliance in a period of
346:
Norton supported Brant's efforts to make the new settlements at Grand River yield more revenues for the
Iroquois, especially his plan to lease land to settlers in order to develop it in a mutually beneficial way. The Iroquois were in transition to the kind of settled agricultural community which was
182:
towns and meeting some of his father's relatives. He documented much about
Cherokee culture and included this material in his journal, which primarily recounted events of the War of 1812. It is unique for his perspective on the war as an acculturated Mohawk raised in the British Isles. The memoir,
525:
Historian Carl Benn addresses the question of "how Mohawk" Norton was and what viewpoint his journal of the War of 1812 reflects. He notes that Norton's formative years were spent in
Scotland, with a Scots mother and a Cherokee father who was raised from childhood with the English. Norton was not
420:
In 1809-1810 Norton had a lengthy trip to the
American Southeast, where he traveled through the still extensive Cherokee territory, in part to try to find his father's people. He did meet relatives and was accepted as Cherokee when they learned his story. The people were under pressure from land
514:, offers one of the most thorough firsthand accounts of the War of 1812. Norton included in the journal an account of his earlier travel to the Cherokee in the American Southeast around 1809-1810. He described their settlements and culture at the start of their final golden age before the
379:
wanted all sales or leases handled by the colonial government. "y stereotyping
Indians as naive primitives, colonial officials frustrated native attempts to exploit the commercial potential of their land." He opposed the idea of having whites lease from the Mohawk and used
561:(MEN) Walter G. McNaughton; George S. Norton; John (Teyoninhokovrawen) Norton; Abrham Q. Norton; Theodore D. Norton; Daniel Sheldon Norton; John M. Norton Sr.; John M. Norton Jr.; Daniel J. Norton; David R. Norton; Connor J. Norton; Alec R. Norton; Robert Norton;
374:
Unable to develop the lands rapidly enough for agriculture, Brant proposed leasing them to settlers; he was also worried that
European-Canadian settlers would otherwise squat on the Iroquois lands and gain control. The British colonial governor
978:
392:
In the spring of 1804, Teyoninhokarawen (John Norton), went to
England to negotiate treaties with the British government on behalf of the Iroquois. At the request of the British and Foreign Bible Society, he translated the
699:
736:
397:
into Mohawk. His work represented a number of firsts for the newly formed Bible
Society: its first translation, first publication, and first distribution in a foreign land when it was sent to Canada.
324:), the most prominent Mohawk chief, who had led much of the tribe through the end of the American Revolution and their resettlement in Upper Canada. Norton became a protégé of Brant, learning the
287:(roughly translated as "open door") to mark this passage. He settled in the Grand River reserve in Ontario. There he married Catherine, a First Nations woman from one of the six Iroquois nations.
207:. They took him back to England, where he was raised in an English family and given the surname Norton. He is believed to have married a Scottish woman, and they had a son known as John Norton.
1043:
298:
36:
290:
Before the Canada (Constitutional) Act of 1791, on the authority of the
Haldimand Proclamation, John Norton acted as interpreter in the transaction of farm land granted to 10 recipients.
510:
Following Queenston Heights, Norton continued to lead larger bands of Iroquois warriors into several of the war's most significant battles. His journal, published under the title
489:
187:, was not published until 1970 in an annotated edition by The Champlain Society; other annotated versions have also been published, including the Society's 2011 version.
210:
The younger Norton began to serve as an apprentice to a printer, but ran away to join the army. He was assigned to Scotland, where he married. Next he was stationed in
568:(WOMEN) Martha A. McNaughton; Florence T. Norton; Elizabeth M. Norton; Agness W. Norton; Jane P. Norton; Barbara W. Norton; Kathleen E. Norton; N/A, Amanda G. Norton.
1048:
1038:
1033:
1028:
280:
Nation leader, who became his mentor. While in his early 30s, Norton was adopted into a Mohawk family and clan, with Brant serving as his adoptive uncle.
105:) (born 1770, Scotland (?) – died 1827, Upper Canada) was a Mohawk chief, Indian Department interpreter and a school master. He was adopted by the
167:
and culture, and being adopted into a family of the tribe. In 1804 on a diplomatic trip representing the Iroquois to England, he translated the
109:
at about age 30 at their major reserve in Canada. After deserting the British military in the late 18th century, he became a military leader of
1018:
876:
822:
771:
667:
549:
is the property of His Grace the twelfth Duke of Northumberland. It is contained in two large notebooks in the library of Alnwick Castle at
242:
472:, despite the official neutrality of the Canadian Six Nations. Following Brock's success at Detroit, more Six Nations warriors joined the
1013:
950:
596:
172:
1023:
542:. His date of death is unknown but his last mention in records was in 1826. The Champlain Society gave his death date as 1827.
363:
in order to attract more Iroquois peoples to settle at Great River. On the other side of the border in the United States, the
343:", in a public ceremony, according to Iroquois custom. This was an honorary position and was not within the hereditary line.
265:
118:
499:) after the Americans took Fort George. The First Nations warriors provided scouts before a successful night attack at the
477:
356:
310:
122:
788:
347:
supported by the British colonial government. By 1796 Brant felt he had to compete with the reserves established at
227:
160:
495:
The following year (1813), Norton and his warriors covered the British retreat to Burlington Heights (present-day
619:
481:
445:
growing tensions with the United States after 1807. Norton led a handful of Six Nations warriors into battle in
348:
136:
Likely born and educated in Scotland, he had a Scottish mother and a Cherokee father. His father was born in
982:
Edited with Introduction and Notes by Carl F. Klinck and James J. Talman. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970)
902:
Boyce, Douglas W. "A Glimpse of Iroquois Culture History through the eyes of Joseph Brant and John Norton."
550:
753:
500:
241:) in 1787, Norton deserted the army and was discharged. For a time, he taught at the Mohawk settlement of
126:
195:
John Norton was likely born in Scotland in the early 1760s to a Scottish mother and an English father of
1008:
1003:
504:
473:
117:
on behalf of Great Britain against the United States. Commissioned as a major, he led warriors from the
534:
Norton's final years are a mystery. There were suggestions that he had left Canada and moved as far as
203:, had been saved as a boy by British soldiers, after they burned his home village of Keowee during the
485:
454:
340:
328:
405:
376:
215:
211:
204:
152:
141:
130:
969:
946:
935:
872:
818:
767:
663:
592:
496:
469:
433:
250:
234:
163:. While there he became interested in the Six Nations of Grand River, ultimately learning the
943:
The Divided Ground, Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution
424:
Norton kept detailed accounts of what he saw and described Cherokee towns and culture in his
864:
759:
655:
519:
332:
916:
Johnston, Charles M. "William Claus and John Norton: A Struggle for Power in Old Ontario."
364:
272:, where he served as an interpreter for the British Indian department. He became known to
164:
515:
394:
168:
144:. They took him to England and placed him with an English family. As an adult with the
997:
535:
450:
401:
381:
368:
360:
352:
325:
277:
246:
106:
81:
562:
336:
317:
306:
273:
269:
238:
219:
156:
140:
circa 1740, and was saved by British soldiers when they burned the town during the
432:
and James J. Talman, and republished in 1970 as part of the General Series of the
987:
830:
586:
465:
461:
429:
258:
114:
957:
The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History,
264:
During this time, Norton became increasingly involved with the Iroquois of the
464:
between Britain and the United States began, Norton was quick to join British
755:
Journal of Major John Norton, 1816: The Publications of the Champlain Society
492:, was crucial to British victory. William Claus also commanded a unit there.
214:, where there were numerous Scots and border English immigrants, forming the
371:
were receiving annuities for the land they had ceded to the US government.
868:
763:
659:
700:"The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816, ed. Klinck, Carl F. pgs. cx-cxi"
446:
196:
179:
110:
57:
254:
145:
518:
in the late 1830s and forced removal west of the Mississippi River to
421:
encroachment by settlers and state governments, particularly Georgia.
178:
Norton traveled in the American Southeast in 1809–1810, visiting many
842:
539:
223:
200:
137:
522:. Norton always intended his journal as a document for publication.
148:
surname Norton, he married a Scottish woman, who he had a son with.
897:
A Mohawk Memoir from the War of 1812: John Norton-Teyoninhokarawen
297:
909:
Fogelson, Raymond D. "Major John Norton as Ethno-Ethnologist."
175:. This work was distributed in Upper Canada beginning in 1806.
303:
Portrait of Major John Norton as Mohawk Chief Teyoninhokarawen
261:
of the United States as a trader, establishing many contacts.
409:
859:
Klinck, Carl F.; Talman, James J.; Benn, Carl, eds. (2011).
650:
Klinck, Carl F.; Talman, James J.; Benn, Carl, eds. (2011).
151:
The junior John Norton joined the British Army, serving in
863:. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 13.
752:
Norton, John (1970). Klinck, Carl; Talman, James (eds.).
654:. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 2.
503:, and contributed to the rout of the Americans at the
88:
76:
64:
49:
23:
1044:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
904:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
817:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 7–9, 33.
702:. The Champlain Society, General series 46.; 1970
92:Catherine (Iroquois woman of Six Nations Reserve)
8:
923:Klinck, Carl F. "New Light on John Norton."
925:Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
758:. Toronto: Champlain Society Publications.
681:
679:
476:forces as allies. Their timely arrival at
20:
854:
852:
732:
730:
218:ethnic group. In 1785 he was assigned to
121:into battle against American invaders at
480:, under the leadership of Major Norton,
339:'s nephew. Later he was appointed as a "
974:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
577:
426:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816.
988:Excerpt from John Norton's diary, 1812
932:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816
861:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816
843:"Mohawk Chief John Norton a Biography"
652:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816
588:The journal of Major John Norton, 1816
512:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816
185:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816
1049:Six Nations of the Grand River people
930:Klinck, Carl F. and James J. Talman.
233:While stationed with his regiment at
7:
1039:Indigenous people of the War of 1812
283:Norton was given the Mohawk name of
16:Military leader of Iroquois warriors
1034:Canadian people of Scottish descent
1029:Canadian people of Cherokee descent
199:descent. The elder Norton, born in
316:Norton was strongly influenced by
257:. In 1791 he traveled through the
14:
980:The Journal of Major John Norton,
789:"John Norton and the War of 1812"
449:'s offensive in 1811 against the
268:reserve. In 1794, he returned to
173:British and Foreign Bible Society
620:"John Norton (Teyoninhokarawen)"
35:
815:The Iroquois in the War of 1812
484:(Joseph's son), and Lieutenant
266:Six Nations of the Grand River
226:) after the conclusion of the
119:Six Nations of the Grand River
1:
1019:Indigenous leaders in Ontario
990:, Central Michigan University
927:1966 4 (Section 2): 167-177.
911:Journal of Cherokee Studies
739:Encyclopedia of War of 1812
622:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
428:This journal was edited by
311:Yale Center for British Art
1065:
899:(U of Toronto Press, 2019)
545:An existing manuscript of
228:American Revolutionary War
161:American Revolutionary War
1014:British Indian Department
793:The Canadian Encyclopedia
155:before being assigned to
34:
787:Wilson-Smith, Anthony.
551:Alnwick, Northumberland
1024:Canadian Mohawk people
970:Biography: John Norton
906:1973 117 (4): 286-294.
585:Norton, John (2011) .
501:Battle of Stoney Creek
410:Canadian Bible Society
313:
71:Unknown, likely Canada
920:1965 57 (2): 101-108.
869:10.3138/9781442618046
764:10.3138/9781442618039
660:10.3138/9781442618046
591:. Champlain Society.
547:John Norton's Journal
505:Battle of Beaver Dams
301:
913:1978 3 (4): 250-255.
351:in New York for the
331:and culture; he was
171:into Mohawk for the
955:Tucker, Spencer B.
938:Publications, 1970.
813:Benn, Carl (1998).
466:General Isaac Brock
416:To Cherokee country
335:into the people as
984:, full text online
722:The Divided Ground
687:The Divided Ground
406:Brantford, Ontario
377:John Graves Simcoe
359:for Mohawk at the
314:
205:Anglo-Cherokee War
142:Anglo-Cherokee War
936:Champlain Society
878:978-1-4426-1804-6
824:978-0-8020-8145-2
773:978-1-4426-1803-9
669:978-1-4426-1804-6
497:Hamilton, Ontario
490:Indian Department
478:Queenston Heights
434:Champlain Society
123:Queenston Heights
96:
95:
29:
1056:
895:Benn, Carl, ed.
883:
882:
856:
847:
846:
839:
833:
828:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
784:
778:
777:
749:
743:
734:
725:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
696:
690:
683:
674:
673:
647:
641:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
616:
610:
609:
607:
605:
582:
520:Indian Territory
388:Bible translator
285:Teyoninhokarawen
276:, the prominent
113:warriors in the
103:Teyoninhokarawen
56:Unknown, likely
42:Teyoninhokarawen
39:
28:Teyoninhokarawen
27:
21:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
994:
993:
966:
918:Ontario History
892:
890:Further reading
887:
886:
879:
858:
857:
850:
841:
840:
836:
825:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
786:
785:
781:
774:
751:
750:
746:
737:Tucker (2012),
735:
728:
719:
715:
705:
703:
698:
697:
693:
684:
677:
670:
649:
648:
644:
640:Taylor, pg. 359
639:
635:
625:
623:
618:
617:
613:
603:
601:
599:
584:
583:
579:
574:
559:
532:
442:
418:
390:
341:Pine Tree Chief
296:
193:
165:Mohawk language
72:
69:
60:
54:
45:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
992:
991:
985:
976:
965:
964:External links
962:
961:
960:
959:ABC-CLIO, 2012
953:
941:Taylor, Alan,
939:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
891:
888:
885:
884:
877:
848:
834:
823:
805:
779:
772:
744:
726:
713:
691:
675:
668:
642:
633:
611:
597:
576:
575:
573:
570:
558:
555:
531:
528:
516:Trail of Tears
441:
438:
430:Carl F. Klinck
417:
414:
395:Gospel of John
389:
386:
295:
292:
192:
189:
169:Gospel of John
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
70:
68:Estimated 1827
66:
62:
61:
55:
53:Estimated 1770
51:
47:
46:
40:
32:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
989:
986:
983:
981:
977:
975:
971:
968:
967:
963:
958:
954:
952:
951:0-679-45471-3
948:
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
893:
889:
880:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
853:
849:
844:
838:
835:
832:
826:
820:
816:
809:
806:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
748:
745:
742:
740:
733:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
701:
695:
692:
689:, pp. 332-334
688:
682:
680:
676:
671:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
643:
637:
634:
621:
615:
612:
600:
598:9780981050638
594:
590:
589:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
529:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:Mohawk Chapel
398:
396:
387:
385:
383:
382:William Claus
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:Bay of Quinte
358:
354:
350:
349:Buffalo Creek
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
291:
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Bay of Quinte
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:(John Norton)
43:
38:
33:
22:
19:
1009:1820s deaths
1004:1760s births
979:
973:
956:
942:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
860:
837:
831:Google Books
829:. Online at
814:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:
782:
754:
747:
738:
721:
716:
704:. Retrieved
694:
686:
651:
645:
636:
624:. Retrieved
614:
602:. Retrieved
587:
580:
567:
563:Peter Norton
560:
546:
544:
533:
524:
511:
509:
494:
459:
443:
425:
423:
419:
399:
391:
373:
345:
337:Thayendanega
322:Thayendanega
321:
318:Joseph Brant
315:
309:, ca. 1805.
307:Mather Brown
302:
294:Mohawk chief
289:
284:
282:
274:Joseph Brant
270:Fort Niagara
263:
239:Upper Canada
232:
222:(modern-day
220:Lower Canada
209:
194:
184:
177:
157:Lower Canada
150:
135:
127:Stoney Creek
102:
98:
97:
41:
18:
934:. Toronto:
557:Family tree
530:Later years
462:War of 1812
440:War of 1812
259:Ohio Valley
216:Anglo-Irish
115:War of 1812
99:John Norton
77:Nationality
25:John Norton
998:Categories
604:12 January
482:John Brant
455:Tippecanoe
357:Tyendinaga
249:, west of
243:Tyendinaga
191:Early life
159:after the
572:Footnotes
460:When the
451:Americans
84:(adopted)
80:British,
945:, 2006,
741:, p. 136
720:Taylor,
706:12 March
685:Taylor,
447:Tecumseh
365:Onondaga
329:language
251:Kingston
197:Cherokee
180:Cherokee
146:baptized
131:Chippawa
111:Iroquois
58:Scotland
798:16 June
724:, p. 43
488:of the
474:British
470:Detroit
400:In the
333:adopted
255:Ontario
245:on the
235:Niagara
212:Ireland
153:Ireland
949:
875:
821:
770:
666:
595:
540:Mexico
536:Laredo
369:Seneca
353:Seneca
326:Mohawk
278:Mohawk
224:Quebec
201:Keowee
138:Keowee
129:, and
107:Mohawk
89:Spouse
82:Mohawk
626:2 May
947:ISBN
873:ISBN
819:ISBN
800:2018
768:ISBN
708:2009
664:ISBN
628:2022
606:2021
593:ISBN
486:Kerr
367:and
355:and
65:Died
50:Born
865:doi
760:doi
656:doi
468:at
453:at
404:at
305:by
1000::
972:,
871:.
851:^
791:.
766:.
729:^
678:^
662:.
565:.
553:.
538:,
507:.
457:.
436:.
412:)
253:,
230:.
133:.
125:,
881:.
867::
845:.
827:.
802:.
776:.
762::
710:.
672:.
658::
630:.
608:.
320:(
237:(
101:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
