1957:
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1952:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{4}&{\text{(Q1)}}&\qquad \cos C&=-\cos A\,\cos B,&\qquad \qquad &{\text{(Q6)}}&\qquad \tan B&=-\cos a\,\tan C,\\&{\text{(Q2)}}&\sin A&=\sin a\,\sin C,&&{\text{(Q7)}}&\tan A&=-\cos b\,\tan C,\\&{\text{(Q3)}}&\sin B&=\sin b\,\sin C,&&{\text{(Q8)}}&\cos a&=\sin b\,\cos A,\\&{\text{(Q4)}}&\tan A&=\tan a\,\sin B,&&{\text{(Q9)}}&\cos b&=\sin a\,\cos B,\\&{\text{(Q5)}}&\tan B&=\tan b\,\sin A,&&{\text{(Q10)}}&\cos C&=-\cot a\,\cot b.\end{alignedat}}}
1354:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{4}&{\text{(R1)}}&\qquad \cos c&=\cos a\,\cos b,&\qquad \qquad &{\text{(R6)}}&\qquad \tan b&=\cos A\,\tan c,\\&{\text{(R2)}}&\sin a&=\sin A\,\sin c,&&{\text{(R7)}}&\tan a&=\cos B\,\tan c,\\&{\text{(R3)}}&\sin b&=\sin B\,\sin c,&&{\text{(R8)}}&\cos A&=\sin B\,\cos a,\\&{\text{(R4)}}&\tan a&=\tan A\,\sin b,&&{\text{(R9)}}&\cos B&=\sin A\,\cos b,\\&{\text{(R5)}}&\tan b&=\tan B\,\sin a,&&{\text{(R10)}}&\cos c&=\cot A\,\cot B.\end{alignedat}}}
322:. Near the time of his matriculation the quality of the education provided by the university was poor, owing in part to the Reformation's causing strife between those of the old faith and the growing numbers of Protestants. There are no records showing that John Napier completed his education at St Andrews. It is believed he left Scotland to further his education in mainland Europe, following the advice given by his uncle Adam Bothwell in a letter written to John Napier's father on 5 December 1560, saying, "I pray you, sir, to send John to the schools either to
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405:, decimal fractions, and symbolic index arithmetic, to tackle the issue of reducing computation. He appreciated that, for the most part, practitioners who had laborious computations generally did them in the context of trigonometry. Therefore, as well as developing the logarithmic relation, Napier set it in a trigonometric context so it would be even more relevant.
3888:
330:, for he can learn no good at home". It is not known which university Napier attended in Europe, but when he returned to Scotland in 1571 he was fluent in Greek, a language that was not commonly taught in European universities at the time. There are also no records showing his enrollment in the premier universities in Paris or Geneva during this time.
2240:, dated 29 Jan 1594, Napier urged the king to see "that justice be done against the enemies of God's church," and counselled the King "to reform the universal enormities of his country, and first to begin at his own house, family, and court." The volume includes nine pages of Napier's English verse. It met with success at home and abroad. In 1600
2300:
darkened room and pet the cockerel, claiming the bird would crow if they were the one who stole his property. Unbeknownst to the servants, Napier had covered the bird with soot and when the servants emerged from the room, Napier inspected their hands to find the one who had been too afraid to touch the rooster.
2319:
for treasure allegedly hidden there, wherein it is stated that Napier should "do his utmost diligence to search and seek out, and by all craft and ingine to find out the same, or make it sure that no such thing has been there." This contract was never fulfilled by Napier, and no gold was found when
2299:
Some of Napier's neighbours accused him of being a sorcerer and in league with the devil, believing that all of the time he spent in his study was being used to learn the black art. These rumours were stoked when Napier used his black cockerel to catch a thief. Napier told his servants to go into a
2303:
Another act which Napier is reported to have carried out, which may have seemed mystical to the locals, was when Napier removed the pigeons from his estate since they were eating his grain. Napier caught the pigeons by strewing grain laced with alcohol throughout the field and then capturing the
397:
Many mathematicians at the time were acutely aware of the issues of computation and were dedicated to relieving practitioners of the calculation burden. Napier was famous for his devices to assist with these issues of computation. He invented a well-known mathematical artefact, the ingenious
2228:
to 1541, and predicted the end of the world would occur in either 1688 or 1700. Napier did not believe that people could know the true date of the
Apocalypse, but claimed that since the Bible contained so many clues about the end, God wanted the Church to know when the end was coming.
639:
The key for remembering which trigonometric function goes with which part is to look at the first vowel of the kind of part: middle parts take the sine, adjacent parts take the tangent, and opposite parts take the cosine. For an example, starting with the sector containing
838:
624:) by their complements and then delete the angle C from the list. The remaining parts can then be drawn as five ordered, equal slices of a pentagram, or circle, as shown in the above figure (right). For any choice of three contiguous parts, one (the
51:
2252:, revised by Napier, and that also went through several editions (1603, 1605, and 1607). A new edition of the English original was called for in 1611, when it was revised and corrected by the author, and enlarged by the addition of
615:
First, write the six parts of the triangle (three vertex angles, three arc angles for the sides) in the order they occur around any circuit of the triangle: for the triangle shown above left, going clockwise starting with a gives
2204:(1593) as his most important work. It was written in English, unlike his other publications, in order to reach the widest audience and so that, according to Napier, "the simple of this island may be instructed".
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2927:
In numbers distinguished thus by a period in their midst, whatever is written after the period is a fraction, the denominator of which is unity with as many cyphers after it as there are figures after the
4505:
1393:/2 on the unit sphere the equations governing the remaining sides and angles may be obtained by applying the rules for the right spherical triangle of the previous section to the polar triangle
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to enforce the punishment on the plotters, but was ultimately ignored since the King believed the ministers were acting cruelly, and was in favor of pursuing policies of more appeasement.
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2104:
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2256:; this appeared simultaneously at Edinburgh and London. The author stated that he still intended to publish a Latin edition, but it never appeared. A German translation, by
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for the ten independent equations: the mnemonic is called Napier's circle or Napier's pentagon (when the circle in the above figure, right, is replaced by a pentagon).
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The London encyclopaedia: or
Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, comprising a popular view of the present state of knowledge
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Napier's father-in-law, Sir James
Chisholm of Cromlix, was one of many excommunicated by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian party following the
430:
318:
There are no records of Napier's early learning, but many believe that he was privately tutored during early childhood. At age 13, he was enrolled in
2355:
Henry Briggs was an early adopter of the
Napierian logarithm. He later computed a new table of logarithms to base 10, accurate to 14 decimal places.
490:
Napier delegated to Briggs the computation of a revised table. The computational advance available via logarithms, the inverse of powered numbers or
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Modern
English translations of both Napier's books on logarithms and their description can be found on the web, as well as a discussion of
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319:
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585:/2 the various identities given above are considerably simplified. There are ten identities relating three elements chosen from the set
479:
times a large power of 10 rounded to an integer) was a practical difficulty. Neither Napier nor Briggs actually discovered the constant
341:
in
Edinburgh, where he resided the remainder of his life. He had a property within Edinburgh city as well on Borthwick's Close off the
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In addition to his mathematical and religious interests, Napier was often perceived as a magician, and is thought to have dabbled in
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540:. Craig certainly announced the discovery of logarithms to Brahe in the 1590s (the name itself came later); there is a story from
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visited Napier in 1615. Among the matters they discussed were a re-scaling of Napier's logarithms, in which the presence of the
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3163:
2197:, he developed a strongly anti-papal reading, going as far as to say that the Pope was the Antichrist in some of his writings.
3216:
3001:
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has electronic copies of some of his work, in facsimiles of editions of Napier's time (subscription or Athens login required)
2435:. They had two children. Elizabeth died in 1579, and Napier then married Agnes Chisholm, with whom he had ten more children.
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31:
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Memoirs of John Napier of
Merchiston : his lineage, life, and times, with a history of the invention of logarithms
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1371:
A quadrantal spherical triangle is defined to be a spherical triangle in which one of the sides subtends an angle of
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numbering rods more quaintly known as "Napier's bones", that offered mechanical means for facilitating computation.
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469:
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Memoirs of John Napier of
Merchiston, his lineage, life and times, with a history of the invention of logarithms
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494:, was such that it made calculations by hand much quicker. The way was opened to later scientific advances, in
118:
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2216:. Napier identified events in chronological order which he believed were parallels to events described in the
401:
In addition, Napier recognized the potential of the recent developments in mathematics, particularly those of
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833:{\displaystyle \sin a=\tan(\pi /2-B)\,\tan b=\cos(\pi /2-c)\,\cos(\pi /2-A)=\cot B\,\tan b=\sin c\,\sin A.}
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part) will be adjacent to two parts and opposite the other two parts. The ten Napier's Rules are given by
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for use against ships at a distance, a special kind of artillery shot, and a musket-proof metal chariot.
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2336:. The development of logarithms is given credit as the largest single factor in the general adoption of
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218:
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2925:. Translated by Macdonald, William Rae. Edinburgh: Blackwood & Sons – via Internet Archive.
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produced a Dutch translation, and this reached a second edition in 1607. In 1602 the work appeared at
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3689:. Translated by Macdonald, William Rae. Edinburgh: Blackwood & Sons – via Internet Archive.
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2224:'s structure implied that the prophecies would be fulfilled incrementally. In this work Napier dated
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2288:. It was said that he would travel about with a black spider in a small box, and that his black
434:(1614) contained fifty-seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables listing the
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2442:. Napier sat on the General Assembly that excommunicated the plotters, and petitioned the King
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of
Merchiston Castle, and his mother was Janet Bothwell, daughter of the politician and judge
268:
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548:, a follower of Brahe, was working in a similar direction. Craig had notes on a method of
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at the west side of
Edinburgh. There is also a wall monument to Napier at St Cuthbert's.
17:
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the Edinburgh Archaeological Field society excavated the castle between 1971 and 1986.
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A quadrantal spherical triangle together with Napier's circle for use in his mnemonics
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Secret inventions, profitable and necessary in these days for defence of this island
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Rice, Brian; González-Velasco, Enrique; Corrigan, Alexander (2017), "John Napier",
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Rice, Brian; González-Velasco, Enrique; Corrigan, Alexander (2017), "John Napier",
3158:
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Rice, Brian; González-Velasco, Enrique; Corrigan, Alexander (2017), "John Napier",
2778:
2642:
Rice, Brian; González-Velasco, Enrique; Corrigan, Alexander (2017), "John Napier",
2423:
In 1572, Napier married 16-year-old Elizabeth, daughter of James Stirling, the 4th
2349:
2260:, of the first part of Napier's work appeared at Gera in 1611, and of the whole by
549:
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348:
3452:
Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences
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2514:, but published posthumously by his son Robert. Translated into English in 1889.
2401:
for Spanish and Portuguese). In Finnish and Italian, the mathematical constant
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1967:
533:
310:
2951:
1377:/2 radians at the centre of the sphere: on the unit sphere the side has length
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The full set of rules for the right spherical triangle is (Todhunter, Art.62)
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in 1574. On the death of his father in 1608, Napier and his family moved into
246:
238:
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2734:
2628:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 171–175.
2600:
Monuments and monumental inscriptions in Scotland: The Grampian Society, 1871
4089:
4003:
3914:
3733:
Math & Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries around the World.
3187:"Napier's wizard roots – article about Napier's interest in the occult"
2552:
2499:
1979:
522:
514:
495:
390:, his remains were transferred to an underground vault on the north side of
272:
253:
234:
128:
78:
2683:
632:
sine of the middle part = the product of the tangents of the adjacent parts
3887:
3306:
2254:
With a resolution of certain doubts, moved by some well affected brethren.
635:
sine of the middle part = the product of the cosines of the opposite parts
4188:
2289:
2237:
609:
544:, perhaps not well substantiated, that Napier had a hint from Craig that
379:
327:
108:
3094:"Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of Saint John, work by Napier"
3024:
50:
4288:
4123:
4023:
4013:
3669:
3640:
Clouse, Robert G. (April 1974). "John Napier and Apocalyptic Thought".
2364:
2281:
503:
333:
In 1571, Napier, aged 21, returned to Scotland, and bought a castle at
386:
in Edinburgh. Following the loss of the kirkyard of St Giles to build
3982:
3972:
2432:
532:
Napier may have worked largely in isolation, but he had contact with
323:
3653:
3822: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2617:
4449:
4198:
4073:
4063:
4033:
2424:
2372:
2170:
2158:
1362:
567:
417:
347:
309:
242:
168:
3754:
John Napier—Short biography and translation of work on logarithms
2864:
4489:
4318:
4153:
4143:
3778:
2838:. Translated by Wright, Edward; Bruce, Ian. 17centurymaths.com.
2058:
An equivalent and more succinct definition is that the function
371:
3929:
2797:"John Napier: His Life, His Logs, and His Bones - Introduction"
307:. Archibald Napier was 16 years old when John Napier was born.
4093:
201:
620:. Next replace the parts that are not adjacent to C (that is
3598:
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – USGS Astrogeology
3775:
Includes discussion of The Napier circle and Napier's rules
2268:, in 1615. Among Napier's followers was Matthew Cotterius (
198:
192:
2328:
Among Napier's early followers were the instrument makers
3753:
2803:. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America.
173:
Statue of John Napier, Scottish National Portrait Gallery
2449:
His half-brother (through his father's remarriage) was
3140:
Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI
2464:
A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John
2202:
A Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John
529:, a multiplication tool using a set of numbered rods.
4510:
People whose names are used in chemical element names
4506:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
3854:
The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms
3686:
The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms
3612:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 12–14,
3523:
Garrett A. Sullivan; Alan Stewart (1 February 2012).
3301:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 20.
3154:"Scots genius who paved way for Newton's discoveries"
2998:
The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms
2922:
The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms
2116:
2064:
1437:
851:
669:
646:
446:, usually known as Napier's Rules of Circular Parts.
210:
189:
3065:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–60,
2832:
The Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms
2533:
List of colleges and universities named after people
460:
His invention of logarithms was quickly taken up at
195:
4378:
4328:
4173:
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2824:
2822:
186:
153:
124:
114:
104:
88:
60:
41:
4594:People associated with Edinburgh Napier University
3526:The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature
3484:
2491:Rabdologiæ seu Numerationis per Virgulas libri duo
2144:
2098:
1951:
1353:
832:
652:
525:, was made more convenient by his introduction of
225:; 1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed
3561:, Springer International Publishing, p. 37,
2646:, Springer International Publishing, p. 12,
4502:List of scientists whose names are used as units
442:. The book also has a discussion of theorems in
3335:John Napier : life, logarithms, and legacy
3244:John Napier : life, logarithms, and legacy
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2717:John Napier : life, logarithms, and legacy
509:Napier made further contributions. He improved
252:John Napier is best known as the discoverer of
2769:Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh vol.II p. 242.
2304:pigeons once they were too drunk to fly away.
517:(.) as the delimiter for the fractional part.
3941:
2485:'s English translation was published in 1616.
8:
2946:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2596:
2594:
2592:
2583:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
3838:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
3369:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3278:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2908:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2751:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
556:to reduce a multiplication formula for the
483:; that discovery was made decades later by
3948:
3934:
3926:
3418:. American Mathematical Soc. p. 152.
3373:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3365:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3282:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2979:Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio
2755:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2747:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2700:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2507:Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio
2177:Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio,
49:
38:
3792:Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio
2471:Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio
2165:Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio
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2115:
2087:
2063:
1932:
1897:
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1600:
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431:Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio
30:For other people with the same name, see
3956:Scientists whose names are used as units
2608:
2606:
2193:. Under the influence of the sermons of
4315:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
3714:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
3333:Havil, Julian, 1952- (5 October 2014).
3242:Havil, Julian, 1952- (5 October 2014).
2943:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2715:Havil, Julian, 1952- (5 October 2014).
2563:
2389:In French, Spanish and Portuguese, the
378:at the age of 67. He was buried in the
4579:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
3529:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 995.
3491:. Courier Dover Publications. p.
3358:
3267:
3223:from the original on 24 September 2023
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2740:
2689:
2212:to attempt to predict the date of the
579:, of a spherical triangle is equal to
464:, and prominent English mathematician
314:Merchiston Castle from an 1834 woodcut
229:, was a Scottish landowner known as a
3328:
3326:
3166:from the original on 27 December 2005
2867:. 17centurymaths.com. 25 March 2011.
2099:{\displaystyle f\colon x\to log_{b}x}
513:'s decimal notation, introducing the
7:
4569:17th-century Scottish mathematicians
4544:16th-century Scottish mathematicians
3197:from the original on 21 October 2007
2637:
2635:
457:(another early calculating device).
359:On 7 June 1596 Napier wrote a paper
4584:Burials at the kirkyard of St Giles
3185:Springer, Will (14 February 2005).
2795:Caulfield, Michael J. (July 2010).
2145:{\displaystyle f\colon x\to b^{x}.}
2047:", or most commonly "the log, base
2031:" (pronounced as "the logarithm of
1999:. In other words, the logarithm of
470:mathematical constant now known as
275:, is now part of the facilities of
256:. He also invented the so-called "
3483:David Eugene Smith (1 June 1958).
3033:from the original on 14 April 2020
2986:from the original on 30 April 2013
2845:from the original on 22 April 2023
2785:, vol. 2 (London, 1754), pp. 28-9.
2393:is named after him (respectively,
2208:used mathematical analysis of the
27:Scottish mathematician (1550–1617)
25:
4456:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
3779:EEBO (Early English Books Online)
3610:The Life and Works of John Napier
3559:The Life and Works of John Napier
3297:Havil, Julian (31 January 2014).
3063:The Life and Works of John Napier
2940:Molland, George. "Napier, John".
2674:Napier, Mark, 1798-1879. (1834).
2644:The Life and Works of John Napier
2451:Alexander Napier, Lord Laurieston
2191:St Salvator's College, St Andrews
536:who corresponded with his friend
320:St Salvator's College, St Andrews
260:" and made common the use of the
3913:
3898:
3886:
3835:Dictionary of National Biography
3817:
3807:English Translation by Ian Bruce
3749:The History of Computing Project
2905:Dictionary of National Biography
2871:from the original on 17 May 2011
2386:on the Moon is named after him.
370:Napier died from the effects of
279:. There is a memorial to him at
182:
3875:. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
3865:, the 1889 English translation.
3129:, Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent
3000:is available as en e-book from
2807:from the original on 2 May 2023
2375:, is named after Napier, as is
1505:
1495:
1494:
1450:
1383:/2. In the case that the side
916:
906:
905:
864:
354:St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh
283:at the west side of Edinburgh.
264:in arithmetic and mathematics.
4305:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
3337:. Princeton. pp. 22, 23.
2307:A contract still exists for a
2183:Napier had an interest in the
2126:
2074:
780:
760:
750:
730:
708:
688:
1:
4574:17th-century Scottish writers
4564:17th-century writers in Latin
4549:16th-century Scottish writers
4365:William John Macquorn Rankine
4295:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
3219:. National Museums Scotland.
3152:Johnston, Ian (14 May 2005).
2719:. Princeton. pp. 13–17.
2022:The logarithm is denoted "log
4559:17th-century apocalypticists
4539:16th-century apocalypticists
3728:Heriot-Watt University, 1997
2960:UK public library membership
2678:. W. Blackwood. p. 67.
2348:builds on Napier's work, in
575:When one of the angles, say
363:. He describes two kinds of
32:John Napier (disambiguation)
4020:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
3893:John Napier (mathematician)
3618:10.1007/978-3-319-53282-0_1
3567:10.1007/978-3-319-53282-0_1
3455:. JHU Press. p. 1129.
3071:10.1007/978-3-319-53282-0_1
3029:(5th ed.). MacMillan.
2652:10.1007/978-3-319-53282-0_1
2500:Rabdology (Knowledge (XXG))
2377:Edinburgh Napier University
2363:An alternative unit to the
2189:, from his student days at
608:Napier provided an elegant
392:St Cuthbert's Parish Church
352:Memorial to John Napier in
277:Edinburgh Napier University
4645:
2498:)(published posthumously)
2311:, made between Napier and
2007:is the unique real number
1983:of a positive real number
29:
4599:Scientists from Edinburgh
4554:16th-century male writers
4499:
4345:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
3797:11 September 2019 at the
3726:Undusting Napier's Bones.
3642:Sixteenth Century Journal
3246:. Princeton. p. 21.
2313:Robert Logan of Restalrig
2232:In his dedication of the
1991:is the exponent by which
178:John Napier of Merchiston
163:
146:
48:
18:John Napier of Merchiston
3851:
3784:28 December 2017 at the
3766:Intro to Spherical Trig.
3759:28 December 2008 at the
3744:8 September 2015 at the
3719:University of St Andrews
3415:A History of Mathematics
2865:"17th Century Maths.com"
2379:in Edinburgh, Scotland.
2248:in a French version, by
1995:must be raised to yield
554:trigonometric identities
119:University of St Andrews
4355:Johann Heinrich Lambert
4255:Johann Heinrich Lambert
4120:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
3724:Diploudis, Alexandros.
3412:Florian Cajori (1991).
3125:7 February 2015 at the
3098:Encyclopædia Britannica
2783:Memoirs of Thomas Birch
2625:Encyclopædia Britannica
2315:. Napier was to search
440:trigonometric functions
55:1616 portrait of Napier
4629:Writers from Edinburgh
4486:Evangelista Torricelli
3918:Quotations related to
3683:Napier, John (1889) .
3487:History of Mathematics
3138:Arthur H. Williamson,
3119:A plaine discovery ...
3026:Spherical Trigonometry
2952:10.1093/ref:odnb/19758
2919:Napier, John (1889) .
2369:electrical engineering
2276:Interest in the occult
2180:
2168:
2146:
2100:
1953:
1429:etc. The results are:
1368:
1355:
834:
654:
572:
519:Lattice multiplication
444:spherical trigonometry
425:
356:
315:
174:
141:Spherical trigonometry
4386:Alexander Graham Bell
4285:Hans Christian Ørsted
4185:Anders Jonas Ångström
3869:Napier, Mark (1834).
3771:29 March 2006 at the
3447:Ivor Grattan-Guinness
3307:10.1515/9781400852185
2829:Napier, John (1614).
2476:27 April 2023 at the
2399:Logaritmos Neperianos
2174:
2162:
2147:
2101:
1987:with respect to base
1954:
1366:
1356:
835:
655:
571:
502:, and other areas of
421:
413:
351:
313:
267:Napier's birthplace,
227:Marvellous Merchiston
172:
4624:Scottish Protestants
4609:Scottish astronomers
4379:Non-systematic units
4225:Carl Friedrich Gauss
4160:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
4070:James Prescott Joule
3895:at Wikimedia Commons
3705:Robertson, Edmund F.
3594:16 June 2010 at the
2996:An 1889 translation
2899:"Napier, John"
2619:"Napier, John"
2576:5 March 2016 at the
2510:–written before the
2407:is named after him (
2114:
2062:
1435:
849:
667:
644:
492:exponential notation
293:Sir Archibald Napier
291:Napier's father was
4619:Scottish physicists
4275:James Clerk Maxwell
3735:2 vols. U*X*L, 1999
3703:O'Connor, John J.;
3393:. 1829. p. 498
3142:(1979), p. 34.
2548:Napierian logarithm
2538:Location arithmetic
2440:Spanish blanks plot
2395:Logarithme Népérien
2226:the seventh trumpet
2195:Christopher Goodman
99:Edinburgh, Scotland
4614:Scottish inventors
4604:Protestant writers
4110:Werner von Siemens
3969:André-Marie Ampère
3903:Works by or about
3007:2020-03-03 at the
2543:Napier's analogies
2338:decimal arithmetic
2218:Book of Revelation
2210:Book of Revelation
2206:A Plaine Discovery
2186:Book of Revelation
2181:
2169:
2142:
2096:
1949:
1947:
1369:
1351:
1349:
830:
650:
573:
475:(more accurately,
436:natural logarithms
426:
357:
316:
299:, and a sister of
175:
4516:
4515:
4040:Louis Harold Gray
3891:Media related to
3805:De Arte Logistica
3536:978-1-4051-9449-5
3502:978-0-486-20430-7
3462:978-0-8018-7397-3
3449:(1 August 2003).
3425:978-0-8218-2102-2
2958:(Subscription or
2520:De arte logistica
2496:Google Books link
2391:natural logarithm
2270:Matthieu Cottière
2266:Frankfurt-am-Main
1966:Given a positive
1900:
1852:
1802:
1754:
1704:
1656:
1603:
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1159:
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1061:
1011:
963:
912:
860:
653:{\displaystyle a}
376:Merchiston Castle
339:Merchiston Castle
241:. He was the 8th
167:
166:
148:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4636:
4140:Alessandro Volta
3993:SI derived units
3950:
3943:
3936:
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3217:"Napier's bones"
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2630:
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2601:
2598:
2587:
2568:
2413:Numero di Nepero
2234:Plaine Discovery
2200:Napier regarded
2151:
2149:
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2143:
2138:
2137:
2110:to the function
2108:inverse function
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698:
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657:
656:
651:
583:
403:prosthaphaeresis
388:Parliament House
305:Bishop of Orkney
297:Francis Bothwell
269:Merchiston Tower
213:
208:
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200:
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191:
188:
137:Decimal notation
95:
75:Merchiston Tower
70:
68:
53:
39:
21:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4635:
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4519:
4518:
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4512:
4495:
4466:Wilhelm Röntgen
4426:Michael Faraday
4374:
4335:
4324:
4245:Heinrich Kayser
4235:William Gilbert
4215:Galileo Galilei
4174:Non-SI metric (
4169:
4030:Michael Faraday
4000:Henri Becquerel
3988:
3957:
3954:
3883:
3868:
3849:
3846:
3844:Further reading
3827:
3818:
3799:Wayback Machine
3786:Wayback Machine
3773:Wayback Machine
3761:Wayback Machine
3746:Wayback Machine
3731:"John Napier."
3702:
3699:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3654:10.2307/2539589
3639:
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3596:Wayback Machine
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3127:Wayback Machine
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2578:Wayback Machine
2569:
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2478:Wayback Machine
2459:
2421:
2361:
2346:Thomas Urquhart
2326:
2294:familiar spirit
2278:
2250:Georges Thomson
2242:Michiel Panneel
2220:believing that
2157:
2129:
2112:
2111:
2083:
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1945:
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914:
907:
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874:
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847:
846:
665:
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641:
581:
566:
485:Jacob Bernoulli
462:Gresham College
416:
411:
303:who became the
289:
211:
185:
181:
139:
135:
131:
115:Alma mater
100:
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72:
71:1 February 1550
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4514:
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4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4460:degree Réaumur
4453:
4443:
4436:Heinrich Mache
4433:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4369:degree Rankine
4362:
4352:
4341:
4339:
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4323:
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4265:Samuel Langley
4262:
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4077:
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4060:Heinrich Hertz
4057:
4047:
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4027:
4017:
4010:Anders Celsius
4007:
3996:
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3896:
3882:
3881:External links
3879:
3878:
3877:
3866:
3850:Napier, John.
3845:
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3840:
3809:
3808:
3789:
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3012:
2982:. p. 50.
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2666:
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2631:
2616:, ed. (1911).
2614:Chisholm, Hugh
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2444:James VI and I
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2262:Wolfgang Meyer
2179:for 45 degrees
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1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
975:
972:
969:
966:
959:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
925:
922:
919:
915:
908:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
875:
873:
870:
867:
863:
856:
854:
841:
840:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
649:
637:
636:
633:
565:
562:
560:to additions.
542:Anthony à Wood
527:Napier's bones
451:Napier's bones
423:Napier's Bones
415:
414:Napier's Bones
412:
410:
407:
365:burning mirror
288:
285:
258:Napier's bones
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
144:
143:
133:Napier's bones
126:
125:Known for
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
96:(aged 67)
90:
86:
85:
73:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4641:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:J. J. Thomson
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:Loránd Eötvös
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:Blaise Pascal
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:SI base units
3960:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3824:public domain
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3709:"John Napier"
3706:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3627:9783319532813
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3576:9783319532813
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3476:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3344:9781400852185
3340:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:9781400852185
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:9781400852185
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3080:9783319532813
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:Todhunter, I.
3016:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:9781400852185
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2661:9783319532813
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:Edward Wright
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:List of works
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:John Speidell
2331:
2330:Edmund Gunter
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:treasure hunt
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Leo de Dromna
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2109:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:logarithm of
2042:
2039:", "the base-
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1430:
1428:
1425: −
1424:
1418:
1414:
1411: −
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
978:
973:
970:
967:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
923:
920:
917:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
876:
871:
868:
865:
844:
827:
824:
821:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
777:
774:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
662:
661:
647:
634:
631:
630:
629:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
570:
563:
561:
559:
558:sine function
555:
551:
547:
546:Longomontanus
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
424:
420:
408:
406:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
355:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
312:
308:
306:
302:
301:Adam Bothwell
298:
294:
286:
284:
282:
281:St Cuthbert's
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
262:decimal point
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:mathematician
228:
224:
223:Ioannes Neper
220:
216:
215:
206:
179:
171:
162:
159:
158:Mathematician
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
91:
87:
80:
76:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4445:
4406:Pierre Curie
4359:foot-lambert
4130:Nikola Tesla
4080:Isaac Newton
4050:Joseph Henry
3922:at Wikiquote
3871:
3859:– via
3853:
3833:
3830:Napier, John
3811:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3748:
3732:
3712:
3684:
3678:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3609:
3603:
3584:
3558:
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3525:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3486:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3451:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3414:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3389:
3383:
3334:
3298:
3292:
3243:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3191:The Scotsman
3190:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3159:The Scotsman
3157:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3118:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3062:
3035:. Retrieved
3025:
3015:
2997:
2988:. Retrieved
2978:
2973:
2968:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2903:
2873:. Retrieved
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2831:
2809:. Retrieved
2800:
2790:
2782:
2779:Thomas Birch
2774:
2765:
2716:
2710:
2675:
2669:
2643:
2623:
2581:
2566:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2448:
2437:
2422:
2412:
2409:Neperin luku
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2362:
2354:
2350:trigonometry
2342:Trissotetras
2341:
2327:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2279:
2253:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2164:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1370:
845:
842:
638:
625:
621:
617:
614:
610:mnemonic aid
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
574:
564:Trigonometry
550:Paul Wittich
531:
511:Simon Stevin
508:
489:
480:
476:
471:
466:Henry Briggs
459:
448:
429:
427:
400:
396:
369:
360:
358:
332:
317:
290:
266:
251:
226:
222:
177:
176:
147:
94:(1617-04-04)
92:4 April 1617
36:
4589:Clan Napier
4534:1617 deaths
4529:1550 births
4446:John Napier
4416:John Dalton
4396:Marie Curie
4195:Peter Debye
3979:Lord Kelvin
3920:John Napier
3905:John Napier
3812:Attribution
3739:John Napier
3299:John Napier
3227:23 December
2801:Convergence
2382:The crater
2317:Fast Castle
2246:La Rochelle
1968:real number
1397:with sides
1387:has length
534:Tycho Brahe
409:Mathematics
374:at home at
105:Nationality
43:John Napier
4523:Categories
4349:Fahrenheit
4150:James Watt
3909:Wikisource
3861:Wikisource
3802:Descriptio
3697:References
3648:(1): 105.
2962:required.)
2512:Descriptio
2344:(1645) of
2286:necromancy
2222:Revelation
2214:Apocalypse
2175:Page from
2011:such that
1973:such that
1401:such that
552:that used
538:John Craig
521:, used by
455:Promptuary
343:Royal Mile
254:logarithms
247:Merchiston
239:astronomer
129:Logarithms
67:1550-02-01
4336:customary
4090:Georg Ohm
4004:becquerel
3662:0361-0160
3361:cite book
3353:889552514
3270:cite book
3262:889552514
3002:Abe Books
2974:Napier, J
2743:cite book
2735:889552514
2692:cite book
2553:Rabdology
2324:Influence
2163:Cover of
2127:→
2121::
2075:→
2069::
1980:logarithm
1977:≠ 1, the
1962:Logarithm
1937:
1927:
1921:−
1908:
1886:
1876:
1860:
1836:
1826:
1810:
1788:
1778:
1762:
1738:
1728:
1712:
1690:
1680:
1664:
1640:
1630:
1624:−
1611:
1589:
1579:
1563:
1539:
1529:
1523:−
1510:
1484:
1474:
1468:−
1455:
1339:
1329:
1313:
1291:
1281:
1265:
1241:
1231:
1215:
1193:
1183:
1167:
1143:
1133:
1117:
1095:
1085:
1069:
1045:
1035:
1019:
997:
987:
971:
947:
937:
921:
895:
885:
869:
822:
812:
800:
790:
775:−
764:π
758:
745:−
734:π
728:
716:
703:−
692:π
686:
674:
660:we have:
523:Fibonacci
515:full stop
496:astronomy
428:His work
273:Edinburgh
235:physicist
219:Latinized
79:Edinburgh
4470:roentgen
4347:(degree
4330:Imperial
4189:angstrom
4012:(degree
3795:Archived
3782:Archived
3769:Archived
3757:Archived
3742:Archived
3592:Archived
3221:Archived
3201:29 March
3195:Archived
3170:29 March
3164:Archived
3123:Archived
3031:Archived
3023:(1886).
3005:Archived
2984:Archived
2976:(1614).
2869:Archived
2849:14 March
2840:Archived
2811:10 March
2805:Archived
2574:Archived
2571:"Napier"
2527:See also
2474:Archived
2367:used in
2292:was his
2290:cockerel
2238:James VI
2155:Theology
2035:to base
2003:to base
1415:,
1399:a',b',c'
500:dynamics
384:St Giles
380:kirkyard
335:Gartness
328:Flanders
109:Scottish
83:Scotland
4480:thomson
4430:faraday
4289:oersted
4279:maxwell
4269:langley
4259:lambert
4239:gilbert
4178:) units
4124:sievert
4114:siemens
4024:coulomb
4014:Celsius
3826::
3670:2539589
3103:12 June
3037:28 July
2928:period.
2875:3 April
2684:5167671
2517:(1839)
2504:(1619)
2488:(1617)
2468:(1614)
2462:(1593)
2431:and of
2365:decibel
2359:Eponyms
2282:alchemy
2106:is the
1419:=
622:A, c, B
504:physics
214:-pee-ər
4420:dalton
4309:stokes
4249:kayser
4209:eotvos
4104:pascal
4084:newton
3983:kelvin
3973:ampere
3856:
3668:
3660:
3624:
3573:
3542:23 May
3533:
3508:23 May
3499:
3468:23 May
3459:
3431:23 May
3422:
3397:23 May
3351:
3341:
3313:
3260:
3250:
3077:
2990:14 May
2956:
2733:
2723:
2682:
2658:
2433:Cadder
2419:Family
2371:, the
2340:. The
2167:(1614)
1395:A'B'C'
626:middle
618:aCbAcB
324:France
237:, and
154:Fields
4450:neper
4440:Mache
4410:curie
4400:curie
4338:units
4299:poise
4229:gauss
4199:debye
4164:weber
4134:tesla
4074:joule
4064:hertz
4054:henry
4034:farad
3666:JSTOR
3589:Neper
2843:(PDF)
2836:(PDF)
2559:Notes
2425:Laird
2384:Neper
2373:neper
2051:, of
1899:(Q10)
1304:(R10)
243:Laird
4490:torr
4332:and
4319:rayl
4154:watt
4144:volt
4044:gray
3658:ISSN
3622:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3544:2012
3531:ISBN
3510:2012
3497:ISBN
3470:2012
3457:ISBN
3433:2012
3420:ISBN
3399:2012
3375:link
3371:link
3367:link
3349:OCLC
3339:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3284:link
3280:link
3276:link
3258:OCLC
3248:ISBN
3229:2017
3203:2011
3172:2011
3105:2024
3075:ISBN
3039:2013
2992:2016
2877:2022
2851:2022
2813:2019
2757:link
2753:link
2749:link
2731:OCLC
2721:ISBN
2702:link
2698:link
2680:OCLC
2656:ISBN
2429:Keir
2411:and
2397:and
2332:and
2284:and
2055:").
1851:(Q5)
1801:(Q9)
1753:(Q4)
1703:(Q8)
1655:(Q3)
1602:(Q7)
1554:(Q2)
1500:(Q6)
1445:(Q1)
1256:(R5)
1206:(R9)
1158:(R4)
1108:(R8)
1060:(R3)
1010:(R7)
962:(R2)
911:(R6)
859:(R1)
453:and
372:gout
287:Life
89:Died
61:Born
4390:bel
4219:gal
4176:cgs
4094:ohm
3907:at
3832:".
3650:doi
3614:doi
3563:doi
3493:244
3303:doi
3067:doi
2948:doi
2648:doi
2427:of
2415:).
2272:).
2264:at
2236:to
1934:cot
1924:cot
1905:cos
1883:sin
1873:tan
1857:tan
1833:cos
1823:sin
1807:cos
1785:sin
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1114:cos
1092:sin
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