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256:) to lead a military coup against the U.S. government and replace it with a fascist regime. Butler was supposedly, "offered $ 3,000,000 to organize a fascist army with a promise of $ 300,000,000 more if it became necessary." Spivak wrote, "The anti-semitic character of Nazism has been abundantly demonstrated in these pages; nevertheless this article, and succeeding ones, will reveal Jewish financiers working with fascist groups which, if successful, would unquestionably heighten the wave of Hate-the-Jew propaganda." He referred specifically to Felix Warburg, the McCormack–Dickstein Committee, and certain members of the American Jewish Committee in collusion with J. P. Morgan. Hans Schmidt concludes that while Spivak made a cogent argument for taking the suppressed testimony seriously, he embellished his article with his "overblown" claims regarding Jewish financiers, which Schmidt dismisses as guilt by association not supported by the evidence of the Butler-MacGuire conversations themselves.
402:
him in
Germany, Poland and Austria under conditions so romantic and melodramatic that they put Hollywood completely to shame. According to Mr. Spivak, the leaders of secret anti-Fascist organizations sought to meet him, although not only their personal freedom and perhaps even their lives, but also, to a certain extent, the success of the movement itself, were at stake. With all respect for Mr. Spivak's abilities, the risks taken by these German, Polish and Austrian revolutionaries seems to be utterly unreasonable and the destinies of the anti-Fascist movement put in rather reckless hands. One should not, however, overestimate their Fascist opponents. Under the fire of the fairly innocuous and sometimes rather naive questions of the impetuous and fearless American journalist, the high Fascist officials in Rome turned white, green, gray and red, and then finally collapsed in utter confusion and helplessness. No wonder Mr. Spivak foresees momentous changes in the near future.
224:, an indictment of peonage and convict-labor in Georgia, powerful enough to put to shame all the rhapsodists of the folk Negro's happy state." Another reviewer thought it posed "a moral challenge" but disliked its exaggerations and the author's "superciliousness." The book carried an appendix with photographs and documents designed to document the novel's descriptions of torture. "Thus his novel," wrote one reviewer, "in addition to the dramatic force of an interesting and well-told story, has the weight and authority of a sociological investigation." Just a few weeks after the book appeared, Spivak testified with other experts on the Georgia penal system in a successful attempt to persuade New Jersey Governor
351:
Another review said Spivak "used to be a first-class reporter," and while granting that "One does not doubt Mr. Spivak's facts," said that "It is the pattern that seems overdrawn." A more appreciative reviewer found Spivak "natively fair-minded and realistic," but doubted his conclusions, especially his assessment of the threat of domestic Nazism and anti-Semitism: " seems to take fools too seriously. Mr. Spivak is in danger of being as credulous of the claims of counter-revolution as some of our eminent citizens are of the claims of revolution."
31:
370:, like the peasants' potatoes, must be taken with a little salt. Readers will be considerably baffled to know how this U.S. investigator, who speaks only English and German, managed to evoke such dangerous confidences from the most illiterate classes in Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia through interpreters. Author Spivak is a shade too ready to forecast the collapse of tyrannies, to overestimate the potency of the rebellious spirit. His book is valuable as a document of a kind that rarely emerges from the censored murk of dictatorship.
265:
591:
Spivak's account "pretty farfetched." Johnson praised Spivak's enduring optimism and skills as a writer: "As a pictorial writer, he is deft, evoking with a line or two a picture that a less competent hand would take a page to limn." He described the work's content, however, as "a series of impressions of an observer, highly skillful, but highly unscientific....It needs to be balanced and corrected by the work of historians trained in a more rigorous professional discipline."
437:(1939) described smuggling and war preparations on the part of West Coast Japanese in collusion with Nazis, hiding weapons in Mexico, and spying on American defense installations with telescopic lenses. One review followed a summation of its charges with an evaluation: "How much of what Mr. Spivak sees and hears is true, we do not know. But we trust that Mr. Hoover's F.B.I. officials. as well as the Mexican government, will look sharply into these activities."
488:
104:
and actions and presented himself as a confrontational interviewer. He dramatized his own research efforts and search for facts on the reader's behalf. He also was up front and open in making clear his political world view so as to disarm the reader's objections to his lack of objectivity. One of the foremost students of 1930s
American journalism recognized his achievement: "A large share of the period's exposés were his."
115:, in the 1930s, perhaps from as early as 1932. NKVD reports indicated that the Soviets particularly valued information he obtained from sources at U.S. Congressional committees, and the NKVD described Spivak as an “agent” in intercepted cables. He obtained material that included details about the German government's financing and sponsorship of
346:(1935) in the preface: "I think that the capitalist system in this country still has some distance to go before it falls....We are in for a period of great unrest, organized and unorganized revolts and bloodshed; a period, I think, which will continue until the present economic system has been completely changed."
410:
reviewer described it as "a clever attempt to pick out the threads of fear, misery and venality in the texture of
Central Europe today, not with a scholar's fine point but with the blunt stub of a partisan." "Mr. Spivak is an artist in black and white and can't be bothered with intermediary shades of
401:
These and other gross distortions of facts are particularly regrettable because they make it difficult to accept on its face value Mr. Spivak's evidence on the development of the revolutionary movement in the countries he visited, evidence that cannot be checked from their sources. It was obtained by
350:
provided its readers with a brief description of : "Misleadingly titled collection of sober reports on conditions and states of mind among the unemployed, California migratory workers, Southern sharecroppers and other distressed groups, written by one of the ablest of U.S. radical journalists."
119:
activity in the U.S. as well as documents related to munitions and chemical weapons research. The KGB also used Spivak as a source of information about , its ideological enemies on the left. The KGB appears to have changed its mind about his usefulness more than once, so Spivak's relationship to the
103:
Along with many of his contemporaries, Spivak experimented with new forms of reporting in which the reporter appeared in his stories as an investigator and witness, drawing the reader into his experience. He used the "exposé quotation" technique to underscore differences between his subject's words
590:
wrote that Spivak's style of journalism, committed to "the exposure of villains" and "dramatic intensity," produces in the end "a distinct aura of mythology." Citing Spivak's account of the
Liberty League's conspiracy to depose Roosevelt, Johnson acknowledged a certain basis in reality but called
189:
In 1930, in a case known as the "Whalen Papers," Spivak used his position as a journalist on behalf of the Soviet Union. When documents detailing Soviet propaganada efforts came into the possession of the New York City Police
Department, Spivak quickly demonstrated they were forgeries. Only years
396:
because his work lacked the attributes of "high-class journalism": "objectivity, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and a sense of proportion." He found nothing new about the rulers except "fantastic stories about the German and
Italian spy system," yet was moved by Spivak's "real feeling for the
362:
found it interesting enough to summarize at length, country by country: "Italy's tyrants, suggests Spivak, are clowns, its people poltroons."; "Germany's tyrants Spivak describes as super-efficient grafting gangsters, its people dolts."; "Poland's tyrants, according to Spivak, are amiable,
397:
underdog." He cited statements "in flagrant contradiction with easily ascertainable facts," a complete misunderstanding of German agricultural policy, and a tale of Nazi officials trying to smuggle German marks abroad that would not be convertible into any other currency. He summarized:
1390:(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 166-7: "Although this book purports to be a popular study...it's more in the genre of the expose and lacks such apparatus as notes, bibliography, and index that would make it more valuable to others."
190:
later did it transpire that the documents were supplied by the
Soviets so that Spivak, alert to the scheme, could discredit them and thereby undermine Congressional efforts to investigate Communist propaganda in the United States.
421:
In
October 1937, Spivak testified before a Massachusetts legislative commission investigating Communist, fascist, and Nazi activities, describing a nationwide Nazi propaganda network and accusing two employees of
471:(1940) as "in the nature of investigative reporting." A review of the historical literature on Coughlin places a sympathetic biography at one end of the scale and Spivak's "rabid" study at the other, calling
329:
Most of Spivak's work was dedicated to supporting communism, exposing capitalism, fascism and underground Nazi spy groups in
Central America, Europe, and the U.S. In March 1935, the last issue of the
1449:, accessed January 10, 2011; Spivak's account of the 1930s "conspiracy" in his autobiography is detailed, but markedly different in both tone and content from his articles decades earlier in
426:, among others, of distributing Nazi propaganda. He identified another witness as a distributor of Nazi propaganda, who in turn said Spivak was being paid by the Communist Party.
567:
published a collection of his short fiction, "lurid stories about easy women, prostitutes, and other 'favors' routinely enjoyed by the middle-class dad on a sales trip," as
65:
in Europe and the United States. Most of his writings date from the 1920s and 1930s. He lived under a pseudonym during the 1950s and 1960s, emerging again to publish his
1153:
For a negative response that calls Spivak a "rather clever and unscrupulous propagandist" and resents his focus on Nazi anti-Semitism in
America, see Arthur C. Inman,
411:
color....If, in your opinion, striking contrasts and brilliant writing can compensate for oversimplification and ingenuousness, Mr. Spivak is the man for your money."
522:
New Century, a Communist publishing house, issued two pamphlets of Spivak's work that attacked America's political right wing for its role in creating the Cold War:
294:
193:
Spivak traveled throughout the South in the early 1930s interviewing prison camp officials and photographing camp practices and punishment records. His novel,
1551:
1561:
1038:(NY: Burt Franklin & Co., 1977), 224: "A Marxist interpretation of organized anti-Semitism in the United States in the light of the class struggle."
990:
607:
Spivak died in Philadelphia in 1981, six months after his wife died. They had been married for 64 years and were survived by a daughter and grandson.
1006:
88:
ideas in his teenage years and later wrote that writing was "more to me than just a trade I liked; it was a weapon." He claimed he never joined the
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331:
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475:"a primary document of the brown scare," that is, an unwarranted and hysterical fear of a right-wing overthrow of the federal government.
168:. Upon his return to the United States, he became a feature writer for leftist newspapers and magazines such as the Communist Party USA's
1576:
1556:
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781:("Saviors of America" - The "Save the Country" Racket, translated into Russian) (Moscow: Foreign Literature Publishing House, 1949)
316:
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587:
619:
199:
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685:
382:
Soviet specialist Michael T. Florinsky dissected Spivak's reporting. He noted that Spivak's style appealed to both the
93:
1513:
1374:(Project on Church and State, Princeton University, 1987), 194. The term "brown scare" is based on an analogy to the
911:
248:
charged a congressional committee with deliberately suppressing evidence of an offer made to retired Marine General
165:
30:
1347:
Hollywood and Anti-semitism: A Cultural History up to World War II (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 84, 114
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277:
449:
287:
281:
273:
149:
937:
387:
298:
78:
537:, Spivak spent much of the 1950s and 1960s writing under several pen names for men's magazines including
418:, Spivak toured the United States in 1936 delivering a lecture on the dangers of fascism called "I Saw."
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found it "ambitious" and partly interesting, and wished Spivak had covered some harder to study regions.
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604:. His work led to a federal investigation of sales tactics used by magazine circulation companies.
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as the guardian of radical ideals until he decided that the Soviet Union's survival justified it.
543:
216:
85:
1386:(Syracuse University Press, 1965), 253, "interesting, but far from reliable"; Charles H. Lippy,
1048:
571:
by Monroe Fry. One review described its treatment of the subject as "slightly sensationalized."
560:
668:
Plotting America's Pogroms: A Documental Exposé of Organized Anti-Semitism in the United States
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655:
596:
249:
153:
1492:
956:(NY: Free Press, 1968), 170; Sterling A. Brown, "Negro Character as seen by White Authors,"
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633:
138:
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John L. Spivak: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
754:
706:
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176:
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From 1968 to 1973 he wrote a consumer affairs column called "Action! Express" for the
578:. Assuming the name John L. Spivak once more, in 1967 he published his autobiography,
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1535:
798:
745:
702:
253:
144:
66:
54:
1372:
Church and State in America: A Bibliographic Guide, The Civil War to the Present Day
1157:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), Daniel Aaron, ed., 647 (August 9, 1935)
210:
170:
97:
1388:
Modern American Popular Religion: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography
1036:
The Jewish Community in America: An Annotated and Classified Bibliographical Guide
235:
articles on anti-Semitism in the U.S. were reprinted as a 93-page pamphlet called
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1129:
534:
1049:
John L. Spivak, "Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy" (photographic reproduction)
671:
423:
244:
182:
77:
As a boy Spivak worked in a number of industrial factories in his hometown of
467:. One author described Spivak's combination of documentation and advocacy in
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David Riesman, "Democracy and Defamation: Fair Game and Fair Comment I," in
1007:"Miss Latimer's Stories and Other Recent Works of Fiction," October 16, 1932
630:
375:
50:
46:
880:(University of Chicago Press, 1973), 33-6, 54, 173-4, 179, 183-6, quote 34n
208:
labor and chain gangs, was serialized in several newspapers, including the
156:
in West Virginia. He then served briefly as a reporter and bureau chief in
17:
440:
In 1940, he was arrested for criminal libel because of charges he made in
354:
Spivak toured parts of Europe and produced a portrait of the continent in
220:. Soon after it appeared in 1932, an academic study called it "a second
742:
Honorable Spy: Exposing Japanese Military Intrigue in the United States
205:
62:
161:
157:
58:
1124:, accessed December 16, 2010; Chamberlain compared Spivak's work in
952:
Sterling A. Brown, "The Negro Awakening," in James A. Emanuel, ed.,
1359:
Father Charles E. Coughlin: Surrogate Spokesman for the Disaffected
751:
Shrine of the Silver Dollar: A Documented Story of Father Coughlin
335:
gave its award for "best reporting" to Spivak for his articles in
29:
1406:
Trinity of Passion: The Literary Left and the Antifascist Crusade
116:
108:
1055:, January 29 and February 5, 1935, accessed December 15, 2010;
912:"John Spivak, Reporter And Political Crusader," October 3, 1981
482:
258:
112:
228:
to refuse to extradite a fugitive from a Georgia chain gang.
1321:"Writer for Communist Publications Jailed on Libel Charges"
991:"Prof. Huxley Here; Talks on his Verse," September 30, 1932
582:, which covered his life up to 1939. Reviewing it for the
363:
intelligent playboys, its people hopeless serfs." In sum:
1216:"Mr. Spivak's Adventures in Fascist States," May 24, 1936
1057:
John L. Spivak, "Wall Street's Fascist Conspiracy Part 1"
889:
John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev,
763:
Vol. V, Num. 4. Fall 1980 (Originally written circa 1940)
128:
Spivak landed his first job as a police reporter for the
53:
reporter and author, who wrote about the problems of the
1447:
Gerald W. Jonson, "Sound the Alarm," September 24, 1967"
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John Chamberlain, "Books of the Times," January 17, 1936
1419:
How to Be Useful: A Beginner's Guide to Not Hating Work
1257:"Says Ford Men Aid Nazi Efforts Here," October 14, 1937
1171:
R.L. Duffus, "The American Worker Today," July 28, 1935
1023:"Burns Extradition Refused by Moore," December 22, 1932
498:
92:. In his 1967 autobiography, he described how the 1939
1122:
John Chamberlain, "Books of the Times," August 6, 1935
1273:"Brandeis Called 'Invisible' Power," October 26, 1937
455:
Spivak also investigated the financial activities of
45:(June 13, 1897 – September 30, 1981) was an American
761:
Conspiracy Digest: Evidence - Theory - Speculation,
1232:Ralph Thompson, "Books of the Times," May 11, 1936
1187:"International: Dictators Dissected," May 25, 1936
574:He and his wife, Mabel, retired to their farm in
444:that Edward F. Sullivan, an investigator for the
152:. His first major story came when he covered the
1155:The Inman Diary: A Public and Private Confession
729:Secret Armies: The New Technique of Nazi Warfare
286:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1408:(University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 144
1063:, January 29, 1935], accessed December 15, 2010
69:in 1967 and work as a journalist in the 1970s.
891:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America
339:on Nazi and anti-Semitic activity in the U.S.
132:. He moved to New York where he worked at the
664:(New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1932)
559:. He lived for 2 decades under the pseudonym
120:KGB was intermittent for more than a decade.
8:
1378:and uses the color of Hitler's paramilitary
1077:"Press: Retiring Spectators," March 11, 1935
927:(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 317-8
925:Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda
459:, the Catholic radio priest who founded the
448:, and Kurt Sepmeier, a German instructor at
923:Martin J. Manning with Herbert Romerstein,
878:Documentary Expression and Thirties America
1361:(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 22n
954:Dark symphony: Negro Literature in America
903:
901:
899:
893:(Yale University Press, 2009), 161-7, 476
684:, translated into Yiddish) (Amherst, MA:
317:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:His 1935 exposé in the Communist Party's
1307:"Spivak Returned to Jail," April 2, 1940
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1398:
1396:
811:
1327:. Catholic Research Resources Alliance
1319:N.C.W.C. News Service (2 April 1940).
1106:"Fiction: Recent Books: Aug. 12, 1935"
636:described Spivak as "the best of us."
446:House Un-American Activities Committee
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678:Ṿer greyṭ pogromen af Idn in Ameriḳe?
7:
854:(Horizon Press, 1967), 166, 284, 287
753:(New York: Modern Age Books, 1940),
744:(New York: Modern Age Books, 1939),
610:Most of Spivak's papers are held at
461:National Shrine of the Little Flower
1552:Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
852:A Man in his Time: An Autobiography
787:(writing as Monroe Fry) (New York:
691:The Rise and Fall of a Tabloid. In
200:Hard Times on a Southern Chain Gang
96:temporarily shook his faith in the
1092:(NY: Covici-Friede, 1935), viii-ix
25:
1562:20th-century American journalists
1421:(NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 112
839:Syracuse University Spivak Papers
695:,Vol. 25, No. 149. September 1934
374:British diplomat turned academic
1489:Works by or about John L. Spivak
1384:Father Coughlin and the New Deal
486:
263:
1462:University of Texas at Austin:
342:Spivak announced the thesis of
252:by Wall Street financiers (the
725:, Vol. 28, No. 167. March 1936
648:(New York: S. Siegfried, 1929)
1:
837:Syracuse University Library:
775:(New York: New Century, 1948)
773:The "Save the Country" Racket
769:(New York: New Century, 1947)
620:University of Texas at Austin
586:, veteran liberal journalist
528:The "Save the Country" Racket
111:, predecessors of the Soviet
1466:, accessed December 15, 2010
1382:. See also Charles J. Tull,
1309:, accessed December 12, 2010
1275:, accessed December 15, 2010
1259:, accessed December 15, 2010
1234:, accessed December 15, 2010
1218:, accessed December 15, 2010
1189:, accessed December 15, 2010
1173:, accessed December 16, 2010
1144:, accessed December 16, 2010
1108:, accessed December 14, 2010
1090:America Faces the Barricades
1079:, accessed December 14, 2010
1025:, accessed December 14, 2010
1009:, accessed December 14, 2010
993:, accessed December 14, 2010
914:, accessed December 10, 2010
841:, accessed December 12, 2010
767:Pattern for Domestic Fascism
699:America Faces the Barricades
686:National Yiddish Book Center
524:Pattern for Domestic Fascism
344:America Faces the Barricades
1499:"John L. Spivak Collection"
943:, accessed October 30, 2021
759:England's Cliveden Set. In
469:Shrine of the Silver Dollar
204:depicting the brutality of
107:Spivak cooperated with the
1593:
1577:American political writers
1480:Works by John Louis Spivak
969:Ben N. Azikiwe, review of
958:Journal of Negro Education
936:New Georgia Encyclopedia:
682:Plotting America's Pogroms
646:The Medical Trust Unmasked
237:Plotting America's Pogroms
231:In 1934, some of Spivak's
166:International News Service
1557:American male journalists
1514:"John L. Spivak Obituary"
1325:The Catholic News Archive
1301:, vol. 42 (1942), 1091n;
414:Under the sponsorship of
1572:American autobiographers
1202:, vol. 15 (1936), 769-70
977:, vol. 18 (1933), 216-20
975:Journal of Negro History
721:Hitler's Racketeers. In
614:, while some related to
450:Wichita State University
272:This article includes a
150:American Socialist Party
38:(1939) by John L. Spivak
712:Europe Under the Terror
600:, a newspaper based in
429:In a sort of sequel to
388:William Randolph Hearst
368:Europe Under the Terror
356:Europe under the Terror
301:more precise citations.
94:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
73:Early life and overview
960:, vol. 2 (1933), 202-3
785:Sex, Vice and Business
629:Sometime before 1937,
569:Sex, Vice and Business
495:This section is empty.
404:
372:
79:New Haven, Connecticut
39:
1501:. Syracuse University
1370:John F. Wilson, ed.,
1357:Ronald H. Carpenter,
1288:, vol. 14 (1940), 267
1200:International Affairs
1034:William W. Brickman,
399:
365:
33:
1136:a few months later;
1134:Where Life is Better
716:Simon & Schuster
640:Partial bibliography
602:Easton, Pennsylvania
576:Easton, Pennsylvania
452:, were Nazi agents.
84:He was attracted to
61:, and the spread of
1567:American communists
1299:Columbia Law Review
612:Syracuse University
479:World War II period
465:Royal Oak, Michigan
457:Charles E. Coughlin
380:Columbia University
148:, the paper of the
27:American journalist
941:, January 14, 2005
332:American Spectator
274:list of references
217:Des Moines Tribune
40:
1520:. October 3, 1981
1484:Project Gutenberg
1433:, vol. 75-76, 341
865:A Man in his Time
795:A Man In His Time
779:Спасители Америки
656:Brewer and Warren
588:Gerald W. Johnson
580:A Man in His Time
533:With the rise of
515:
514:
327:
326:
319:
250:Smedley D. Butler
222:Uncle Tom's Cabin
198:(later retitled,
154:Battle of Matewan
43:John Louis Spivak
16:(Redirected from
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1547:1981 deaths
1542:1897 births
1198:E.H. Carr,
1130:James Rorty
797:(New York:
731:(New York:
714:(New York:
701:(New York:
670:(New York:
654:(New York:
625:Assessments
618:are at the
535:McCarthyism
526:(1947) and
518:Later years
299:introducing
134:Morning Sun
18:John Spivak
1536:Categories
1524:2008-12-15
1505:2008-12-15
1451:New Masses
1331:30 January
1243:Stott, 34n
1126:Barricades
1061:New Masses
1053:New Masses
672:New Masses
561:Monroe Fry
557:Man to Man
424:Henry Ford
416:New Masses
384:New Masses
337:New Masses
245:New Masses
233:New Masses
183:New Masses
180:, and the
49:and later
1376:Red Scare
735:, 1939),
631:Muckraker
376:E.H. Carr
51:communist
47:socialist
34:Cover of
863:Spivak,
539:Cavalier
530:(1948).
406:Another
358:(1936).
214:and the
164:for the
145:The Call
1491:at the
801:, 1967)
791:, 1959)
718:, 1936)
674:, 1934)
565:Esquire
544:Esquire
295:improve
206:peonage
86:leftist
63:fascism
1047:COAT:
555:, and
473:Shrine
162:Moscow
158:Berlin
142:, and
124:Career
59:racism
867:, 465
806:Notes
280:, or
1333:2022
1183:Time
1102:Time
1073:Time
553:Male
549:Fury
386:and
360:Time
348:Time
160:and
117:Nazi
109:NKVD
1482:at
1132:'s
973:in
501:.
463:in
390:'s
177:Ken
113:KGB
1538::
1516:.
1445::
1395:^
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20:)
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