659:, telephoned Hughes Communications, but officials there could not offer an explanation for the jamming. The HBO technician attempted to regain control by increasing the uplink transmission power from 125 watts to 2,000 watts. This was unsuccessful, as MacDougall increased his power in a control battle that lasted about 90 seconds, during which it was feared that a further power increase would damage the satellite. MacDougall became scared, abandoned his control of the satellite, and went home. He felt guilty about his actions the following day, but hoped the jamming would not be noticed by anyone not working for HBO. MacDougall was later surprised to see his actions being reported on network television. Thus, when he returned to work that night he pretended to have no knowledge about the intrusion, and asked questions about what had happened. MacDougall only told close friends, and had visions of federal agents visiting his home.
314:(HBO) began scrambling its signal on a 24-hour basis on January 15, 1986, it offered subscriptions to home dish owners for $ 12.95 per month ($ 30.61 in 2020 dollars), which was either equal to or slightly higher than what cable subscribers paid. HBO also advised viewers that purchasing a descrambler for $ 395 ($ 933.80 in 2020 dollars) would (along with the monthly fee) allow them to continue watching HBO. Several satellite dish dealers across the U.S. closed their stores as a result of a reduction in dish sales, caused by the rise in signal scrambling. Dish owners began protests over keeping free access to broadcasts. One such protest was by members of the Satellite Television Industry Association, who converged on
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that produced the character generator graphics model used to generate the typeface on the television screen was also identified after studying footage of the jamming. Investigators from the commission obtained copies from an FCC engineer and HBO viewers, as tape machines were not running during the jamming. The FCC removed stations from the list of 500 that were inoperative on April 27 or transmitting other material. This method brought the number of potential stations down to twelve. After FCC investigators visited these stations, there were now three prime suspects which included MacDougall. The commission later learned an accountant from
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938:. A group called the Captain Midnight Grassroots Cause was formed and sold merchandise to help raise money for MacDougall to pay his legal fees. MacDougall found the constant media attention difficult to deal with, and was regularly bothered at home. He shut his office because no work could be undertaken without him being asked about Captain Midnight. As of 2011, he still resides in Ocala and undertakes consulting work under the MacDougall Electronics name. In a retrospective interview with
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597:, the satellite that carried HBO. Locating the satellite coordinates was not of great difficulty for MacDougall as frequencies were widely published in manuals and enthusiast magazines. As a protest against the introduction of high fees and scrambling equipment, MacDougall transmitted a signal onto the satellite that for four and a half minutes overrode HBO's telecast of the 1985 film
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725:, wrote to the FCC saying the company had received calls threatening to place Galaxy 1 into a different orbit, but the company was unable to determine whether these were credible threats or not. Fuchs's letter additionally urged the commission to use all of its resources to capture the culprit. In the days after the jamming, more than 200 people called the
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928:"He didn't have any No. 1 records written about him or anything like that, and that's always an indication. The whole event was misunderstood. People took Captain Midnight to be a symbol of frustration people were feeling about scrambling. It made him seem a representative of dish owners, but he was not. There was no way a dish owner could do what he did."
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amongst disgruntled satellite dish owners who felt unfairly treated. The
Satellite Television Industry Association released a statement denouncing intentional interference, and a spokesperson for the organization called for the offender to be imprisoned. Showtime vice president Stephen Schultz dubbed
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I do not regret trying to get the message out to corporate
America about unfair pricing and restrictive trade practices. That was the impetus for doing what I did; that's the reason I jammed HBO; that's the reason I sent them a polite message. What I do regret is that I was young and fairly naïve in
603:, which had begun two minutes earlier. The five-line text message printed in white capital letters that appeared on the screens of HBO subscribers across the eastern half of the U.S. (accounting for more than half of HBO's 14.6 million subscribers at the time), starting at 12:32 a.m. EST (05:32
830:
MacDougall was approached for interviews by major U.S. news stations after his arraignment, but
Gentile advised him to not appear on television until his sentencing. MacDougall held a news conference in which he stated he did not contest the rights of cable companies to scramble their programs, but
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MacDougall contacted attorney John Green Jr., who advised him the chances of him winning the case were 70 percent and that a trial would be risky and costly. He faced being fined up to $ 100,000 and being sentenced to one year in prison if he was convicted. Furthermore, MacDougall was worried about
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Prior to the jamming, the FCC warned that anyone interfering with television signals would be harshly dealt with, and MacDougall was charged after surrendering to the authorities following media and industry pressure. Investigators from the commission spoke to MacDougall in July (he lost his job at
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Later, the FCC determined which teleport uplink sites out of the 2,000 licensed transmitters in the U.S. had the capability to override the HBO signal. That narrowed it down to 580 uplink sites that had sufficiently large antennas that had the capability of broadcasting the signal. The manufacturer
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made indications of its desire to get involved, and the FBI was called in to assist the investigation. One hundred FCC field offices and monitoring stations across the U.S. were actively involved in the investigation, with no fewer than six FCC employees working on the case. Oliver Long, the head
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In 1983, MacDougall opened the satellite dealership MacDougall
Electronics in Ocala. The company initially turned a healthy profit, but following the scrambling of HBO's signal on January 15, 1986, its turnover declined. Consequently, MacDougall reduced his expenses where possible and in the same
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their programming and charging fees to home satellite dish owners who accessed the same satellite signals that cable operators received. Many satellite dish owners faced the prospect of having to purchase descrambling equipment at a cost of hundreds of dollars, as well as having to pay monthly or
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On April 26, 1986, MacDougall worked at his shop as usual, and closed at 4:00 p.m. EST. After eating dinner, he reported to
Central Florida Teleport with one other engineer on duty. The second engineer left at 6:00 p.m., leaving MacDougall to operate the building on his own. MacDougall
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MacDougall's jamming of HBO's satellite signal generated much publicity, and attracted attention from several sectors of society. The jamming was described by various press publications as either the first instance of high-technology terrorism, or the most widely watched instance of electronic
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planned to hold meetings concerning the issue of satellite jamming. Members of
Congress showed interest, with those coming from states with extensive rural areas showing more sympathy to owners of satellite dishes. The hijacking raised concerns over satellite-borne communications: that data
234:(FBI), investigated the jamming. After the FCC identified the transmitters and stations equipped with the specific character generator evidently used during the broadcast signal intrusion, MacDougall surrendered to the authorities, after which he was served with a
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that placed letters on the television screen. He spent a couple of minutes composing his message. MacDougall began his message with a polite greeting as he did not wish to be insulting. He selected the name "Captain
Midnight" from a film he had recently seen,
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asked the government to allow the marketplace and not corporations to set prices. He revealed he was aware of a year-old magazine that spoke about the type of signal interference he caused, but affirmed the article was not influential on his actions.
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to get himself acquitted. He thus changed his mind and agreed to cooperate fully with the FCC. At his first hearing on the afternoon of July 22, he pleaded guilty to the charge of "illegally operating a satellite uplink transmitter", a violation of
533:
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In 1986, the switch from
Eastern Standard Time (EST) to Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) occurred on the night of April 26–27, at 2:00 a.m. local time, so the Captain Midnight prank occurred a little less than 1.5 hours before the beginning of
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Central
Florida Teleport beforehand due to the closure of People's Choice), asking him questions that led him to believe that the commission was aware of the incident. Two FCC agents visited MacDougall's house two weeks later along with
721:. The commission's chief, Richard Smith, assembled staff in his office for an emergency meeting at the FCC headquarters eight hours after the intrusion to discuss how the culprit should be caught. On April 28, the chairman of HBO,
790:. In their meeting, MacDougall claimed not to have committed any crime. According to MacDougall, Gentile tried to make an agreement that if MacDougall discussed the incident, Gentile would be willing to recommend a small fine and
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for ATIS. Although HBO has not been targeted since the channel's signal power was increased to make it more difficult for hijackers to intrude, there have been multiple instances of uplink video piracy across the United States.
299:, as well as how to access pay television from the airwaves for free. This was not illegal at the time, and restaurant and hotel chains made use of this technology to distribute programming to guests and patrons without charge.
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uplink station (which uplinked services to satellites) as an operations engineer to help him pay his bills. As he was not receiving any customers, MacDougall pulled all company advertising and saved money by switching off his
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annual subscription fees to cable programming providers. Fees for home dish owners were often higher than fees paid by cable subscribers, despite dish owners being responsible for acquiring and servicing their own equipment.
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the ways of the media. I didn't grasp the fact that no one understood my motives and that everyone would make assumptions. Had I known that up front I would have been much more fervent in explaining my motivations. I had no
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to the judge. At that time, MacDougall stated that he started to feel that there was not enough evidence to convict him, and despite continuing to protest his innocence, MacDougall told
Gentile he would attend court.
250:, and a one-year suspension of his amateur radio license. The jamming received much attention in the U.S., with one executive dubbing the intrusion an act of "video terrorism". As a consequence of the incident, the
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199:. The message, broadcast for four and a half minutes, was seen by the eastern half of the United States (accounting for more than half of HBO's 14.6 million subscribers at the time) protesting HBO's rates for
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that was superimposed on HBO's signal for a brief period. HBO did not investigate this incident, as it had occurred during the overnight hours, and as a result, very few people had been watching at the time.
223:, for control of the transmission. The technician attempted to increase uplink power but gave up because of the risk of damaging the satellite. MacDougall eventually abandoned his control of the satellite.
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MacDougall wrote protest letters to legislators, and spent a large amount of money to raise awareness about wanting to keep the market free from excessive charging of its services. At 12:49 a.m.
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468:, in 1960 or 1961. He was the youngest of five children to building contractor Robert MacDougall and his wife Thelma, a homemaker. Shortly after his father's retirement in 1970, the family moved to
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643:, owner of the Galaxy 1 satellite, immediately noticed the jamming and threatened to shut down HBO's satellite signal or alter the satellite's course, with executives believing the hacker was a
823:. MacDougall's plea bargain was confirmed at his sentencing by Judge Howard T. Snyder on August 26. Lawyers for Hughes Communications subsequently reviewed the option of taking MacDougall to
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896:(ATIS) was developed in response to MacDougall's actions, allowing satellite operators to quickly identify unauthorized uplink transmissions. In 2009, HBO and Elmer Musser were awarded a
893:
271:
157:
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295:, free broadcasts continued. Starting in the 1970s, a small community of satellite television enthusiasts (mostly engineers) shared the technology and knowledge of how to construct
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network by aiming his satellite dish at 72 degrees west longitude. The final theorized hijacking would have been aiming his satellite dish at 100 degrees west longitude, above the
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network People's Choice, which used Central Florida Teleport's facilities. After the film ended, he went through his regular routine. Before logging off, MacDougall set up
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505:. He became increasingly reclusive during this period, watching television and reading magazines. MacDougall later said of the experience: "I have been watching the great
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2387:"61st Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy® Awards Presented at the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino at the International Consumer Electronics Show at Las Vegas"
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field office, oversaw the investigation, and the commission assigned agent George Dillon to the case. The case first led investigators from the FCC to focus on the
877:
As a consequence of MacDougall's jamming, and ambiguity about the federal misdemeanor charge made against him under 47 U.S.C. § 301, the U.S. Congress passed the
477:
2444:
Davis, Bob (July 23, 1986). "Captain Midnight Unmasked by FCC, Enters Guilty Plea — Retailer of Satellite Dishes Flashed Message on TV During HBO Broadcast".
1220:
892:. The FCC subsequently implemented strict requirements that all radio and television transmitters must have an electronic name tag for tracking purposes. The
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determined that MacDougall could have potentially taken over the signals of three additional satellites. He could have taken control of the network feed of
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and received a $ 5,000 fine, was put on unsupervised probation for one year, and had his amateur radio license suspended for one year. Later, he was
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was delivered for free over local frequencies in the United States. When the industry began charging viewers for access to premium services via
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897:
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1965:
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satellite Fleetsatcom 1. The magazine also posited that an amateur hobbyist could hijack the satellites that alerted U.S. military forces to
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In the mid-1980s, controversy erupted in the cable programming world as American media companies that owned pay television channels began
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owners, which he considered too expensive. MacDougall was working at his second job as an operations engineer at the Central Florida
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1374:"Capt. Midnight Recalls His One-night Stand (Will He Ever Top The Experience Of A Lifetime? Or Recover From It, For That Matter?)"
593:", MacDougall swung the 30-foot (9.1 m) transmission dish back into its storage position, which aimed it at the location of
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869:, in which a disenchanted news anchor broadcasts his frustrations with the negative aspects of commercial television.
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The FCC is responsible for ensuring nobody interferes with the licensed airwaves transmitted in the United States.
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in 2011, MacDougall said he did not regret his actions but wished his motivations were more clearly understood:
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924:, stated MacDougall had not been able to achieve folk hero status as had been widely reported in the press:
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783:
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Galaxy 1 carried HBO on transponder 23 at a rate of 125 watts, with relay signals sent out at 6.385
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1970:
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1991:
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The full recording of the broadcast signal intrusion, as it happened live on television in 1986
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1966:"A signal event: on the track of Capt. Midnight – Home Box Office's transmission interrupted"
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Building the Architecture for Sustainable Space Security: Conference Report 30-31 March 2006
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571:
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The April 20 intrusion went unreported to the FCC until after the following week's jamming.
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690:, tuned at 6.065 GHz. He also could have taken over the foreign language feed of the
488:. He eventually abandoned his studies and found employment installing satellite dishes in
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1172:"Captain Midnight's Sneak Attack: A daring video intruder airs the beefs of dish owners"
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2014:
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MacDougall's action led to him being immediately regarded as coming close to being a
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had overheard MacDougall bragging about the jamming at a payphone in a rest area off
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mask. The jamming did not appear to affect HBO's pricing policies in the long-term.
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703:
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17:
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816:
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683:
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484:, MacDougall spent two years of studying in a management engineering program at
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due to a tourist having overheard him discussing the incident on a payphone off
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actions, creating confusion for world leaders and placing the world at risk of
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698:, with a frequency setting of 293.375 MHz, thereby jamming the signal of
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Beginning in the late 1920s, when the first experimental transmissions began,
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1987:
1979:
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Myths and Mysteries of Florida: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained
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1449:. Vol. 76, no. 219. Associated Press. August 27, 1986. p. D11
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The penalty was raised to a fine of $ 250,000 and/or ten years imprisonment.
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Although the intrusion caused minor annoyance to viewers, HBO contacted the
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transmitted by business and military users would become potential targets.
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2212:"Captain Midnight' strikes; preempts HBO with message decrying scrambling"
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516:(EST) on April 20, one week before the jamming, MacDougall transmitted a
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745:, after an anonymous tip accused an amateur radio operator residing in
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1643:"30 years ago today, a disgruntled Floridian interrupted HBO's signal"
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906:
889:
647:. HBO's technician, working at the company's communication center in
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To protest against charges for access to scrambled satellite channels
765:, and obtained a license plate number of a car owned by MacDougall.
2084:"A video pirate struck two Chicago television stations, briefly..."
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2139:
2137:
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the intrusion as an act of "video terrorism". A correspondent for
738:
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528:
1909:
from the original on September 21, 2017 – via Google Books.
1440:"Confessed video pirate 'Captain Midnight' given probation, fine"
1931:"'Captain Midnight' Enters Plea of Guilty to Video Piracy Count"
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910:
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Richard Acello, the editor of the home satellite dish magazine
215:, and vied with a technician at HBO's communications center in
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1609:"Captain Midnight: 'No regrets' about jamming HBO back in '86"
679:
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311:
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and was sanctioned with a $ 5,000 fine, one-year unsupervised
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32:"John R. MacDougall" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1416:
1414:
1412:
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1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1169:
Byers, Jim; Cramer, Jerome; Zoglin, Richard (May 12, 1986).
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wrote the jamming was similar to the plot of the 1976 film
480:. Having spent his childhood years tinkering with cars and
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had their transmissions briefly interrupted by a man in a
496:
month was offered a part-time job at the Central Florida
2548:
Internet Security: Hacking, Counterhacking, and Society
2357:
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1719:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1046:"The Tale of Captain Midnight, TV Hacker And Folk Hero"
2374:
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research 2006
2291:
Knittel, Chris; Pasternack, Alex (November 25, 2013).
2822:
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
2735:
2571:
It's Not TV: Watching HBO in the Post-Television Era
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1083:
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729:(FBI) to "confess" that they were Captain Midnight.
2550:. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
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778:Lawrence Gentile III, who served MacDougall with a
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410:Illegally operating a satellite uplink transmitter
2602:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
2205:
2203:
1251:"Flashback: Hacker interrupts HBO's film in 1986"
905:happened in November 1987, when Chicago stations
717:(FCC) and announced that the hijacker would face
274:was also developed in response to this incident.
2391:National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
2143:
1960:
1958:
1680:
1636:
1634:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1209:Lyman, Rick; Borowski, Neill (April 29, 1986).
2568:; Ott, Brian L.; Buckley, Cara Louise (2009).
2293:"The Mystery of the Creepiest Television Hack"
1851:"Airwaves pirate eludes investigators in U.S."
1738:
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932:The jamming was parodied in the cartoon strip
811:. Under an agreement with Gentile, MacDougall
559:and used a Quanta Corporation Microgen MG-100
322:to protect access to satellite transmissions.
2827:Television controversies in the United States
1563:Jean, Charlie; Reidy, Chris (July 23, 1986).
1204:
1202:
1200:
1164:
1162:
1160:
879:Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
551:as part of the evening's programming for the
256:Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
242:. Under an agreement with the prosecutor, he
53:Message seen in 1986, as superimposed on the
8:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1286:". Callbooks, p. 449. Internet Archive.
827:, but chose not to take any further action.
682:had he positioned his satellite dish at the
41:
27:1986 signal intrusion of HBOs satellite feed
2720:Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion
2704:Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion
2692:Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion
1816:"Capt. Midnight Dishes Up Cable Tv Dilemma"
1181:. Vol. 127, no. 19. p. 100.
894:Automatic Transmitter Identification System
272:Automatic Transmitter Identification System
158:Automatic Transmitter Identification System
2728:
2112:"Cable Scrambled Captain Midnight's Dream"
1879:"Engineer Profile: Oliver Long of the FCC"
1845:
1843:
1809:
1807:
1745:"Captain Midnight, HBO, And World War III"
1565:"Ocala Man Dished Up That Warning For HBO"
972:Broadcast signal intrusion#Other incidents
967:Southern Television broadcast interruption
425:Amateur radio license suspended for 1 year
329:
47:
40:
2512:Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Cert Guide
2272:. Vol. 102, no. 134. p. 10
2326:"Captain Midnight and the Space Hackers"
2051:"Cable's 'Captain Midnight' Apprehended"
1798:
1472:"Cable Report: 'Captain Midnight' talks"
609:
2742:
2538:Forester, Tom; Morrison, Perry (2007).
2340:from the original on September 24, 2017
2305:from the original on September 21, 2017
2243:from the original on September 20, 2017
2188:from the original on September 20, 2017
2122:from the original on September 24, 2017
2063:from the original on September 24, 2017
2025:from the original on September 21, 2017
1828:from the original on September 21, 2017
1777:from the original on September 20, 2017
1704:from the original on September 22, 2017
1694:"Time Change 1986 in the United States"
1655:from the original on September 30, 2017
1387:from the original on September 21, 2017
1371:Stiteler, Rowland (November 30, 1986).
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1193:– via EBSCO Information Services.
1185:from the original on September 21, 2017
1102:from the original on September 20, 2017
1058:from the original on September 20, 2017
1031:
983:
898:Technology & Engineering Emmy Award
2802:April 1986 events in the United States
1943:from the original on February 29, 2016
1725:
1420:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
2416:Carpenter, John (November 22, 2017).
2361:
2015:"Captain Midnight Arrested, FCC says"
1466:
1464:
1263:from the original on December 6, 2016
567:On the Air Live with Captain Midnight
283:Scrambling of satellite transmissions
7:
1240:
1238:
1211:"On The Trail Of 'Captain Midnight'"
1090:"When "Captain Midnight" Hacked HBO"
607:) on April 27, appeared as follows:
2324:Bloombecker, J. J. B. (July 1988).
888:) which made satellite hijacking a
476:, where MacDougall was educated at
156:Resulted in the development of the
1457:– via Newspaperarchives.com.
1284:Winter 1983 Radio Amateur Callbook
1088:Rossen, Jake (February 25, 2016).
1044:Ewalt, David M. (March 18, 2013).
25:
2624:Explorations in Quantum Computing
2393:. January 7, 2010. Archived from
2013:McCloskey, Bill (July 22, 1986).
1814:Clark, Kenneth R. (May 4, 1986).
1743:Goldberg, Donald (October 1986).
1607:McNamara, Paul (April 26, 2011).
1575:from the original on May 21, 2014
1145:from the original on May 22, 2014
846:House Communications Subcommittee
715:Federal Communications Commission
228:Federal Communications Commission
2792:1986 crimes in the United States
2769:
2757:
2745:
2697:
2685:
951:and I had no malice in my heart.
545:oversaw the uplink of the movie
422:1 year of unsupervised probation
266:), making satellite hijacking a
230:(FCC), with assistance from the
2633:Springer Science+Business Media
2262:Anderson, Jack (June 7, 1986).
1929:Pagano, Penny (July 23, 1986).
1641:Blevins, Joe (April 27, 2016).
1325:"The Story of Captain Midnight"
801:going before the jury and lying
727:Federal Bureau of Investigation
486:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
456:John R. MacDougall was born in
389:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
232:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2616:: United Nations Publications.
2156:Scott, Karyl (July 28, 1986).
2110:Runnels, Jim (July 24, 1986).
1:
2832:Protests in the United States
2049:Shales, Tom (July 23, 1986).
1877:Paikoff, Mark (Autumn 1987).
1514:"'Captain Midnight' unmasked"
1129:"Video pirate interrupts HBO"
962:Max Headroom signal hijacking
193:during a showing of the film
2144:Forester & Morrison 2007
1383:. p. 10 & 155–160.
318:, in March 1986 to urge the
165:On April 27, 1986, American
2797:1986 in American television
2621:Williams, Colin P. (2010).
2418:"The Max Headroom incident"
2158:"Capt. Midnight surrenders"
1529:(4): 90–91. July 28, 1986.
1395:– via Newspapers.com.
1259:. New York City, New York.
743:Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
2853:
2089:United Press International
1883:Hispanic Engineer & IT
619:$ 12.95/MONTH ?
600:The Falcon and the Snowman
570:(unrelated to the popular
196:The Falcon and the Snowman
115:Broadcast signal intrusion
31:
2650:Wright, E. Lynne (2012).
2196:– via Google Books.
1858:. May 2, 1986. p. D4
1785:– via Google Books.
1216:The Philadelphia Inquirer
155:
46:
2662:Rowman & Littlefield
2521:Pearson IT Certification
2473:DeFino, Dean J. (2014).
749:, of being the culprit.
478:American Heritage School
379:American Heritage School
2447:The Wall Street Journal
2168:. Washington, D.C.: 2.
819:and freed on a $ 5,000
686:satellite, operated by
548:Pee-wee's Big Adventure
91:Four and a half minutes
953:
930:
769:Arrest and prosecution
737:engineer of the FCC's
541:
518:color bar test pattern
464:, a western suburb of
320:United States Congress
252:United States Congress
173:(using the pseudonym "
67:; 38 years ago
2837:Pricing controversies
2540:"Hacking and Viruses"
2019:Associated Press News
1681:Leverette et al. 2009
1249:(December 24, 2014).
944:
926:
734:Department of Justice
641:Hughes Communications
617:FROM CAPTAIN MIDNIGHT
539:
514:Eastern Standard Time
509:slip from my grasp."
83:00:32 EST (05:32 UTC)
2817:Satellite television
2694:at Wikimedia Commons
2629:Pasadena, California
2544:Himma, Kenneth Einar
1483:: 46. August 4, 1986
1480:Television/Radio Age
860:Television/Radio Age
763:Gainesville, Florida
289:broadcast television
2489:Bloomsbury Academic
2330:Security Management
2269:The Free Lance-Star
2223:: 71. May 5, 1986.
2091:. November 23, 1987
2056:The Washington Post
1446:Frederick News-Post
1335:on January 28, 2007
788:U.S. District Court
708:nuclear destruction
561:character generator
400:Electrical engineer
169:and business owner
167:electrical engineer
65:April 27, 1986
43:
2576:Abingdon-on-Thames
1801:, p. 552–553.
1423:, p. 130–139.
1141:. April 28, 1986.
1134:The New York Times
844:in the world. The
700:United States Navy
645:domestic terrorist
631:BEWARE!]
542:
391:(did not graduate)
334:John R. MacDougall
207:uplink station in
171:John R. MacDougall
151:Fine and probation
143:John R. MacDougall
18:John R. MacDougall
2812:Pirate television
2702:The full text of
2690:Media related to
2671:978-0-7627-9104-0
2642:978-1-84628-887-6
2593:978-1-135-90274-2
2557:978-0-7637-3536-4
2530:978-0-13-341302-1
2498:978-1-4411-8043-8
2264:"Video terrorism"
1994:on March 29, 2005
1936:Los Angeles Times
1619:on August 8, 2015
922:Satellite TV Week
903:One such incident
747:Lewisville, Texas
696:Galápagos Islands
638:
637:
537:
454:
453:
163:
162:
34:John R. McDougall
16:(Redirected from
2844:
2774:
2773:
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2750:
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2732:
2715:
2714:
2712:Official website
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2336:(7): 77–79, 82.
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1990:. Archived from
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1855:Montreal Gazette
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1615:. Archived from
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1569:Orlando Sentinel
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1380:Orlando Sentinel
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1331:. Archived from
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1228:
1219:. Archived from
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723:Michael J. Fuchs
692:Voice of America
610:
573:Captain Midnight
557:SMPTE color bars
538:
503:air conditioning
450:
447:
415:Criminal penalty
407:Criminal charges
402:, business owner
370:Captain Midnight
367:Other names
330:
316:Washington, D.C.
297:satellite dishes
187:satellite signal
175:Captain Midnight
75:
73:
68:
55:SMPTE color bars
51:
44:
42:Captain Midnight
21:
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2397:on May 15, 2010
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2146:, pp. 3–4.
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1698:timeanddate.com
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1329:Signal to Noise
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1223:on May 21, 2014
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615:GOODEVENING HBO
614:
577:of the 1940s).
529:
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470:Fort Lauderdale
446:macdougallelect
444:
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385:Alma mater
354:
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312:Home Box Office
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183:Home Box Office
133:Home Box Office
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2680:External links
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2507:Gregg, Michael
2503:
2497:
2476:The HBO Effect
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2364:, p. 345.
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1757:(VII): 26–29.
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1247:Spencer, Susan
1245:Snyder, Joan;
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2706:at Wikisource
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2450:. p. 1.
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2401:September 20,
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2376:, p. 36.
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2344:September 24,
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2171:
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2162:Network World
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1998:September 24,
1993:
1989:
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1974:. July 1986.
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1728:, p. 58.
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1648:The A.V. Club
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1613:Network World
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629:MOVIE CHANNEL
626:
621:NO WAY !
612:
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584:
583:The A.V. Club
580:Described by
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