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519:, who were asked to try to improve it. GEC introduced a number of new industrial methods to better seal the tube and improve vacuum, and added a new oxide-coated cathode that allowed for much greater currents to be run through it. These boosted the power to 10 kW, about the same power as the conventional tube systems used in existing radar sets. The success of the magnetron revolutionised the development of radar, and almost all new radar sets from 1942 on used one.
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microwaves. This was reasonably efficient, and power was limited by the guns. In the case of the magnetron, the resonator was replaced by two metal plates held at opposite charges to cause the alternating acceleration, and the electrons were forced to travel between them using a magnet. There was no real limit to the number of electrons this could accelerate, but the microwave release process was extremely inefficient.
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power of the system by extending the loops into cylinders, the power handling then being defined by the length of the tube. Efficiency could be improved by increasing the number of resonators, as each electron could thus interact with more resonators during its orbits. The only practical limits were based on the required frequency and desired physical size of the tube.
724:, Maurice Wilkins, Alex Stokes and Herbert R. Wilson. He assigned Raymond Gosling as a PhD student to Franklin to work on DNA structure by X-ray diffraction. According to Raymond Gosling, the role of John Randall in the pursuit of the double helix cannot be overstated. Gosling felt so strongly on this subject that he wrote to
487:, and it was the current capability of the gun that defined how much power the device could ultimately handle. In contrast, the magnetron used a conventional hot filament cathode, a system that was widely used in radio systems producing hundreds of kilowatts. This seemed to offer a much more likely path to higher power.
775:, where he formed a group which applied a range of new biophysical methods, such as coherent neutron diffraction studies of protein crystals in ionic solutions in heavy water, to study by neutron diffraction and scattering various biomolecular problems, such as the proton exchange of protein residues by deuterons.
728:
in 2013 during the sixtieth anniversary celebrations. Randall firmly believed that DNA held the genetic code and assembled a multi-disciplinary team to help prove it. It was
Randall who pointed out that since DNA was largely carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, it was just the same as the atoms in the air in
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had used loops of wire as resonators, as opposed to the disk-shaped cavities of the klystron, it seemed possible that multiple resonators could be placed around the centre of the magnetron. More importantly, there was no real limit to the number or size of these loops. One could greatly improve the
494:
The two then considered what would happen if the two metal plates of the magnetron were replaced by resonators, essentially combining the existing magnetron and klystron concepts. The magnet would cause the electrons to travel in a circle, as in the case of the magnetron, so they would pass by each
264:
in
British Columbia, David Zimmerman, states: "The magnetron remains the essential radio tube for shortwave radio signals of all types. It not only changed the course of the war by allowing us to develop airborne radar systems, it remains the key piece of technology that lies at the heart of your
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In addition to the X-Ray diffraction work the unit conducted a wide-ranging programme of research by physicists, biochemists, and biologists. The use of new types of light microscopes led to the important proposal in 1954 of the sliding filament mechanism for muscle contraction. Randall was also
482:
Randall and Boot, given no other projects to work on, began considering solutions to this problem in
November 1939. The only other microwave device known at that time was the split-anode magnetron, a device capable of generating small amounts of power, but with low efficiency and generally lower
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systems. Their work quickly demonstrated that these offered no improvement in the microwave range. The klystron effort soon plateaued with a device that could generate about 400 watts of microwave power, enough for testing purposes, but far short of the multi-kilowatt systems that would be
465:
between 1937 and 1939, and the only system known to efficiently generate microwaves. Klystrons of the era were very low-power devices, and
Oliphant's efforts were primarily directed to greatly increasing their output. If this were successful, it created a secondary problem; the klystron was an
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The problem with existing magnetrons was not power, but efficiency. In the klystron, a beam of electrons was passed through a metal disk known as a resonator. The mechanical layout of the copper resonator caused it to influence the electrons, speeding them up and slowing them down, releasing
712:, where the Medical Research Council set up the Biophysics Research Unit with Randall as the director (now known as Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics) at King's College. During his term as Director the experimental work leading to the discovery of the structure of
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and then concentrating on collagen. In 1958 he published a study of the structure of protozoa. He set up a new group to use the cilia of protozoa as a model system for the analysis of morphogenesis by correlating the structural and biochemical differences in mutants.
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coast had also expressed an interest in a 10 cm system, as this would greatly reduce the size of the transmission antennas, making them much easier to fit in the nose of aircraft, as opposed to being mounted on the wings and fuselage as in their current systems.
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332:, Lancashire, the only son and the first of the three children of Sidney Randall, nurseryman and seedsman, and his wife, Hannah Cawley, daughter of John Turton, colliery manager in the area. He was educated at the grammar school at
1400:" (1938). University of Manchester, Faculty of Science Archive, Series: D.Sc. Examiner Reports, 1909 to 1949. Oxford Road, Manchester, England: University of Manchester Library, University of Manchester. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
260:, and they produced a valve that could spit out pulses of microwave radio energy on a wavelength of 10 cm. On the significance of their invention, Professor of military history at the
1614:
1435:
Ridley, Matt; "Francis Crick: Discoverer of the
Genetic Code (Eminent Lives)" first published in July 2006 in the US and then in the UK. September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers
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Developed using common lab equipment, the first magnetron consisted of a copper block with six holes drilled through it to produce the resonant loops, which was then placed in a
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output than the klystron. However, they noted that it had one enormous advantage over the klystron; the klystron's signal is encoded in a stream of electrons provided by an
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laboratories, where he took a leading part in developing luminescent powders for use in discharge lamps. He also took an active interest in the mechanisms of such
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design in
February 1940 produced 400 watts, and within a week it had been pushed over 1.000 watts. The design was then demonstrated to engineers from
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the camera. The result was a diffuse back-scattering of X-rays, which fogged the film, and so he instructed
Gosling to displace all the air with hydrogen.
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In 1951 he set up a large multidisciplinary group working under his personal direction to study the structure and growth of the connective tissue protein
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In 1946, Randall was appointed Head of
Physics Department at King's College in London. He then moved to the Wheatstone chair of physics at
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751:. Their contribution helped to elucidate the three-chain structure of the collagen molecule. Randall himself specialised in using the
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Randall married Doris, daughter of Josiah John
Duckworth, a colliery surveyor, in 1928. They had one son, Christopher, born in 1935.
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Watson, James D., The Double Helix: A Personal
Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Atheneum, 1980,
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of the resonators, generating microwaves much more efficiently than the plate concept. Recalling that
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amplifier only, so a low-power source signal was needed for it to amplify. Oliphant put Randall and
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340:, where he was awarded a first-class honours degree in physics and a graduate prize in 1925, and a
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and shared a payment from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors for the magnetron invention.
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on this issue of producing a microwave oscillator, asking them to explore miniature
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004)
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at Cambridge. In 1944 Randall was appointed professor of natural philosophy at
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Maurice Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with
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microwave oven today. The cavity magnetron's invention changed the world."
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successful in integrating the teaching of biosciences at King's College.
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The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins.
1085:"Phosphorescence and Electron Traps. I. The Study of Trap Distributions"
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Further awards (with Boot) for the magnetron work were, in 1958, the
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University of Birmingham – Poynting Physics Building – blue plaque
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about the possibility of building a radio source that operated at
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930:(1987). "John Turton Randall. 23 March 1905 – 16 June 1984".
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Phosphorescence decay laws and electronic processes in solids
1012:
Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History"
740:; Rosalind Franklin had already died from cancer in 1958.
355:
From 1926 to 1937 Randall was employed on research by the
245:, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the
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In 1943 Randall left Oliphant's physical laboratory in
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In 1962 he was knighted, and in 1972 he was elected a
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
241:, an essential component of centimetric wavelength
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1347:"Raymond Gosling: the man who crystallized genes"
1036:"Short Period Phosphorescence and Electron Traps"
378:, where he worked on the electron trap theory of
534:and began planning research in biophysics (with
1615:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
421:began in 1939, Oliphant was approached by the
229:(23 March 1905 – 16 June 1984) was an English
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1034:Garlick, G. F. J.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945).
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1266:"Historical notes on the cavity magnetron"
1181:Randall, J. T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945).
1132:Randall, J. T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945).
1083:Randall, J. T.; Wilkins, M. H. F. (1945).
807:for the invention of the cavity magnetron.
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328:John Randall was born on 23 March 1905 at
300:for the determination of the structure of
20:
1655:Academics of the University of St Andrews
1635:Academics of the University of Birmingham
1630:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1600:Physicists at the University of Cambridge
1418:, 1994, Newman- Hemisphere Press, London.
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796:by the Victoria University of Manchester.
474:for this role, a design already used for
429:frequencies. Such a system would allow a
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887:(PhD thesis). University of Birmingham.
877:Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1940).
857:Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
803:) the Thomas Gray memorial prize of the
1306:. King's College London. Archived from
1264:Boot, H. A. H.; Randall, J. T. (1976).
1183:"The Phosphorescence of Various Solids"
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755:, first studying the fine structure of
479:required for a practical radar system.
433:using it to see small objects like the
1304:"The cell: dissecting the new anatomy"
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282:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
272:team which worked on the structure of
1270:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
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511:they could find. A test of their new
7:
1330:letter sent from Randall to Franklin
996:"Briefcase 'that changed the world'"
347:In 1928 he married Doris Duckworth.
1010:"Key Participants: J. T. Randall –
320:, all involved in research on DNA.
1620:Academics of King's College London
457:Oliphant began research using the
249:. It is also the key component of
14:
413:An original six-cavity magnetron.
338:Victoria University of Manchester
82:Victoria University of Manchester
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703:
1475:The papers of Sir John Randall
1345:Attar, Naomi (25 April 2013).
792:In 1938 Randall was awarded a
538:) on a small Admiralty grant.
276:. Randall's deputy, Professor
1:
1650:People from Newton-le-Willows
1416:D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery
1230:Bowen, Edward George (1998).
799:In 1943 he was awarded (with
764:Personal life and later years
16:British physicist (1905–1984)
1625:Fellows of the Royal Society
825:(FRS) and was awarded their
169:General Electric Company plc
104:studies of labelled proteins
823:Fellow of the Royal Society
810:In 1945 he was awarded the
526:to teach for a year in the
402:Poynting Physics Building,
304:. His other staff included
1676:
1514:DNA structure research at
1464:(first published in 1968).
1236:. CRC Press. p. 143.
1018:osulibrary.oregonstate.edu
834:John Price Wetherill Medal
816:Physical Society of London
256:Randall collaborated with
132:John Price Wetherill Medal
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1479:Churchill Archives Centre
821:In 1946 he was elected a
463:Russell and Sigurd Varian
461:, a device introduced by
210:
143:
1364:10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-402
771:In 1970 he moved to the
532:University of St Andrews
386:'s physics faculty with
376:University of Birmingham
357:General Electric Company
324:Education and early life
185:University of Birmingham
181:University of St Andrews
1290:10.1109/T-ED.1976.18476
998:. BBC. 20 October 2017.
812:Duddell Medal and Prize
773:University of Edinburgh
298:University of Cambridge
217:Sir John Turton Randall
189:University of Edinburgh
173:University of Cambridge
116:Duddell Medal and Prize
99:structure determination
1208:10.1098/rspa.1945.0023
1159:10.1098/rspa.1945.0025
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1061:10.1098/rspa.1945.0026
946:10.1098/rsbm.1987.0018
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710:King's College, London
704:King's College, London
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270:King's College, London
262:University of Victoria
177:King's College, London
1516:King's College London
848:award of the city of
805:Royal Society of Arts
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472:Barkhausen–Kurz tubes
445:radar researchers at
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404:Birmingham University
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268:Randall also led the
60:, Lancashire, England
1398:RANDALL, John Turton
528:Cavendish Laboratory
334:Ashton-in-Makerfield
294:Cavendish Laboratory
1282:1976ITED...23..724B
1199:1945RSPSA.184..347R
1150:1945RSPSA.184..390R
1101:1945RSPSA.184..365R
1052:1945RSPSA.184..408G
753:electron microscope
611:John Masson Gulland
351:Career and research
102:neutron diffraction
51:John Turton Randall
1605:English physicists
1421:Wilkins, Maurice,
1414:Chomet, S. (Ed.),
844:and, in 1959, the
838:Franklin Institute
789:
779:Honours and awards
716:was made there by
626:Friedrich Miescher
606:Frederick Griffith
415:
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374:fellowship at the
280:, shared the 1962
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1528:Rosalind Franklin
1243:978-0-7503-0586-0
928:Wilkins, M. H. F.
794:Doctor of Science
718:Rosalind Franklin
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596:Rosalind Franklin
342:Master of Science
330:Newton-le-Willows
306:Rosalind Franklin
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195:Doctoral students
145:Scientific career
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509:horseshoe magnet
344:degree in 1926.
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239:cavity magnetron
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1538:John Randall
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1477:held at the
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734:James Watson
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631:Fred Neufeld
616:Denis Jordan
561:Oswald Avery
548:Double helix
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365:luminescence
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286:James Watson
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235:biophysicist
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165:Institutions
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124:Hughes Medal
71:(1984-06-16)
69:16 June 1984
30:John Randall
18:
1595:1984 deaths
1590:1905 births
940:: 493–535.
885:ethos.bl.uk
757:spermatozoa
641:Alec Stokes
336:and at the
314:Alex Stokes
1584:Categories
1357:(4): 402.
1314:19 January
1276:(7): 724.
1233:Radar Days
864:References
801:Harry Boot
524:Birmingham
468:Harry Boot
435:periscopes
258:Harry Boot
159:Biophysics
1518:1947–1959
1217:1364-5021
1168:1364-5021
1119:1364-5021
1070:1364-5021
893:911161224
726:The Times
427:microwave
423:Admiralty
417:When the
231:physicist
1559:Photo 51
1383:23651528
1328:See the
970:45354172
962:11621437
749:collagen
662:Photo 51
505:bell jar
459:klystron
1374:3663117
1278:Bibcode
1195:Bibcode
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1048:Bibcode
836:of the
814:by the
451:Suffolk
449:on the
439:U-boats
361:Wembley
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296:at the
292:of the
155:Physics
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151:Fields
135:(1958)
127:(1946)
119:(1945)
109:Awards
966:S2CID
950:JSTOR
431:radar
284:with
243:radar
224:
37:
1458:ISBN
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1437:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1379:PMID
1316:2016
1238:ISBN
1213:ISSN
1164:ISSN
1115:ISSN
1066:ISSN
958:PMID
889:OCLC
736:and
316:and
288:and
233:and
226:FRSE
66:Died
47:Born
39:FRSE
1369:PMC
1359:doi
1286:doi
1203:doi
1191:184
1154:doi
1142:184
1105:doi
1093:184
1056:doi
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942:doi
714:DNA
517:GEC
476:UHF
419:war
382:in
302:DNA
274:DNA
222:FRS
97:DNA
35:FRS
26:Sir
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