132:
great that the stone, which could weigh 100 pounds (45 kg) was stored against the need for future re-use. The cost and logistics of conserving, storing and retrieving thousands of lithographic stones was of course immense; add to that the cost of the stones – £5 each, perhaps $ 1000 in today's values – and the virtue of saving the artwork onto glass photographic plates maybe 6 inches (150 mm) square, and having half-a-dozen stones in stock, which could be cleaned, prepared, and photographically embossed over and over again, being resurfaced as required, becomes obvious. The time lost in preparing the stones went from days or weeks to hours, the likelihood of error normally attendant in manual copying reduced to practically zero, and scaling preserved perfectly.
141:£200. In March 1862 Osborne left for Europe to exploit his invention there, but found the patents already acquired by someone else. He then proceeded to America, where he set up a studio in New York and sold his rights to The American Photolithographic Company. He later moved to Palo Alto, California, here he died. His wife survived him but they had no children.
136:
Implementation of his invention was opposed by professional lithographers, as it threatened their livelihood, and a
Parliamentary Board was appointed to look into the advisability and applicability of the process. In their report of January 1861 they recommended adoption of the process in the Survey
131:
Before the advent of photolithography, plans (which may have measured 6 by 6 feet (1.8 m × 1.8 m) were reproduced painstakingly by draughtsmen to 1/2 or 1/3 scale onto prepared stone slabs, a process which could take days or weeks. In most cases the expense in preparing a copy was so
140:
The time saved by
Osborne's process was of great benefit to the Crown Lands Department, which was under pressure from developers during the land boom of the 1850s. Osborne was paid £1000 by the Survey Office for the Australian rights to his invention, and his assistant Duncan McHutchison received
103:
magnetic observatory, a project funded by the King of
Bavaria. In February 1859 he left to take up a position with the Crown Lands Office (Survey Department of the Office of Crown Lands and Survey), and was replaced by
108:(shortly to become a famous explorer). It is likely that Osborne had photolithography in mind when he joined the Department, and it shows considerable faith in the project by its head
432:
201:
Jean
Gittins, 'Osborne, John Walter (1828–1902)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,
123:, of which he was a member, a paper entitled "Description of a new photo lithographic process". Dr. Ligar, director of the Survey Office and
119:
In
September 1859 he applied for a patent for "obtaining lithographic impressions with the aid of photography" In December he read to the
120:
442:
437:
179:
447:
124:
88:
Osborne was born in
Ireland, and received an excellent education. He emigrated to Melbourne with his wife Anne on the
100:
92:, listed as "engineer" (though he was later described as an analytical chemist), arriving on Christmas Day 1852.
127:, followed with an endorsement of the system, noting the immense saving of time in having new plans duplicated.
427:
398:
370:
288:
220:
457:
452:
113:
202:
161:
73:
72:(20 February 1828 – 20 November 1902) was a chemist and engineer born in Ireland, who migrated to
251:
175:
343:
152:
109:
96:
17:
137:
Department, an increase in salary for
Osborne, and grants to both him and his assistant.
421:
105:
311:
246:
393:
365:
283:
215:
77:
116:
was commissioned to produce the large lens required, at a cost of £250.
316:
163:
Australian
Dictionary of Biography: Osborne, John Walter (1828–1902)
374:. No. 4, 585. Victoria, Australia. 11 February 1861. p. 6
292:. No. 4, 127. Victoria, Australia. 3 September 1859. p. 4
320:. No. 1, 595. Victoria, Australia. 2 December 1859. p. 6
270:
255:. No. 14562. Victoria, Australia. 31 December 1902. p. 3
203:
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/osborne-john-walter-4343/text7051
172:
Making It : Innovation and
Success in Australia's Industries
402:. No. 29, 522. Victoria, Australia. 5 April 1941. p. 8
224:. No. 3492. Victoria, Australia. 20 August 1857. p. 5
166:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
205:, published first in hardcopy 1974. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
16:
This article is about the chemist. For the historian, see
95:
In 1857 he was employed as an assistant to
Professor
55:
36:
29:
8:
247:"An Invention that Revolutionised Printing"
241:
239:
410:– via National Library of Australia.
382:– via National Library of Australia.
328:– via National Library of Australia.
300:– via National Library of Australia.
263:– via National Library of Australia.
232:– via National Library of Australia.
26:
269:of 21 March 1870, not yet digitized for
80:pioneered the art of photo-lithography.
191:
337:
335:
312:"Philosophical Institute of Victoria"
197:
195:
7:
394:"Bygone Days: A Victorian Invention"
170:Osborne's work is not mentioned in
155:. Design and Art Australia On-line.
121:Philosophical Institute of Victoria
346:. Design and Art Australia On-line
14:
433:19th-century Australian inventors
1:
216:"Meeting of German Residents"
125:Surveyor-General of Victoria
474:
15:
443:Australian lithographers
438:Australian photographers
265:This article refers to
174:, by Robert Renew 1993
448:History of photography
344:"John Walter Osborne"
153:"John Walter Osborne"
284:"Government Gazette"
366:"Photo-lithography"
342:Anne-Marie Willis.
151:Anne-Marie Willis.
114:Dallmeyer of London
74:Victoria, Australia
70:John Walter Osborne
31:John Walter Osborne
252:The Ballarat Star
67:
66:
465:
412:
411:
409:
407:
390:
384:
383:
381:
379:
362:
356:
355:
353:
351:
339:
330:
329:
327:
325:
308:
302:
301:
299:
297:
280:
274:
264:
262:
260:
243:
234:
233:
231:
229:
212:
206:
199:
167:
156:
110:Charles W. Ligar
62:
59:20 November 1902
47:20 February 1828
46:
44:
27:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
464:
463:
462:
428:Irish engineers
418:
417:
416:
415:
405:
403:
392:
391:
387:
377:
375:
364:
363:
359:
349:
347:
341:
340:
333:
323:
321:
310:
309:
305:
295:
293:
282:
281:
277:
258:
256:
245:
244:
237:
227:
225:
214:
213:
209:
200:
193:
188:
159:
150:
147:
145:Further reading
97:George Neumayer
86:
60:
51:
48:
42:
40:
32:
21:
18:John W. Osborne
12:
11:
5:
471:
469:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
420:
419:
414:
413:
385:
357:
331:
303:
275:
235:
207:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
168:
160:Jean Gittins.
157:
146:
143:
134:
133:
101:Flagstaff Hill
85:
82:
65:
64:
63:(aged 74)
57:
53:
52:
49:
38:
34:
33:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
470:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
401:
400:
395:
389:
386:
373:
372:
367:
361:
358:
345:
338:
336:
332:
319:
318:
313:
307:
304:
291:
290:
285:
279:
276:
272:
268:
254:
253:
248:
242:
240:
236:
223:
222:
217:
211:
208:
204:
198:
196:
192:
185:
181:
180:9781863170307
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
149:
148:
144:
142:
138:
130:
129:
128:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
93:
91:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
58:
54:
39:
35:
28:
25:
23:
19:
404:. Retrieved
397:
388:
376:. Retrieved
369:
360:
348:. Retrieved
322:. Retrieved
315:
306:
294:. Retrieved
287:
278:
266:
257:. Retrieved
250:
226:. Retrieved
219:
210:
171:
162:
139:
135:
118:
94:
89:
87:
69:
68:
61:(1902-11-20)
24:
22:
458:1902 deaths
453:1828 births
106:W. J. Wills
422:Categories
186:References
43:1828-02-20
399:The Argus
371:The Argus
289:The Argus
221:The Argus
78:Melbourne
267:The Star
406:26 June
378:26 June
350:26 June
324:26 June
317:The Age
296:26 June
273:access.
259:25 June
228:26 June
99:at the
84:History
76:and in
50:Ireland
178:
271:Trove
112:that
408:2016
380:2016
352:2016
326:2016
298:2016
261:2016
230:2016
176:ISBN
90:Peru
56:Died
37:Born
424::
396:.
368:.
334:^
314:.
286:.
249:.
238:^
218:.
194:^
354:.
45:)
41:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.